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ShouldAbortionBeLegal?
Thedebateoverwhetherornotabortionshouldbealegaloptioncontinuesto
divideAmericanslongaftertheUSSupremeCourt's72decisiononRoev.
Wadedeclaredtheprocedurea"fundamentalright"onJan.22,1973.
Proponents, identifying themselves as prochoice, contend that choosing
abortion is a woman's right that should not be limited by governmental or
religious authority, and which outweighs any right claimed for an embryo or
fetus.Theysaythatpregnantwomenwillresorttounsafeillegalabortionsif
thereisnolegaloption.

AbortionHome
FeaturedResources
1. DidYouKnow?
2. Pro&ConArguments

Opponents, identifying themselves as prolife, contend that personhood

begins at conception, and therefore abortion is the immoral killing of an
innocent human being. They say abortion inflicts suffering on the unborn
child, and that it is unfair to allow abortion when couples who cannot
biologicallyconceivearewaitingtoadopt.Readmore...

3. Background
4. VideoGallery
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DidYouKnow?
Pro&ConArguments
TopPro&ConQuotes
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Comments

5. TopPro&ConQuotes
6. Comments
7. AbortionLawsbyCountry,
2008(fromtheCenterfor
ReproductiveRights)

AbortionProCon.orgisanonpartisan,nonprofitwebsitethatpresentsresearch,studies,andproandconstatementsrelatedtoabortion.Thisprocondebaterevolves
aroundwhetherornotabortionshouldbealegaloptionforterminatingpregnanciesthatdonotinvolverape,incest,orwhenamotherslifeisindanger.Forbrevitywe
haveabbreviatedthatissuedowntothecorequestion"Shouldabortionbelegal?

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Abortion
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Abortion
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DidYouKnow?
1.FromRoev.Wadein1973through2011,nearly53millionlegalabortions
wereperformedintheUnitedStatesanaverageofabout1.4million
abortionsperyear.[84]At2008abortionrates,threeintenUSwomenwill
haveanabortionbeforeage45.[13]
2.AlthoughtheCatholicandLutheranchurchesopposeabortion,moreoftheir
membersbelieveabortionshouldbelegalinallormostcasesversusillegal
inallormostcases(51%vs.45%,Lutheran48%vs.45%,Catholic).[151]
3.Awoman'sriskofdyingfromhavinganabortionis0.6in100,000,while
theriskofdyingfromgivingbirthisaround14timeshigher(8.8in100,000).
[3]Themortalityrateofacolonoscopyismorethan40timesgreaterthan
thatofanabortion.[122]
4.9.3%ofabortionsreportedtotheCentersforDiseaseControland
Preventionin2011wereundergonebywomenwhohadthreeormore
previousabortions.[161]
5.MoreUSstateabortionrestrictionswereenactedbetween2011and2013
(205intotal)thanwereadoptedduringthewholepreviousdecade(189).
[105]

Pro&ConArguments:"ShouldAbortionBeLegal?"

PROLegalAbortion
1.TheUSSupremeCourthasdeclaredabortion

tobea"fundamentalright"guaranteedbythe
USConstitution.ThelandmarkabortioncaseRoev.
Wade,decidedonJan.22,1973infavorofabortionrights,
remainsthelawoftheland.The72decisionstatedthatthe
Constitutiongives"aguaranteeofcertainareasorzonesof
privacy,"andthat"Thisrightofprivacy...isbroadenoughto
encompassawoman'sdecisionwhetherornottoterminate
herpregnancy."[49]
2.Reproductivechoiceempowerswomenby
givingthemcontrolovertheirownbodies.The
choiceoverwhenandwhethertohavechildreniscentralto
awoman'sindependenceandabilitytodetermineherfuture.
[134]SupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayO'Connorwrotein
the1992decisioninPlannedParenthoodv.Casey,"The
abilityofwomentoparticipateequallyintheeconomicand
sociallifeoftheNationhasbeenfacilitatedbytheirability
tocontroltheirreproductivelives."[8]SupremeCourt
JusticeRuthBaderGinsburgwroteinherdissentingopinion

CONLegalAbortion
1.Abortionismurder.Thekillingofaninnocenthuman
beingiswrong,evenifthathumanbeinghasyettobeborn.
UnbornbabiesareconsideredhumanbeingsbytheUS
government.ThefederalUnbornVictimsofViolenceAct,
whichwasenacted"toprotectunbornchildrenfromassault
andmurder,"statesthatunderfederallaw,anybody
intentionallykillingorattemptingtokillanunbornchild
should"bepunished...forintentionallykillingorattempting
tokillahumanbeing."Theactalsostatesthatanunborn
childisa"memberofthespecieshomosapiens."[126]At
least38stateshavepassedsimilarfetalhomicidelaws.
[127]

2.Lifebeginsatconception,sounbornbabies
arehumanbeingswitharighttolife.Upon
fertilization,ahumanindividualiscreatedwithaunique
geneticidentitythatremainsunchangedthroughouthisor
herlife.Thisindividualhasafundamentalrighttolife,which
mustbeprotected.JeromeLejeune,theFrenchgeneticist
whodiscoveredthechromosomeabnormalitythatcauses

inGonzalesv.Carhart(2007)thatunduerestrictionson
abortioninfringeupon"awoman'sautonomytodetermine
herlife'scourse,andthustoenjoyequalcitizenship
stature."[59]CNNseniorlegalanalystJeffreyToobin,JD,
statedthatRoev.Wadewas"alandmarkofwhatis,inthe
truestsense,womensliberation."[113]

Downsyndrome,statedthat"Toacceptthefactthatafter
fertilizationhastakenplaceanewhumanhascomeinto
beingisnolongeramatteroftasteoropinion...Thehuman
natureofthehumanbeingfromconceptiontooldageisnot
ametaphysicalcontention,itisplainexperimental
evidence."[15][16]

3.Personhoodbeginsafterafetusbecomes

"viable"(abletosurviveoutsidethewomb)or
afterbirth,notatconception.[31][32]Embryosand
fetusesarenotindependent,selfdeterminingbeings,and
abortionistheterminationofapregnancy,notababy.A
person'sageiscalculatedfrombirthdate,notconception,
andfetusesarenotcountedintheUSCensus.The
majorityopinioninRoev.Wadestatesthat"theword
'person,'asusedintheFourteenthAmendment[oftheUS
Constitution],doesnotincludetheunborn."[49]
4.Fetusesareincapableoffeelingpainwhen
mostabortionsareperformed.Accordingtoa
2010reviewbyBritain'sRoyalCollegeofObstetriciansand
Gynaecologists,"mostneuroscientistsbelievethatthe
cortexisnecessaryforpainperception."Thecortexdoes
notbecomefunctionaluntilatleastthe26thweekofa
fetus'development,longaftermostabortionsare
performed.Thisfindingwasendorsedin2012bythe
AmericanCollegeofObstetriciansandGynecologists,[1]
whichstatedthatthatthereis"nolegitimatescientific
informationthatsupportsthestatementthatafetus
experiencespain."[142]A2005UniversityofCaliforniaat
SanFranciscostudysaidfetusesprobablycan'tfeelpain
untilthe29thor30thweekofgestation.[166]Abortionsthat
lateintoapregnancyareextremelyrareandareoften
restrictedbystatelaws.[164]AccordingtoStuartW.G.
Derbyshire,PhD,SeniorLecturerattheUniversityof
Birmingham(England),"...fetusescannotbeheldto
experiencepain.Notonlyhasthebiologicaldevelopment
notyetoccurredtosupportpainexperience,butthe
environmentafterbirth,sonecessarytothedevelopmentof
painexperience,isalsoyettooccur."[10]The"flinching"
andotherreactionsseeninfetuseswhentheydetectpain
stimuliaremerereflexes,notanindicationthatthefetusis
perceivingor"feeling"anything.[135][145]
5.Accesstolegal,professionallyperformed

abortionsreducesmaternalinjuryanddeath
causedbyunsafe,illegalabortions.Accordingto
DanielR.Mishell,Jr.,MD,ChairoftheDepartmentof
ObstetricsandGynecologyattheKeckSchoolofMedicine,
UniversityofSouthernCalifornia,beforeabortionwas
legalizedwomenwouldfrequentlytrytoinduceabortionsby
usingcoathangers,knittingneedles,orradiatorflush,orby
goingtounsafe"backalley"abortionists.[150]In1972,there
were39maternaldeathsfromillegalabortions.By1976,
afterRoev.Wadehadlegalizedabortionnationwide,this
numberdroppedtotwo.[7]TheWorldHealthOrganization
estimatedin2004thatunsafeabortionscause68,000
maternaldeathsworldwideeachyear,manyofthosein
developingcountrieswheresafeandlegalabortionservices
aredifficulttoaccess.[11]
6.Modernabortionproceduresaresafeanddo

notcauselastinghealthissuessuchas
cancerandinfertility.Apeerreviewedstudy
publishedbyObstetrics&GynecologyinJan.2015reported
thatlessthanonequarterofonepercentofabortionslead
tomajorhealthcomplications.[159][160]A2012studyin
Obstetrics&Gynecologyfoundawoman'sriskofdying
fromhavinganabortionis0.6in100,000,whiletheriskof
dyingfromgivingbirthisaround14timeshigher(8.8in
100,000).Thestudyalsofoundthat"pregnancyrelated
complicationsweremorecommonwithchildbirththanwith
abortion."[3]TheAmericanMedicalAssociationandthe
AmericanCollegeofObstetriciansandGynecologists
stated"Abortionisoneofthesafestmedicalprocedures
performedintheUnitedStates."Theyalsosaidthe
mortalityrateofacolonoscopyismorethan40times
greaterthanthatofanabortion.[122]TheNationalCancer
Institute(NCI),theAmericanCancerSociety(ACS),and
theAmericanCollegeofObstetriciansandGynecologists
allrefutedtheclaimthatabortioncanleadtoahigher
probabilityofdevelopingbreastcancer.[22]A1993fertility

3.Fetusesfeelpainduringtheabortion
procedure.MaureenCondic,PhD,AssociateProfessor
ofNeurobiologyandAnatomyandAdjunctAssociate
ProfessorofPediatricsattheUniversityofUtahSchoolof
Medicine,explainsthatthe"mostprimitiveresponseto
pain,thespinalreflex,"isdevelopedbyeightweeks
gestation,andaddsthat"Thereisuniversalagreementthat
painisdetectedbythefetusinthefirsttrimester."[18]
AccordingtoKanwaljeetJ.S.Anand,MBBS,DPhil,
ProfessorofPediatrics,AnesthesiologyandNeurobiology
attheUniversityofTennesseeHealthScienceCenter,"If
thefetusisbeyond20weeksofgestation,Iwouldassume
thattherewillbepaincausedtothefetus.AndIbelieveit
willbesevereandexcruciatingpain."[24]BernardN.
Nathanson,MD,thelateabortiondoctorwhorenouncedhis
earlierworkandbecameaprolifeactivist,statedthatwhen
anabortionisperformedona12weekoldfetus,"Wesee
[inanultrasoundimage]thechildsmouthopeninasilent
scream...Thisisthesilentscreamofachildthreatened
imminentlywithextinction."[145]
4.Abortionisthekillingofahumanbeing,
whichdefiesthewordofGod.TheBibledoesnot
drawadistinctionbetweenfetusesandbabies:theGreek
wordbrephosisusedintheBibletorefertobothanunborn
childandaninfant.[30]Bythetimeababyisconceived,he
orsheisrecognizedbyGod,asdemonstratedinJeremiah
1:5:"BeforeIformedtheeinthebellyIknewtheeand
beforethoucamestforthoutofthewombIsanctified
thee..."[133]TheSixthCommandmentoftheBible'sOld
Testament,"Thoushaltnotkill"(Exodus20:13),appliesto
allhumanbeings,includingunbornbabies.[23]IntheHindu
religion,theholytextKaushitakiUpanishadstatesthat
abortionisanequivalentmisdeedtokillingonesown
parents.[148]TheBBCstatesthat"TraditionalBuddhism
rejectsabortionbecauseitinvolvesthedeliberate
destroyingofalife."[149]
5.ThedecisioninRoev.Wadewaswrongand
shouldbeoverturned.USSupremeCourtJustice
AntoninScaliastatedthattherighttoprivacydefendedin
Roev.Wadeis"utterlyidiotic"andshouldnotbe
consideredbindingprecedent:"Thereisnorighttoprivacy
[intheUSConstitution]."[153][154]Inhisdissentingopinion
inRoev.Wade,JusticeWilliamH.Rehnquiststatedthat
anabortion"isnot'private'intheordinaryusageofthat
word.Noristhe'privacy'thattheCourtfindshereevena
distantrelativeofthefreedomfromsearchesandseizures
protectedbytheFourthAmendmenttotheConstitution..."
[49]Furthermore,the14thAmendmentbarsstatesfrom
depriving"anypersonoflife,liberty,orproperty,without
dueprocessoflaw."[155]TheSupremeCourtoverreached
inRoev.Wadewhenitexcludedunbornchildrenfromthe
classof"persons."[156][157]
6.Abortionscausepsychologicaldamage.A
2008peerreviewedstudypublishedintheScandinavian
JournalofPublicHealthfoundthat"Youngadultwomen
whoundergo...abortionmaybeatincreasedriskfor
subsequentdepression."[44]Apeerreviewed2005study
publishedinBMCMedicinefoundthatwomenwho
underwentanabortionhad"significantlyhigher"anxiety
scoresontheHospitalAnxietyandDepressionScaleupto
fiveyearsafterthepregnancytermination.[69]A2002peer
reviewedstudypublishedbytheSouthernMedicalJournal
ofmorethan173,000Americanwomenfoundthatwomen
whoabortedwere154%morelikelytocommitsuicidethan
womenwhocarriedtoterm.[26]A1996studypublishedin
theBritishMedicalJournalreportedthatthemeanannual
suiciderateamongstwomenwhohadanabortionwas34.7
per100,000,comparedwithameanrateof11.3per
100,000inthegeneralpopulationofwomen.[45]AnApr.
1998JournalofSocialandClinicalPsychologystudyof
menwhosepartnershadabortionsfoundthat51.6%ofthe
menreportedregret,45.2%feltsadness,and25.8%
experienceddepression.[27]

investigationof10,767womenbytheJointRoyalCollege
ofGeneralPractitionersandtheRoyalCollegeof
ObstetriciansandGynecologistsfoundthatwomenwho
hadatleasttwoabortionsexperiencedthesamefuture
fertilityasthosewhohadatleasttwonaturalpregnancies.
[14]
7.Womenwhoreceiveabortionsarelesslikely

tosuffermentalhealthproblemsthanwomen
deniedabortions.ASep.2013peerreviewedstudy
comparingthementalhealthofwomenwhoreceived
abortionstowomendeniedabortionsfoundthatwomenwho
weredeniedabortions"feltmoreregretandanger"and"less
reliefandhappiness"thanwomenwhohadabortions.The
samestudyalsofoundthat95%ofwomenwhoreceived
abortions"feltitwastherightdecision"aweekafterthe
procedure.[158]StudiesbytheAmericanPsychological
Association(APA),theAcademyofMedicalRoyalColleges
(AMRC),andresearchersatJohnsHopkinsBloomberg
SchoolofPublicHealthallconcludedthatpurportedlinks
betweenabortionandmentalhealthproblemsare
unfounded.[152]
8.Abortiongivespregnantwomentheoptionto

choosenottobringfetuseswithprofound
abnormalitiestofullterm.Somefetuseshavesuch
severedisordersthatdeathisguaranteedbeforeorshortly
afterbirth.Theseincludeanencephaly,inwhichthebrainis
missing,andlimbbodywallcomplex,inwhichorgans
developoutsidethebodycavity.[12]Itwouldbecruelto
forcewomentocarryfetuseswithfatalcongenitaldefects
toterm.Eveninthecaseofnonfatalconditions,suchas
Downsyndrome,parentsmaybeunabletocarefora
severelydisabledchild.DeborahAnneDriscoll,MD,
ProfessorofObstetricsandGynecologyattheUniversityof
Pennsylvania,said"manycouples...donthavethe
resources,donthavetheemotionalstamina,donthavethe
familysupport[toraiseachildwithDownsyndrome]."[9]
9.Womenwhoaredeniedabortionsaremore

likelytobecomeunemployed,tobeonpublic
welfare,tobebelowthepovertyline,andto
becomevictimsofdomesticviolence.A
UniversityofCaliforniaatSanFranciscostudyfoundthat
womenwhowereturnedawayfromabortionclinics
(becausetheyhadpassedthegestationallimitimposedby
theclinic)werethreetimesmorelikelytobebelowthe
povertyleveltwoyearslaterthanwomenwhowereableto
obtainabortions.76%ofthe"turnaways"endedupon
unemploymentbenefits,comparedwith44%ofthewomen
whohadabortions.Thesamestudyfoundthatwomen
unabletoobtainabortionsweremorelikelytostayina
relationshipwithanabusivepartnerthanwomenwhohad
anabortion,andweremorethantwiceaslikelytobecome
victimsofdomesticviolence.[114][73]
10.Reproductivechoiceprotectswomenfrom
financialdisadvantage.Manywomenwhochoose
abortiondon'thavethefinancialresourcestosupporta
child.42%ofwomenhavingabortionsarebelowthefederal
povertylevel.[13]ASep.2005surveyinthepeerreviewed
PerspectivesonSexualandReproductiveHealthasking
womenwhytheyhadanabortionfoundthat73%of
respondentssaidtheycouldnotaffordtohaveababy,and
38%saidgivingbirthwouldinterferewiththeireducation
andcareergoals.[19]AnOct.2010Universityof
MassachusettsatAmherststudypublishedinthepeer
reviewedAmericanSociologicalReviewfoundthatwomen
atallincomelevelsearnlesswhentheyhavechildren,with
lowwageworkersbeingmostaffected,sufferinga15%
earningspenalty.[136]
11.Ababyshouldnotcomeintotheworld
unwanted.Havingachildisanimportantdecisionthat
requiresconsideration,preparation,andplanning.The
ColoradoDepartmentofPublicHealthandEnvironment
statedthatunintendedpregnanciesareassociatedwithbirth
defects,lowbirthweight,maternaldepression,increased
riskofchildabuse,lowereducationalattainment,delayed
entryintoprenatalcare,ahighriskofphysicalviolence
duringpregnancy,andreducedratesofbreastfeeding.[75]

7.Abortionsreducethenumberofadoptable
babies.Insteadofhavingtheoptiontoabort,women
shouldgivetheirunwantedbabiestopeoplewhocannot
conceive.Thepercentageofinfantsgivenupforadoptionin
theUnitedStatesdeclinedfrom9%ofthosebornbefore
1973to1%ofthosebornbetween1996and2002.[53]Asa
resultofthelackofwomenputtingtheirchildrenupfor
adoption,thenumberofUSinfantadoptionsdroppedfrom
about90,000in1971to18,000in2007.[46]Around2.6
millionAmericanwomenweretryingtoadoptchildrenasof
2002,accordingtotheUSDepartmentofHealthand
HumanServices.[76]
8.Selectiveabortionbasedongenetic

abnormalities(eugenictermination)isovert
discrimination.Physicallimitationsdon'tmakethose
withdisabilitieslessthanhuman.TheAmericanswith
DisabilitiesActof1990[54]providescivilrightsprotection
topeoplebornwithdisabilitiessotheycanleadfulfilling
lives.TheNationalDownSyndromeSocietystatesthat
"peoplewithDownsyndromeliveathomewiththeir
familiesandareactiveparticipantsintheeducational,
vocational,social,andrecreationalactivitiesofthe
community.PeoplewithDownsyndromearevalued
membersoftheirfamiliesandtheircommunities,
contributingtosocietyinavarietyofways."[66]The
increaseinabortionsofbabieswithDownsyndrome(over
80%ofwomenchoosetoabortDownsyndromebabies[70])
reducedtheDownsyndromepopulationby15%between
1989and2005.[67]
9.Womenshouldnotbeabletouseabortion
asaformofcontraception.Itisimmoraltokillan
unbornchildforconvenience.[116]TheGuttmacherInstitute
reportedthathalfofallwomenhavingabortionseveryyear
havehadatleastonepreviousabortion,[13]while8.5%of
abortionsreportedtotheCentersforDiseaseControland
Preventionin2010wereundergonebywomenwhohad
threeormorepreviousabortions.[83]Thissuggeststhat
manywomenareusingabortionasacontraceptivemethod.
[78]FreakonomicscoauthorStevenLevitt,PhD,wrotethat
afterabortionwaslegalized,"Conceptionsrosebynearly
30percent,butbirthsactuallyfellby6percent,indicating
thatmanywomenwereusingabortionasamethodofbirth
control,acrudeanddrasticsortofinsurancepolicy."[38]
10.Ifwomenbecomepregnant,theyshould

accepttheresponsibilitythatcomeswith
producingachild.Peopleneedtotakeresponsibility
fortheiractionsandaccepttheconsequences.Having
sexualintercourse,evenwhencontraceptivemethodsare
used,carrieswithittheriskofapregnancy.[128]The
unbornbabyshouldnotbepunishedforamistakemadeby
adults.Ifwomenareunpreparedtocarefortheirchildren,
theyshouldatleastputthemupforadoption.
11.TheoriginaltextoftheHippocraticOath,

traditionallytakenbydoctorswhenswearing
topracticemedicineethically,forbids
abortion.Onesectionoftheclassicalversionoftheoath
reads:"Iwillnotgiveawomanapessary[adeviceinserted
intothevagina]tocauseanabortion."Themodernversion
oftheHippocraticOath,writtenin1964byLuisLasagna,
stilleffectivelyforbidsdoctorsfromperformingabortionsin
theline,"Aboveall,ImustnotplayatGod."[25]
12.Abortionpromotesacultureinwhichhuman
lifeisdisposable.Thelegalizationofabortionsendsa
messagethathumanlifehaslittlevalue.[144]PopeFrancis
condemned"'thethrowawayculture'"inJan.2014,stating
that"whatisthrownawayisnotonlyfoodanddispensable
objects,butoftenhumanbeingsthemselves,whoare
discardedas'unnecessary'.Forexample,itisfrightfuleven
tothinktherearechildren,victimsofabortion,whowill
neverseethelightofday..."[143]HouseRepresentative
RandyHultgren(RIL)wroteinJan.2014that"Whenwe
telloneanotherthatabortionisokay,wereinforcetheidea
thathumanlivesaredisposable,thatwecanthrowaway
anythingoranyonethatinconveniencesus."[36]

49%ofallpregnanciesamongAmericanwomenare
unintended.[50]
12.Abortionreduceswelfarecoststotaxpayers.
TheCongressionalBudgetOffice(CBO),anonpartisan
federalagency,evaluatedaproposedantiabortionbillthat
wouldbanallabortionsnationwideafter20weeksof
pregnancy,andfoundthattheresultingadditionalbirths
wouldincreasethefederaldeficitby$225millionovernine
years,duetotheincreasedneedforMedicaidcoverage.
Also,sincemanywomenseekinglatetermabortionsare
economicallydisadvantaged,theirchildrenarelikelyto
requirewelfareassistance.[129][130]
13.Abortionreducescrime.Accordingtoastudyco
writtenbyFreakonomicscoauthorStevenD.Levitt,PhD,
andpublishedinthepeerreviewedQuarterlyJournalof
Economics,"legalizedabortionhascontributedsignificantly
torecentcrimereductions."Around18yearsafterabortion
waslegalized,crimeratesbegantodropabruptly,and
crimeratesdroppedearlierinstatesthatallowedabortion
earlier.Because"womenwhohaveabortionsarethose
mostatrisktogivebirthtochildrenwhowouldengagein
criminalactivity,"andwomenwhohadcontroloverthe
timingofchildbearingweremorelikelytoraisechildrenin
optimalenvironments,crimeisreducedwhenthereis
accesstolegalabortion.[20]
14.Abortionisjustifiedasameansofpopulation
control.PhilosopherPeterSinger,MA,Professorof
BioethicsatPrincetonUniversity,defendedabortionasa
waytocurboverpopulation.[137]TheUnitedNations
estimatedthattheworld'spopulationwillincreaseto9.3
billionby2050,whichwouldbe"theequivalentofadding
anotherIndiaandChinatotheworld,"accordingtotheLos
AngelesTimes.[131]Malnutrition,starvation,poverty,lack
ofmedicalandeducationalservices,pollution,
underdevelopment,andconflictoverresourcesareall
consequencesofoverpopulation.[21]With43.8million
abortionsperformedworldwidein2008[74],thepopulation
increaseifabortionwereunavailablecouldbesubstantial.
[132]

15.Manyreligiousorganizationsandpeopleof

13.Allowingabortionconflictswiththe

unalienablerighttoliferecognizedbythe
FoundingFathersoftheUnitedStates.The
DeclarationofIndependencestatesthat"[A]llmenare
createdequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwith
certainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,
LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness."[51]Abortiontakes
awayfromtheunborntheunalienablerighttolifethatthe
FoundingFathersintendedforallhumanbeings.[115]
14.AbortiondisproportionatelyaffectsAfrican
Americanbabies.IntheUnitedStates,blackwomen
are3.3timesaslikelyaswhitewomentohaveanabortion,
accordingtotheGuttmacherInstitute.[68]InNewYorkCity
in2012,moreblackbabieswereaborted(31,328)thanhad
livebirths(24,758).[77]
15.Abortioneliminatesthepotentialsocietal

contributionsofafuturehumanbeing.
AccordingtoHeismanTrophywinningfootballplayerTim
Tebow,"thereasonI'mhere"isbecausehismotherignored
theadviceofdoctorswhorecommendedanabortion.[117]It
hasalsobeenreportedthatthemothersofentertainers
CelineDion,Cher,andJustinBieberwereeitheradvisedto
haveabortionsorwereconsideringtheprocedure,but
chosetogivebirthtotheirbabiesinstead.[118][120][119]
16.Abortionmayleadtofuturemedical
problemsforthemother.AJune2003study
publishedbythepeerreviewedInternationalJournalof
Epidemiologyestimatedthatabout15%offirsttrimester
miscarriagesareattributedtoapriorhistoryofinduced
abortion,andstatedthat"Inducedabortionbyvacuum
aspirationisassociatedwithanincreasedriskoffirst
trimestermiscarriageinthesubsequentpregnancy."[34]A
2013ChinesestudypublishedinthepeerreviewedIndian
JournalofCancerfoundanassociationbetweenbreast
cancerandahistoryofabortions[71].AFeb.2014study
publishedinthepeerreviewedCancerCausesandControl
foundthatabortion"issignificantlyassociatedwithan
increasedriskofbreastcancer"andthat"theriskofbreast
cancerincreasesasthenumberof[abortions]increases."
[72]

faithsupportwomen'sreproductivechoice.
Althoughmanyreligiousgroupsopposeabortion,theUnited
MethodistChurch,thePresbyterianChurch,andthe
UnitarianUniversalistAssociationofCongregationsareall
officiallyprochoice.[139][140][141]TheBible,despite
interpretationstothecontrary,containsnoexplicit
condemnationofabortion,anddoesnotportraythekillingof
afetusasequivalenttothekillingofahumanbeing.In
Exodus21:2225,thecrimeofcausingawomanto
miscarryistreatedasapropertycrime,whereaskillingthe
womanisconsideredmurderandispunishedwiththedeath
penalty.[33]WhiletheCatholicandLutheranchurches
opposeabortion,moreoftheirmembersbelieveabortion
shouldbelegalinallormostcasesversusillegalinallor
mostcases(51%vs.45%,Lutheran48%vs.45%,
Catholic).[151]JoeBiden,47thUSVicePresident,statedin
Oct.2012that"Iacceptmychurchspositiononabortion...
ButIrefusetoimposeitonequallydevoutChristiansand
MuslimsandJews,andIjustrefusetoimposethaton
others..."[138]
Comment

Comment

Background:"ShouldAbortionBeLegal?"
Thedebateoverwhetherornotabortionshouldbealegaloptioncontinuestodivide
AmericanslongaftertheUSSupremeCourt's72decisiononRoev.Wade[49]
declaredtheprocedurea"fundamentalright"onJan.22,1973.
Proponents,identifyingthemselvesasprochoice,contendthatchoosingabortionisa
rightthatshouldnotbelimitedbygovernmentalorreligiousauthority,andwhich
outweighsanyrightclaimedforanembryoorfetus.Theysaythatpregnantwomenwill
resorttounsafeillegalabortionsifthereisnolegaloption.

(Clicktoenlargeimage)

Opponents,identifyingthemselvesasprolife,contendthatpersonhoodbeginsat
conception,andthereforeabortionistheimmoralkillingofaninnocenthumanbeing.
Theysayabortioninflictssufferingontheunbornchild,andthatitisunfairtoallow

Prochoiceandprolifedemonstratorsduringthe
2004Washington,DCMarchforWomen'sLives
protest
Source:DeclanMcCullaghPhotography,
www.mccullagh.org(accessedApr.1,2010)

abortionwhencoupleswhocannotbiologicallyconceivearewaitingtoadopt.
Variationsexistinargumentsonbothsidesofthedebate.Someprochoiceproponents
believeabortionshouldonlybeusedasalastresort,whileothersadvocateunrestricted
accesstoabortionservicesunderanycircumstance.Prolifepositionsrangefrom
opposingabortionunderanycircumstancetoacceptingitforsituationsofrape,incest,

orwhenawoman'slifeisatrisk.
ProChoiceandProLifeGroups
SomeprominentprochoiceorganizationsincludePlannedParenthood,NARALProChoiceAmerica,theNationalAbortionFederation,
theAmericanCivilLibertiesUnion(ACLU),andtheNationalOrganizationforWomen.Althoughmanyprolifepositionsderivefrom
religiousideology,severalmainstreamfaithgroupssupporttheprochoicemovement,suchastheUnitedMethodistChurch,United
ChurchofChrist,theEpiscopalChurch,PresbyterianChurch,andtheUnitarianUniversalistAssociation.The2012DemocraticParty
Platformendorsedtheprochoiceposition,stating,"TheDemocraticPartystronglyandunequivocallysupportsRoev.Wadeanda
womansrighttomakedecisionsregardingherpregnancy,includingasafeandlegalabortion,regardlessofabilitytopay.Weoppose
anyandalleffortstoweakenorunderminethatright."[55]However,31%ofDemocratsconsiderthemselvesprolife.[80]
SomeprominentprolifeorganizationsincludeTheNationalRighttoLifeCommittee,ProLifeActionLeague,OperationRescue,the
CatholicChurch,theEasternOrthodoxChurch,AmericansUnitedforLife,theNationalAssociationofEvangelicals,FamilyResearch
Council,ChristianCoalitionofAmerica,andtheChurchofJesusChristofLatterDaySaints(MormonChurch).[6]The2012
RepublicanPartyPlatformopposedabortion,stating,"Faithfultothe'selfevident'truthsenshrinedintheDeclarationofIndependence,
weassertthesanctityofhumanlifeandaffirmthattheunbornchildhasafundamentalindividualrighttolifewhichcannotbeinfringed."
[56]However,26%ofRepublicansareprochoice.[80]
PublicOpinion
InMay2014,Gallupreportedthat46%ofAmericansconsiderthemselvesprolifeand
47%saytheyareprochoice.[79]GallupalsofoundthatmoreAmericansthinkabortion
shouldbe"legalunderanycircumstances"(28%)thanthosewhowantabortiontobe
"illegalinallcircumstances"(21%).50%ofAmericanssayabortionshouldbe"legal
onlyundercertaincircumstances."[79]
InaGalluppolltakeninJan.2015,34%ofAmericanssaidtheyweresatisfiedwith
currentUSabortionpolicies,whichisthelowestlevelofsatisfactionin15yearsof
polling.MostdissatisfactionwasvoicedbyRepublicans,andtwiceasmanypeople
weredissatisfiedbecauseabortionlawsaretooloose(24%)thanthenumberofpeople
dissatisfiedbecauseabortionlawsweretoostrict(12%).[165]
InJan.2013,PewResearchfoundthatmostAmericans(63%)"saytheywouldnotlike
toseethecourtcompletelyoverturntheRoev.Wadedecision."29%wouldlikeRoev.
Wadetobeoverturned.[94]A2013PewResearchsurveyfoundthat70%ofpeople
whoattendreligiousservicesatleastonceaweeksayabortionismorallywrong,
comparedwithjust32%ofpeoplewhorarelyorneverattendservices.[2]

(Clicktoenlargeimage)
BobEnglehart's1981politicalcartoon"WhenDoes
LifeBegin?,"originallypublishedbyTheHartford
Courant
Source:"CartoonPlagiarismCaseOffersa
MetaphorfortheAbortionDebate,"
www.ideagrove.com,Nov.15,2005

AbortionProcedures
Surgicalabortion(akasuctioncurettageorvacuumcurettage)isthemostcommontypeofabortionprocedure.Itinvolvesusinga
suctiondevicetoremovethecontentsofapregnantwoman'suterus.Surgicalabortionperformedlaterinpregnancy(after1216weeks)
iscalledD&E(dilationandevacuation).[81][82]Thesecondmostcommonabortionprocedure,amedicalabortion(akaan"abortion
pill"),involvestakingmedications,usuallymifepristoneandmisoprostol(akaRU486),withinthefirstseventonineweeksof
pregnancytoinduceanabortion.[39]TheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC)foundthat64.5%ofabortionsperformedin
2011wereperformedatorlessthan8weeksgestation,and91.4%wereperformedatorlessthan13weeksgestation.79.6%were
performedbysurgicalprocedure,while19.1%weremedicalabortions.[161]In2009,theaverageamountpaidbyUSwomenfora
surgicalabortionat10weeksgestationwas$451.Foramedicalabortion,theaverageamountpaidwas$483.[146]Abortionsperformed
inphysicians'officesaregenerallymoreexpensivethanthoseobtainedatanabortionclinic,andabortionsperformedlaterinpregnancy
areusuallymoreexpensivealso.Abortionsafter20weeksgestationcancostover$1,000.[147]
EarlyHistory
Abortiontechniquesweredevelopedasearlyas1550BC,whentheEgyptianmedicaltextEbersPapyrussuggestedthatthevaginal
insertionofplantfibercoveredwithhoneyandcrusheddatescouldinduceanabortion.Abortionwasanacceptedpracticeinancient
GreeceandRome.GreekphilosopherAristotle(384322B.C)wrotethat"...whencoupleshavechildreninexcess,letabortionbe
procuredbeforesenseandlifehavebegun..."[86]InthelatterdaysoftheRomanEmpire,abortionwasconsiderednotashomicidebut
asacrimeagainstahusbandwhowouldbedeprivedofapotentialchild.[87][86]
ThroughoutmuchofWesternhistory,abortionwasnotconsideredacriminalactaslongasitwasperformedbefore"quickening"(the
firstdetectablemovementofthefetus,whichcanoccurbetween1325weeksofpregnancy).[86][88]Americanstatesderivedtheir
initialabortionstatutesfromBritishcommonlaw,whichfollowedthisprinciple.[106]Untilatleasttheearly1800s,abortionprocedures
andmethodswerelegalandopenlyadvertisedthroughouttheUnitedStates.[89][91]Abortionwasunregulated,however,andoften
unsafe.[90]
In1821,Connecticutbecamethefirststatetocriminalizeabortion.Thestatebannedthesellingofanabortioninducingpoisonto
women,butitdidnotpunishthewomenwhotookthepoison.Legalconsequencesforwomenbeganin1845whenNewYork
criminalizedawoman'sparticipationinherabortion,whetherittookplacebeforeorafterquickening.[41]Inthemid1800s,earlyprolife
advocateDr.HoratioRobinsonStorer(18301922)convincedtheAmericanMedicalAssociationtojoinhimincampaigningforthe
outlawingofabortionnationwide.[92][90]Bytheearly1900s,moststateshadbannedabortion.By1965,all50stateshadoutlawed
abortion,withsomeexceptionsvaryingbystate.[42]
Themotivationbehindtheseearlyabortionlawshasbeendisputed.Somewritersargue
thatthelawswerenotaimedatpreservingthelivesofunbornchildren,butratherwere
intendedtoprotectwomenfromunsafeabortionprocedures[90],ortoallowthemedical
professiontotakeoverresponsibilityforwomen'shealthfromuntrainedpractitioners.
[86]Otherssaythatprolifeconcernswereinfactalreadyprevalentandwereamajor
influencebehindtheeffortstobanabortion.[93]

Roev.Wade

Federalactiononabortiondidn'toccuruntilRoev.Wade,whichdeclaredmoststate
antiabortionlawsunconstitutional.Thehighcourts72decisionestablishedrules
basedonapregnancytrimesterframework,banninglegislativeinterferenceinthefirst
trimesterofpregnancy(012weeks),allowingstatestoregulateabortionduringthe
secondtrimester(weeks1328)"inwaysthatarereasonablyrelatedtomaternal
health,"andallowingastateto"regulate,andevenproscribe"abortionduringthethird
trimester(weeks2940)"inpromotingitsinterestinthepotentialityofhumanlife,"
unlessanabortionisrequiredtopreservethelifeorhealthofthemother.[49][95]The
decisionalsoallowedstatestoprohibitabortionsperformedbyanyonewhoisnota
statelicensedphysician.[49]
TheinitialRoev.WadelawsuitwasfiledattheDallasfederaldistrictcourthouseon
Mar.3,1970bypregnantTexasresidentNormaMcCorvey,namedincourtdocuments
as"JaneRoe."HenryWade,DallasCountyDistrictAttorneyfrom1951to1987,was
Demonstratorsholdingprochoiceandprolifesigns
Source:"NewPewPollShowsSupportforLegal
thenameddefendant.McCorveywasseekingtoendherpregnancy,butabortionwas
AbortionDropstoLowestLevelin15Years,"
illegalinTexasexcepttosavethemother'slife.[96][97]McCorveysaidthepregnancy
LifeNews.com,Apr.29,2009
wastheresultofrape,butshelaterretractedthatclaim,admittingsheliedinthehope
ofincreasingherchancesofprocuringanabortion.Thebabywaseventuallydelivered
andgivenupforadoption.[123]McCorveylaterabandonedhersupportofabortionrights,becomingaprolifeactivistandanevangelical
Christianin1995.ShethenconvertedtoCatholicismandtookpartinsilentprayervigilsoutsideabortionclinics.[100]
(Clicktoenlargeimage)

FederalRegulation
ImmediatelyfollowingRoev.Wade,prolifeproponentspushedforfederallegislationthatwouldrestrictabortion.In1976,Congress
passedtheappropriationsbillfortheDepartmentsofLabor,Health,Education,andWelfare(nowtheDepartmentofHealthandHuman
Services)whichincludedanamendmentendingMedicaidfundingforabortions.Knownasthe"HydeAmendment,"thisprovision
banningfederalfundingforabortionshasbeenrenewedwithvariousrevisionseveryyearsinceitsinception.
AttheAug.1984UnitedNationsInternationalConferenceonPopulationheldinMexicoCity,Mexico,PresidentRonaldReagan
announcedtheMexicoCityPolicy,[60]whichrestrictedallnongovernmentalorganizationsfundedbytheUSAgencyforInternational
Development(USAID)fromperformingorpromotingabortionservices.PresidentBillClintonrescindedthepolicyonJan.22,1993,and
onJan.22,2001,PresidentGeorgeW.Bushreenactedit.OnJan.23,2009,PresidentBarackObamaissuedamemorandumagain
rescindingthepolicy,statingthatitsconditions"underminedeffortstopromotesafeand
effectivevoluntaryfamilyplanningprogramsinforeignnations."[61]
OnJune29,1992theUSSupremeCourtcasePlannedParenthoodofSoutheastern
Pennsylvaniav.Casey[57](54)upheldtheconstitutionalrighttohaveanabortion,but
itabandonedthe"rigidtrimesterframework"outlinedinRoev.Wadeandadopteda
lessrestrictivestandardforstateregulations.Thedecisionallowedstatestoimpose
waitingperiodsbeforeawomancanobtainanabortion,allowedsomelegislative
interferenceinthefirsttrimesterintheinterests'ofawoman'shealth,andpermitted
parentalconsentrequirementsforminorsseekingabortions.[107]TheCourtruledthat
noneoftheseconditionsimposedan"undueburden"uponwomenseekingabortions,
butsomeprochoiceadvocateswarnedthatRoev.Wadehadbeensignificantly
weakenedandthatstateswouldlimitabortionaccess.[108][109]
(Clicktoenlargeimage)

OnNov.5,2003,afterpassingintheUSHouseofRepresentatives(281142)andthe
Acoathangerisafrequentlyusedsymbolfor
USSenate(6434),thePartialBirthAbortionBanActof2003[58]wassignedintolaw
abortionrights
byPresidentGeorgeW.Bush.Thisfederallegislationbannedphysiciansfromproviding Source:"Celebrating25YearsofDecriminalized
intactdilationandextraction(aka"partialbirth"abortion),alateterm(after21weeks
AbortioninCanada,genderfocus.com,Jan.26,
2013
gestation)methodwhichaccountedfor0.17%ofabortionproceduresin2000.[43]The
actdefinesa"partialbirthabortion"as"anabortioninwhichthe[provider]deliberately
andintentionallyvaginallydeliversalivingfetusuntil...theentirefetalheadisoutsidethebodyofthemother,or...anypartofthefetal
trunkpastthenavelisoutsidethebodyofthemother,forthepurposeofperforminganovertactthatthepersonknowswillkillthe
partiallydeliveredlivingfetus."ProchoiceadvocateschallengedtheconstitutionalityofthePartialBirthAbortionBanActof2003
however,theApr.18,2007USSupremeCourtcaseGonzalesv.Carhart/Gonzalesv.PlannedParenthood[59]upheldtheact,ruling5
4thatitdidnotimpose"anundueburdenonawoman'srighttoabortion."
Thetopicofabortionwasraisedduringthe20092010USCongresshealthcaredebate.SomeprolifeadvocatessaidthePatient
ProtectionandAffordableCareActwouldallowfederalfundingforabortions,aclaimdeniedbyabortionrightssupporters.Toensure
passageofthebill,PresidentObamasignedanexecutiveorder"toestablishanadequateenforcementmechanismtoensurethat
Federalfundsarenotusedforabortionservices,"reaffirmingHydeAmendmentrestrictionsandextendingthemtocoverthenewly
createdhealthinsuranceexchanges.[63]
StateRestrictions
Staterestrictionsonabortionaccessincreasedsharplyafterthe2010midtermelections,inwhichRepublicansgainedatleast675
statelegislativeseats,thebiggestgainmadebyanypartyinstatelegislaturessince1938.[162]Thenumberofnewrestrictionsrose
from23in2010to92in2011,andmorerestrictions(205)wereenactedbetween2011and2013thanwereadoptedduringthewhole
previousdecade(189between2001and2010).[103][104][105]In2014,statesenacted26newrestrictions.[163]AsofJan.2015,57%of
womenliveinstatestheGuttmacherInstituteconsiderseither"hostile"or"extremelyhostile"toabortionrights,basedonthenumberof
restrictionstheyimpose(fourorfivekindsofrestrictionsequals"hostile,"whilesixormoreequals"extremelyhostile.")[163]
OnApr.13,2010,Nebraska'sRepublicanGovernorDaveHeinemansignedalaw
banningabortionsatorafter20weeksgestationonthetheorythatafetuscanfeelpain
bythattime.ThelawwasthefirstintheUnitedStatestorestrictabortionsbasedon
fetalpain.[47]AfterNebraska'slawwaspassed,severalotherstatesenactedsimilar
laws.[101]OnMar.6,2013,Idaho'sfetalpainlawwasthefirsttobestruckdownbya
federalcourt.OnJan.13,2014,theUSSupremeCourtdeclinedtoreviewasimilar
rulingmadeagainstArizona'sfetalpainlaw.[102]

(Clicktoenlargeimage)
Antiabortionsignandwoodencrossesplaced
outsidetheWholeWoman'sHealthabortion
providerinMcAllen,TX
Source:"AntiAbortionGroupsPushNewRoundof

OnApr.27,2010,theOklahomalegislaturesignedalawrequiringpregnantwomen
seekinganabortiontoundergoanultrasoundandlistentoadetaileddescriptionofthe
fetus'sheart,limbs,andorgans.Whileotherstateshadpassedlawsrequiringwomen
toundergoanultrasoundbeforehavinganabortion,Oklahoma'slawwasthefirstthat
requiredwomentowatchthemonitorandlistentoadetaileddescriptionofthefetus.
[48]

OnMar.29,2011,Arizonabecamethefirststatetocriminalizeabortionsbasedonthe
sexorraceofafetus.Thebill,signedintolawbyRepublicanGovernorJanBrewer,
wasopposedbyDemocrats,whosaidtherewaslittleevidencethatsexorrace
selectionabortionsweretakingplaceinthestate.[64]InMar.2013,NorthDakotaoutlawedabortionsasearlyassixweeksaftera
woman'slastmenstrualperiod,whenafetalheartbeatcanfirstbedetected.Likeseveralotherstateabortionlaws,theNorthDakota
lawhasbeenstayedbyafederaljudge,pendingappeals.[110]
AbortionRulesinTexas,"nytimes.com,Nov.22,
2012

AsofMar.27,2014,onethirdofTexas'abortionclinicswereforcedtoclosefollowingtheenactmentofacontroversial2013Texaslaw
thatrequiresdoctorsperformingabortionstohavehospitaladmittingprivileges,amongotherrestrictions.Sixabortionproviderswere
expectedtoremainopeninTexasbytheendof2014,downfrom36beforethelawwaspassed.TheTexaslawgainedextramedia
attentionwhenstateSenatorWendyDavis(D)triedunsuccessfullytoblockthebillwithan11hourfilibusterinJune2013.[111][112]
AbortionStatistics
FromRoev.Wadethrough2011,nearly53millionlegalabortionswereperformedintheUnitedStatesanaverageofabout1.4million
abortionsperyear.[84]Oneoutoffivepregnancies(excludingmiscarriages)endinabortion,andeachyear1.7%ofwomenaged1544
haveanabortion.At2008abortionrates,oneintenUSwomenwillhaveanabortionbeforeage20,oneinfourby30,andthreeinten
by45.18%ofwomenhavinganabortionareteenagers,whilemostwomenhavingabortionsareintheir20s:33%aged2024and24%
aged2529.[13]TheUSabortionratefell29%between1990and2005,from27.4to19.4abortionsper1,000womenofchildbearing
age,beforelevelingoutfrom20052008,accordingtoaMar.2011GuttmacherInstitutestudy.[65]Between2008and2011,theabortion
ratedroppedagainby13%toitslowestpointsince1973:17abortionsforevery1,000women.Prochoicesupporterscreditedan
increaseduseofnewbirthcontrolmethodssuchasMirena(anintrauterinedevicethatcanlastforseveralyears)asoneofthe
reasonsforthedecline.Prolifegroupscreditedanincreaseinantiabortionlawsatthestatelevelamongstotherfactors,although
abortionratesdroppedfasterthanthenationalaverageinsomestatesthathadnotenactedabortionrestrictions,suchasIllinois,where
theratedroppedby18%.[13][85][121]
Therewere1,720abortionprovidersand839abortionclinics(facilitieswhere50%or
morepatientvisitsareforabortionservices)intheUnitedStatesin2011.However,
89%ofUScountiesdidnotprovideabortionservices,with38%ofwomenlivingin
thosecounties.[124]From2011to2013,atleast73abortionclinicsclosed.Abouthalf
ofthoseclinicswereforcedtocloseasaresultofnewstatelawsrestrictingabortion,
accordingtoBloombergBusinessweek.[125]However,thenumberofabortionproviders
hasbeendecliningsince1984,afteritreachedapeakof2,908providersin1982.Pro
choiceadvocatesbelieveincreasedclinicviolencehascontributedtothisdownward
trend.AccordingtotheNationalAbortionFederation,aprofessionalassociationof
abortionpractitioners,atleast222arsonattacks/bombingswerecommittedagainst
abortionprovidersbetween1977and2012,withatleastanother99attemptedarson
attacks/bombings.Additionally,atleasteightabortionprovidersweremurderedduring
thattimeandtherewereatleast17attemptedmurdersofclinicstaffandphysicians.
[99]Mainstreamprolifeleadersandorganizationshavepubliclydenouncedviolence
committedagainstabortionprovidersandclinics.[98]

(Clicktoenlargeimage)
TheworldsabortionlawsasofSep.2011
Source:CenterforReproductiveRights,
www.reproductiverights.org,Sep.2011

VideoGallery

1973 CBS Evening News with ...

CBSEveningNewsbroadcasthostedbyWalterCronkite,
reportingontheRoev.Wadedecision.
Source:"1973CBSEveningNewswithWalterCronkite(1/22/73),"
YouTube.com,Jan.22,1973

Five States Move to Restrict Ac...

PBSNewsHourreportontheincreaseinstateabortionrestrictions,
featuringadebatebetweenCharmaineYoest,Presidentof
AmericansUnitedforLife,andIlyseHogue,PresidentandCEOofNARALPro
ChoiceAmerica.
Source:"FiveStatesMovetoRestrictAccesstoAbortionServices,"YouTube.com,
Apr.30,2013

40 years of NARAL Pro-Choice ...

NARALProChoiceAmericavideocommemoratingthe
AbortioncommentaryfromBritHume,SeniorPoliticalAnalystforFOXNews
organization's40thanniversaryandreaffirmingsupportforRoev.
Channel,ontheprogramSpecialReport.
Wade.
Source:"HumeReflectsonthe41stAnniversaryofRoev.Wade,"video.foxnews.com,
Source:"40YearsofNARALProChoiceAmerica,"YouTube.com
Jan.22,2014
(accessedJune1,2011)

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