INTRODUCTION

Secondary Distribution System

Water distribution systems are designed to satisfy the water requirements of domestic,
commercial, industrial, and fire fighting purposes. The system should be capable of meeting
the demands placed on it at all times, and at satisfactory pressures. Pipe systems, pumping
stations, storage facilities, fire hydrants, house service connections, meters, and other
appurtenances are the main elements of the system
Conveyance of treated water from the treatment plant to the distribution
system

by pumping into an overhead tank and then supplying by gravity

by pumping directly into the water main for distribution.

Layout of Water Distribution system

There are two types of layout.
1. Branch system
2. Grid system
Branch system

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It is the system in which each street or block is supplied separately from the main. So there is
end of system at each end of the block.

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Advantages

This type of system is good for a city which has been developed irregularly.

As it required less number of valves so it is economical.

This type of system is easy to construct.

Disadvantages
This system is less desirable due to following reasons.

Large areas are cut off during maintenance or repairing.

When tap is not opened for a long time, bacterial growth may take place which can
also cause contamination.

Grid system

In grid system, the whole distribution system is interconnected. So the water remains in
circulation and there is no contamination of water. Because water does not stand still at any
point and it continues circulation.
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Advantages

In this system, as the whole distribution system is interconnected, water can be

withdrew from more than one directions.

It minimizes loss of pressure.

During its repairing lesser area is cut off.

Disadvantages

The main problem in grid system is that a lot of valve to cut off a small area in case of
accidental hazards.

This system is difficult to design.

The network of pipes forming loops in possible only in well planned cities.

Usually the system in cities is a combination of branch and grid system.

Primary pipes

These are known as primary feeders or mains. They are the skeleton of the water distribution
system. They are so located that they carry large quantity of water from the pumping plant to
storage tanks and from storage tanks to the various parts of area to be served. This pipe
system form loops. The distance between two main pipes should not be greater than 1 km.
They should have valves no more than 1.5 km apart. Large and long feeders should be
equipped with blow off valves at lower point and air relief valves at higher point.

Secondary pipes

These are the pipes which carry water from the primary pipes to the various areas for normal
supply or for fire fighting. Secondary pipe system form smaller mains within the primary
mains by running from one primary pipe to another. They should be only a few blocks apart.
The diameter of these pipes should not be greater than 400 mm.

Distribution pipes

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This pipe system consists of the network of uniformly spaced horizontal and perpendicular
pipes. These pipes supply water to fire hydrants and service pipes of the residential and other
buildings. The size of these pipes is determined according to the demand for fire flow.
Their diameter should not be less than 150 mm for fire hydrants and 75 mm for residential
buildings.The function of water distribution system is to supply required quantity of water at
normal pressure maintaining a good standard of quality.
Components of water distribution system

Link (e.g.: pipes, pumps and valves)

Nodes (e.g.: demand, source, storage nodes)

Methods of water distribution

Water is distributed to the consumer in several different ways.

Direct pumping

In this method the pumps force water direct into the mains with no other outlet than the water
actually being used. It is a least desirable system as a power failure would result in the no
availability of water. As consumption varies so pressure in the mains is likely to fluctuate. To
fulfil the varying consumptions, several pumps are available to add water output when
needed. This requiring constant attendance of electricity. This method is costly.
An advantage of this method is that a large fire pump may be sued which can step up the
pressure to any desired amount permitted by the construction of mains.

Pumping in conjunction with storage

In this method, the excessive water is pumped during period of low consumption. This water
is then stored in elevated tanks and reservoirs. And when water consumption is high then this
stored water is drawn. This method fairly allows uniform rates of pumping and hence it is
economical. This method is fairly reliable. Because the stored water may be use at any time
when there will be a sudden power failure.

Gravity distribution

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This is possible when lake or reservoir is at some elevation above the city so that sufficient
pressure can be maintained in mains for domestic and fire purposes. This is the most reliable
method if the conduit from the source to city is sufficient in size and well protected against
accidental breaks. High pressure for fire fighting may be obtained only by using motor
pumpers of the fire department.
Service storage / Distribution reservoir
The principal functions of distribution storage are:

to equalize supply and demand

to provide water for fire fighting

for emergency purposes

Distribution storage consists of the following components.

equalizing or operating storage

fire storage or reservoir

emergency reserve

Fire reservoir
Its function is to meet the fire demand.
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Emergency Reserve
Its function is to meet the demand in case of system failure. Emergency storage is used to
meet the demand in case of any disturbance in supply. Disturbance may be source
contamination, equipment failure, pipeline breaks or power failure. It can also be used for
large fires which consumes the design fire reserve volume. Generally emergency storage is
not more than 25 % of the total storage.
Storage Location
Location of storage facilities can greatly affect overall system cost and performance.
Following considerations must kept in mind for effective placement of future storage:

The location and capacities of supply, pumping, transmission and storage facilities.

The condition of existing storage facilities.

The compatibility of existing storage facilities with future requirements.

The size, shape and topography of the water districts.

The relative economics of constructing additional pumping and transmission facilities

versus additional storage facilities.

Public Health and Safety

The treatment and dispersion of water for safe use is one of the best accomplishments
achieved by modern civilizations. Before urban communities started routinely treating
drinking water with chlorine, cholera, typhoid fever, and hepatitis A affected a large number
of individuals every year, some even causing deaths. Drinking water chlorination and
filtration have served people from all walks of life for the purpose of solving this issues in
developed nations. Meeting the objective of clean, safe drinking water requires a combination
of efforts that incorporates: protecting source water from contamination, properly treating
crude water, and assuring safe dispersion of treated water to peoples taps. The characteristics
of the water provided from the treatment plant, and its interactions within the distribution
system, and the unique characteristics of premise plumbing all affect the public health risk of

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the drinking water at the tap and complicate the formulation of coherent strategies to
minimize risk.

DESIGN CRITERION:

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As given in the photo, we know that there are 255 units of single-storey low cost terrace
house, a day school that capacitates 600 students, a surau that capacitates 200 persons, and
also a wet market with 12 stalls. Because we know those values, the daily water demand was
calculate in part 2.0 of the project.
Also based on the Photo 1.0, the area is proposed to have a service reservoir. ( The once in
the green square) When calculated, the total daily water demand was 389,500 liters.
We know that service materials registered with the Commission. Since the capacity is less
than 454,000 liters, no reinforced concrete is needed. The water depth for non-reinforced
concrete service reservoirs or storage cisterns shall not be more than five (5) meters.
With this we were able to choose the optimum site dimension for the reservoir.
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The optimum site dimension for the service reservoir is 27m x 59m, while the minimum site
dimension for service reservoir (square footprint) is 28m x 28m.
We chose this as the optimum site dimension as it is stated in Table B.2 in the UTG as we
know our daily water demand as 389,500 liters/day.

Water Demand (L/d)

Site Dimension (Minimum)

< 227,000

23 m x 54 m

227,001 454,000

27 m x 59 m

454,001 680,000

32 m x 63 m

680,001 900,000

32 m x 63 m

900,001 1,135,000

32 m x 68 m

1,135,001 2,270,000

36 m x 81 m

2,270,001 3,405,000

41 m x 90 m

3,405,001 6,810,000

45 m x 104 m

6,810,001 13,620,000

50 m x 130 m

>13,620,000

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To be determined by Commission but subject

to a minimum of 50 m x 150 m

Site Dimension (Minimum) in meters

Reservoir Capacity
Ground Reservoir

Elevated Reservoir

< 227,000

19 x 19

25 x 25

227,001 454,000

22 X 22

28 x 28

454,001 680,000

24 x 24

30 x 30

680,001 900,000

26 x 26

32 x 32

900,001 1,135,000

28 x 28

34 x 34

1,135,001 2,270,000

30 x 30

36 x 36

2,270,001 3,405,000

34 x 34

44 x 44

3,405,001 6,810,000

44 x 44

55 x 55

6,810,001 13,620,000

57 x 57

71 x 71

Subject to setback 6.0 m (min) from edge of structural

>13,620,000

foundation for a ground reservoir and 9.0 m (min) for an

elevated reservoir structure.

Table B.4 : Minimum site dimensions for service reservoir (square footprint)
We chose the minimum site dimension of 27m x 59m based on the calculated daily water
demand.
Forthe lining of the service reservoir, we were able to get the site dimension based on Table
B.4 in the UTG.
We chose the minimum lining site dimension of 28m x 28m, elevated reservoir as given the
reservoir is at a elevated level. When a reservoir is placed at an elevated level, it makes the
water distribution better due to the gravity force.

2.0 Calculation of water demand and selection of material

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2.1Water Demand of 255single storey terrace house, 200people for surau, and 12 stalls
wet market and 600 students for day school.

Development type

Average Daily

No. of person /

Water

No. of unit

Liters/day (L/d)

Demand
Low cost single-

1300 / unit

255 unit

storey house

Day school

50 / student

Surau

50 / person

Wet market

1500/stall

1300
255 unit
unit

600 students

= 331, 500 liters/day

50
600 students
student

200 persons

= 30, 000 liters/day

50
200 person
person

12 stall

=10, 000 liters/day

1500
12 stall
unit
= 18, 000 litres/day
389,500 liters/day

Total

Table 2.0 Tabulation of water demand for each development

The cumulative daily water demand is the total of all development, which is 389,500
liters/day.
Average flow = Total Water demand = 389, 500 liters/day

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= 389, 500 / (24x60x60) liters/second

= 4.508 liters/second
Water demand in residential area is based on the number and type of housing units set out in
the housing structural plan submitted by the housing developer. The average daily water
demand for each development was referred from the Table B.1 in the Uniform Technical
Guidelines for water reticulation and plumbing.

Type of Premises/Buildings

Average Daily Water Demand

Low cost terrace house / low cost flat

(Liters)
1100/unit

Single storey terrace house/low cost house (less than

1300/unit

RM25000) / low and medium cost flats

Double storey terrace house/high cost

1500/unit

flat/apartment /town house

Semi detached house/cluster

2000/unit

Bungalow / condominium

2000/unit

Wet market

1500/stall

Dry market

450/stall

Shop house (single storey) / low cost shop

2000/unit

Shop house (double storey)

3000/unit

Shop house (three storey)

4100/unit

Shop house (four storey)

4550/unit

Light industrial workshop

1500/unit

Semi detached / bungalow workshops

1500/unit

Building for heavy industry

65000/hectare

Building for medium industry

50000/hectare

Building for light industry

33000/hectare

Office / complex / commercial (domestic usage)

1000/100 square meter

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Community centres or halls

1000/100 square meter

Hotel

1500/room

Education institutions ( other than school and

100/student

kindergarten)
Day school / kindergarden

50/student

Fully residential school/institution of higher learning

250/student

with hostel facilities

Hospital

1500/bed

Mosque or other place of worship

50/person

Prison

250/person

Army Camp

250/person

Bus Terminal

900/service bay

Petrol Kiosk (with car washing bay)

50000/unit

Petrol kiosk (without car washing bay)

10000/unit

Stadium

55/person

Golf course

1000 / 10 square meter

Warehouse

1500/unit

Restaurant

25 / square metre

Airport

25/passenger
As per the estimated water

Others

demand by the developer or

owner

Note :
* As classified under the Piawaian Perancangan Kawasan Perindustrian issued by the
Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa or its successor.
Table B.1 : Tabulation of Estimated Water Demand Rate for Planning of External Water
Reticulation System.

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2.2 Classification Of Pipe Selection, Depth Of Cover And Bedding

Existing water pipe size from the main road

0.75 meter

Suggested materials for selection of pipe :

Ductile Iron

Table 3.0 : Selection of pipe materials based on laying conditions.

Justification of selection of pipe:

Based on the information given, we discovered that the

type of soil at the proposed area of development is non-corrosive soil. The relationship
between type of soil and pipe material needs to be studied carefully as we understand that
pipes are being installed will be functioning at least 10 to 15 years. From the Uniform
Technical Guideline, the joints of Ductile Iron pipes shall be push-in type complete with or
without tie bars depending on site conditions or flanged type (10).
Proposed depth of cover (Based on SYABAS)

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1 meter

Table 4.0 : Information extracted from the guideline as it matches the development criteria.
According to pipeline designers from Pure Technologies UK, ductile iron pipes are
commonly known as pressure pipe where this material is proven to be a better pipe material
as compared to plastics pipe. Ductile iron pipes are stronger and more fracture resistant.

Table 5.0 : Classification on advantage and disadvantage of using ductile iron pipes.

Figure 4.0 : Different sizes and shapes of ductile pipes and joints available in the
market.

Table 6.0: Additional information required for calculation form the guideline.

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Table 7.0: Based on the pipe size give, recommended valve size selection from the
guideline.
Justification on valve selection

Since the diameter of pipes is less than 400mm, therefore, all isolating valves shall be of the
flanged ended sluice type of pipe. For external reticulation network systems, isolating valves
shall be provided at all junctions/ branches of pipelines. Isolating valves are to be judiciously
placed within the external reticulation system in order to segregate the system into smaller
zones for a number of purposes including achieving greater control over the distribution of
water; for leakage detection and control purposes; for water quality monitoring; and for
containment of a problem (such as pipe breakages) to small areas of the system so that supply
to the entire network system is not compromise.
Bedding details : The trench above the pipe shall be well compacted with suitable backfill
materials, and all pipes shall be able to withstand the expected design traffic loads taking into
consideration the standard of pipe bedding selected. As suggested, water pipes shall not be
laid below sewers. A minimum vertical clearance shall be provided between the crown of a
sewer pipe and the bottom of a water pipe. The horizontal clearance between sewer and water
pipelines shall be 3.0m where water pipes shall be installed on the opposite side of road
carriageways or shoulders in relation to sewers installed along the same road. The pipes shall
be laid a minimum of 600mm away from any other utilities and also from drains.
All pipes shall be laid at locations which are readily accessible for carrying out maintenance
works, and where the repair and rehabilitation works can be carried out economically.
Pipelines shall not be laid beneath a road pavement; it is preferable to be laid within a utility
reserve where the minimum width of 5 meters (10).

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Figure 5.0: Types of bedding suggested constructing for the proposed development.

Figure 6.0: Illustration bedding of pipeline system.

Suggested bedding
Proposed distance between pipes

Type 5

3 meters

Besides understanding the classification of pipes and study about the bedding details, we do
have to consider in constructing whether or not to have a water sampling station. Since the
number of connections is less than 300, we do not have install water sampling station.

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Table 8.0 : Classification on number of connections with water sampling stations.

Water tank or reservoir is a container for storing water. Water tank parameters include the
general design of the tank, and choice of construction materials. Types of tanks are described
(9):

Chemical contact tank

Description
FDA and NSF polyethylene construction, allows for retention time
for chemical treatment chemicals to "contact" (chemically treat) with

Ground water tank

product water.
Made of lined carbon steel, it may receive water from a water well or
from surface water allowing a large volume of water to be placed in

Elevated Water Tank

inventory and used during peak demand cycles.

Known as a water tower an elevated water tower will create pressure
at the ground-level outlet of 1 psi per 2.31 feet of elevation, thus a
tank elevated to 70 feet creates about 30 psi of discharge pressure. 30
psi is sufficient for most domestic and industrial requirements.
Vertical cylindrical dome top tanks may hold from fifty gallons to
several million gallons. Horizontal cylindrical tanks are typically
used for transport because their low-profile creates a low center of
gravity helping to maintain equilibrium for the transport vehicle,
trailer or truck. A Hydro-pneumatic tank is typically a horizontal
pressurized storage tank. Pressurizing this reservoir of water creates a

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surge free delivery of stored water into the distribution system.

Table 9.0 : Description of different of tank

Suggested water tank to be used

Justification of selection

Elevated water tank

:

This type of water tank is able to generate power to deliver water to all parts of the
development area under gravitational force, as we know that the pressure head of the pipe
from source is able to send water to store at the tank without having to install pump to
accelerate the flow of water.
TABLE 1: Water Demand
Total

water Number of units

consumption (L/d)
331500
10000
30000
18000
389500

Water rate (L)

Developments

255

1300

Single-story terrace

200
600
12

50
50
1500

house
Surau
School
Wet market
Total

Total water demands =

389500 L/d
24 60 60 s/d
= 4.508 L/s

Flow Cases:
Case 1: peak flow = Qavg peak factor
= 4.508 2.5
= 11.270 L/s
Case 2: Average flow + Fire flow = Qavg + Qfire
= 4.508 + 19

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= 23.508 L/d

TABLE 2 :Water Demand for all nodes

Q

No of

Water consumption

peak

averag

unit/person

(rate)

(l/s)

Type of development

No of
node

e
(l/s)

0.28
0.87
0

0.112
0.347

200

50

Surau

600

50

School

1
2

Singlestory

terrace 10

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 11
terrace 12

0263

0.105

1300

0.22

0.090

6
0.26

0.105

1300

houses
Singlestory

3
0.26

0.105

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 13

3
0.26

0.105

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 15

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 16
terrace 17

3
0.22

0.090

6
0.26

0.105

1300

houses
Singlestory

3
0.26

0.105

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 18

3
0.26

0.105

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 20

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 21
terrace 22

3
0.22

0.090

6
0.22

0.105

1300

houses
Singlestory

6
0.22

0.105

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 23

6
0.15

0.060

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 30

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 40

0
0.113 0.045

houses
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0.22
6
0.74

0.090
0.299

6
6

1300

Singlestory

terrace 60

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 61

7
0.37

houses
0.150

12
10

1500
1300

Wet market
Singlestory

terrace 70
terrace 71

6
0.22

0.090

1300

houses
Singlestory

6
0.18

0.075

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 72

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 73

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 80
terrace 81

8
0.15

0.060

0
0.113 0.045

4
3

0.15

0.060

1300

houses
Singlestory

0
0.30

0.120

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 82

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 83

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 84
terrace 85

0
0.82
8
0.68

0.331
0.271

22
18

0
0.37

0.150

10

1300

houses
Singlestory

6
0.60

0.241

16

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 86

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 87

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 90

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace

2
0.22
6
0.56

0.090
0.226

6
15

4
0.33
9

9
0.135

houses

91

0.33

0.135

1300

Singlestory

terrace 92

9
0.30

0.120

1300

houses
Singlestory

terrace 93

houses

CASE 1: Qavg:
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Figure 1: Designthewaterreticulation(Qavg)

Nodes Tables
Table 3: Nodes Data.

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Pipes tables
Table 5: Pipe Data.

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continued

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CASE 2: Qpeak

Figure 2:Designthewaterreticulation(Qpeak)

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Nodes Tables

Table 9: Nodes Data.

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PEAK TABLES
Table 11: Pipe Data.

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DISCUSSION
In our design, we have two flow cases: peak flow and average flow + fire flow. The
water is initially flow from reservoir located at 100.84m in reduced level to the water tank in
the development area with reduced level of 74m. Since our development is at reduced level of
54m, thus the water tank need to be design at a higher level to supply adequate water pressure
to the housing area by gravity. Therefore, the water tank is design to be 20m elevated from
the ground level. From the water tank, the water will distribute to the housing area based on
their local demand.
The local demand of each house, day school, surau,and wet market was calculated
and taking in for the consideration before we design the whole second reticulation system.
For both the cases, the head in the system was range from 100.40 to 100.84m. The nearer the
house to the water tank, the higher the head at that house. This is due to the head loss in the
system cause by the frictional loss, fitting loss and gravitational loss.
The total water demand is 4.508 LPS. For peak flow case, the total water demand in
the system is 11.270 LPS. Therefore, 11.720 LPS of flow will distribute out from the tank.
0.112 LPS of flow will go to the surau and 0.347 LPS to school and 0.299 LPS to wet market.
The rest of the flow, will go to each of the housing section based on the demand and number
of house in a row. While for the average flow + fire flow case, total water demand is 23.508
LPS. From the water tank, 0.280 LPS will go to surau,0.87 to school ,and 0.747 to wet market
while the rest to the houses.
CONCLUSION
Water is one of the few natural resources that is essential and we cannot live without.
Clean water is hard to get by at some places, so, distribution and reticulation of clean water
has to be catered for the needs and demands of people. Engineers have to calculate flows of
water that has to be delivered to places high above the ground such as skyscrapers and tower
or low places like houses and places of worship.
The main objective of this assignment is to design a water reticulation for the
secondary distribution system, following the Uniform Technical Guidelines (UTG) and using
EPANET software to analyze the flow. Some of the dimensions were given such as the reduce
levels for all the facilities, pressure head for the reservoir, diameter and length of each pipe
and node numbers.

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Using the EPANET software, the pipe flow throughout the entire town was able to be
replicated and the plan was shown above. Based on the results, the design has met the criteria
needed to reticulate water to the entire town. There were two types of flow calculated, the
first the peak flow and the second the average flow with the fire flow.
The methodology presents the ways to calculate and how the data was tabulated.
First, an outline description of the external reticulation system was proposed to be
implemented for a particular phase of development. Next, water demand was calculated
corresponding number of units per development type, unit water demand rates for each type
of development, and the sectoral and cumulative daily water demands. Then, calculations of
external reticulation pipe design catering for peak flow, and for fire flow and average flow
conditions were done. After that, selection of type of class of pipe based on imposed loads of
backfill, depth of cover, pipe strength and bedding details were justified. Lastly, the detailed
layout plans and hydraulic calculations for the entire township reticulation system was
calculated. These includes all the pipe dimensions, head losses, flow and velocity at every
node.
In peak flow, the total water demand in the system is 11.270 LPS. Therefore, 11.720
LPS of flow will distribute out from the tank, 0.112 LPS of flow will go to the surau and
0.347 LPS to school and 0.299 LPS to wet market.The total demand of the double story
houses were accumulated at each node/joint and for each rows of houses, the flows were
calculated.
In average flow plus fire flow, total water demand is 23.508 LPS. From the water
tank, 0.280 LPS will go to surau,0.87LPS to school ,and 0.747LPSto wet market while the
rest to the houses.
The total demand of the double story houses were accumulated at each node/joint and
for each rows of houses, the flows were calculated.
Even with the calculations shown, the values of both the EPANET software and
calculation above shows the same values both for the peak flow and average plus fire flow.
Thus,our design has been verified and the criteria has been met.

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References:
Book reference
1. Jabatan Bekalan Air (2009). Water Supply Industry in Peninsular Malaysia.
2. Malaysian Water Association (1994). MWA Design Guidelines for Water
Supply Systems. The Malaysian Water Association, Malaysia Eisenberg, D.
and Kauzmann, W. (1969). The Structure and Properties of Water, Oxford
University Press, New York.
3. Marsalek, J., Watt, W. E., Lefrancois, L., Boots, B. F., and Woods, S. (2004).
Municipal Water Supply and Urban Development. Environment Canada,
National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Ontario.
4. Featherstone, R.E. and Nalluri, C. (1985). Civil Engineering Hydraulics:
Essential Theory with Worked Examples. London: ELBS/Collins Professional
and Technical Books.
5. Board of Editors, Article title: Water tank, Wikipedia, date of modified:
November 2008, date of retrieving data: January 2015.
6. Constable, G. and Somerville, B. (2011). Water supply and distribution. A
Century of Innovation, National Academy of Engineering.
7. Franks, F. (ed.) (1972). Water - A Comprehensive Treatise, Vol. 1, Plenum
Press, New York.
8. Haktanir, T. and Ardiclioglu, M. (2004). Numerical modeling of DarcyWeisbach friction factor and branching pipes problem. Advances in
Engineering Sofware, Vol. 35, No. 12, pp.: 773-779.
9. Board of Editors, Uniform Water Reticulation and Plumbing, Suruhanjaya
Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN), Selangor, Malaysia, First edition published
in February 2014.
10. EPANET software reference
Gin McCarthy, Administrator of EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Software creator

University of Guelph in Canada

Software

EPANET 2.00.12 (EXE)

Phone

202-564-4700

Email

listserv@listserv.uoguelph.ca

Website

ttp://www2.epa.gov/aboutepa/administrator-gina-mccarthy

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