IT6601 MOBILE COMPUTING

UNIT V

Dr.A.Kathirvel, Professor and Head, Dept of IT

Anand Institute of Higher Technology, Chennai
1

Unit - V
MOBILE PLATFORMS AND APPLICATIONS
Mobile Device Operating Systems Special Constrains &
Requirements Commercial Mobile Operating Systems
Software Development Kit: iOS, Android, BlackBerry,
Windows Phone M- Commerce Structure Pros & Cons
Mobile Payment System Security Issues.

*Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, Rajib Mall, Fundamentals of Mobile Computing, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi

Synopsis
Mobile Device Operating Systems
Mobile Operating System Structure
JAVA ME Platform

Special Constrains & Requirements

Commercial Mobile Operating Systems
Windows Mobile
Palm OS
Symbian OS
iOS
Android
Blackberry Operating system
3

Synopsis
Software Development Kit
M- Commerce
Applications of M- Commerce
Structure of M- Commerce
Pros and cons of M- Commerce
Mobile Payment Systems
Security issues
4

Mobile Device Operating Systems

A mobile operating system, also called a mobile OS, is an
operating system that is specifically designed to run on mobile
devices such as mobile phones, smartphones, PDAs, tablet
computers and other handheld devices.
The mobile operating system is the software platform on top of
which other programs, called application programs, can run on
mobile devices.
Managing Resources: The resources that are managed by the
operating system include processor, memory, files, and various
types of attached devices such as camera, speaker, keyboard
and screen.
Interface: interactive interface between devices and networks.
Control, data and voice communication with BS using
different types of protocols.
5

Mobile Device Operating Systems

A mobile OS is a software platform on top of which other
programs called application programs, can run on mobile
devices such as PDA, cellular phones, smart phone and etc.
Applications
OS Libraries
Device Operating System Base, Kernel
Low-Level Hardware, Manufacturer Device Drivers

Mobile Operating System

Features
Multitasking

Scheduling
Memory Allocation
File System Interface
Keypad Interface
I/O Interface
Protection and Security
Multimedia features
7

Java ME Platform
J2ME platform is a set of technologies,
specifications and libraries developed for small
devices like mobile phones, pagers, and
personal organizers.
Java ME was designed by Sun Microsystems. It
is licensed under GNU General Public License
Configuration: it defines a minimum platform
including the java language, virtual machine
features and minimum class libraries for a
grouping of devices. E.g. CLDC
8

Java ME Architecture
Profile: it supports higher-level services common to a more specific class of
devices. A profile builds on a configuration but adds more specific APIs to
make a complete environment for building applications. E.g. MIDP
Java ME platforms are composed of the following elements:
Application

Profile

Optional
Packages

Vendor
specific
classes - OEM

Configuration

Native Operating System

Device/ Hardware

Java ME Platform
It includes two kinds of platforms:
High-end platform for high-end consumer devices. E.g. TV settop boxes, Internet TVs, auto-mobile navigation systems
Low-end platform for low-end consumer devices. E.g. cell
phones, and pagers
Platforms

Device Characteristics

High-End a large range of user interface capabilities

consumer total memory budgets starting from about two to four MB
devices
persistent, high-bandwidth network connections, often using
TCP/IP
Low-end simple user interfaces
consumer minimum memory budgets starting from about 128256 KB
devices
low bandwidth, intermittent network connections that is often
not based on the TCP/IP protocol suite.
most of these devices are battery-operated
10

Commercial Mobile Operating Systems

Windows Mobile
Palm OS
Symbian OS
iOS
Android
Blackberry Operating system
11

Windows Mobile OS
Windows Mobile is a compact operating system designed
for mobile devices and based on Microsoft Win32.
It provides ultimate interoperability. Users with various
requirements are able to manipulate their data.
Windows CE (Compact Edtion) - designed specifically for
handheld devices, based on Win32 API.
PDA (personal digital assistant), palmtop computer,
PocketPC were original intended platform for the Windows
Mobile OS.
For devices without mobile phone capabilities, and those
that included mobile phone capabilities
12

Family of Windows Mobile OS

1996 Windows CE 1.0
1997 Windows CE 2.0 (ATM, games consoles, Handheld PC's,
kitchen utensils)
2000 - Windows CE 3.0 - Pocket PC 2000 - (became the os of
choice on many Pocket PCs, looked and worked like Windows
98, no phone feature)
2001 - CE 3.0 - Smartphone 2002 used for Pocket PC phones
and Smartphones, UI reflect the new Windows XP
2003 Windws Mobile 2003 (Windows CE 4.2) - first release
under the Windows Mobile banner - name changed form
PocketPC to Windows Mobile
2005 - WM5 (CE5.0) - new standard API created for a simplified
programming of 3D apps and games with Direct3Dmobile. It use
.Net Compact Framework environment
13

Family of Windows Mobile OS

2007 WM6 (CE 5.2) (also
year of introducing iPhone)
similar in design to the Vista,
works much like WM5, but
with much better stability
2008 WM 6.1 (year of
releasing Android)
2009 WM6.5, vertically
scrollable labels, Windows
Marketplace announced
Feb 2010 WM6.5.3, was
officially announced as first
Windows
Phone
6.5.3
smartphone
14

Palm OS
Palm OS is an embedded operating system
designed for ease of use with a touch
screen-based graphical user interface.
It has been implemented on a wide variety
of mobile devices such as smart phones,
barcode readers, and GPS devices.
It is run on Arm architecture-based
processors. It is designed as a 32-bit
architecture.
15

Palm OS
The key features of Palm OS
A single-tasking OS:
Palm OS Garnet (5.x) uses a kernel developed at
Palm, but it does not expose tasks or threads to
user applications. In fact, it is built with a set of
threads that can not be changed at runtime.
Palm OS Cobalt (6.0 or higher) does support
multiple threads but does not support creating
additional processes by user applications.
16

Palm OS
Palm OS has a preemptive multitasking kernel
that provides basic tasks but it does not
expose this feature to user applications.
Memory Management: The Memory, RAM
and ROM, for each Palm resides on a memory
module known as card. In other words, each
memory card contains RAM, ROM or both.
Palms can have no card, one card or multiple
cards.
Handwriting recognition input called Graffiti 2
17

Palm OS
Expansion support: This capability not only
augments the memory and I/O , but also it
facilitates data interchanges with other Palm
devices and with other non-Palm devices
such as digital cameras, and digital audio
players.
HotSync technology for synchronization
with PC computers
Sound playback and record capabilities
TCP/IP network access
18

Palm OS
Support of serial port, USB,
Infrared, Bluetooth and WiFi connections
Defined
standard
data
format for PIM (Personal
Information Management)
applications
to
store
calendar, address, task and
note entries, accessible by
third-party applications
19

Symbian OS
Symbian OS is 32 bit, little-endian
operating system, running on
different
flavors
of
ARM
architecture

It is a multitasking operating
system and very less dependence
on peripherals.
Kernel runs in the privileged mode and exports its
service to user applications via user libraries.
20

Symbian OS
User
libraries
include
networking,
communication, I/O interfaces and etc.
Access to these services and resources is
coordinated through a client-server framework.
Clients use the service APIs exposed by the
server to communicate with the server.
The client-server communication is conducted
by the kernel.
21

Symbian OS
The following demonstrates the Symbian OS
architecture
Symbian OS Libraries
KVM

Application Engines
Servers
Symbian OS Base- Kernel
Hardware

22

Symbian OS Features
Real-time: it has a real-time, multithreaded kernel.
Data Caging
it allows applications to have their own private data
partition. This feature allows for applications to guarantee a
secure data store. It can be used for e-commerce
applications, location aware applications and etc.
Platform Security
Symbian provides a security mechanism against malware. It
allows sensitive operations can be accessed by applications
which have been certified by a signing authority. In addition,
it supports full encryption and certificate management,
secure protocols (HTTPS, TLS and SSL) and WIM
framework.
23

Symbian OS Features
Multimedia
it supports audio, video recording, playback and streaming,
and Image conversion.

Internationalization support
it supports Unicode standard.

Fully object-oriented and component- based

Optimized memory management
Client-server architecture
it provides simple and high-efficient inter process
communication. This feature also eases porting of code
written for other platforms to Symbian OS.
24

Symbian OS Features
A Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)
This layer provides a consistent interface to
hardware and supports device-independency
Kernel offers hard real-time guarantees to kernel
and user mode threads.

25

iPhone OS

BSD

File Systems

I/O systems

Networking
components

Based on Mach
kernel and Darwin
Core as Mac OS X

26

iOS
About Apples Proprietary Mobile OS iOS

iOS is Apples proprietary mobile operating

system initially developed for iPhone and now
extended to iPAD, iPod Touch and Apple TV.
Initially known as iPhone OS, in June 2010
renamed iOS.
iOS is not enabled for cross licensing, it can
only be used on Apples devices.
27

iOS
Apples Proprietary Mobile OS
The user interface of iOS is based on the
concept of usage of multi touch gestures.
iOS is a Unix based OS.
iOS uses four abstraction layers, namely: the
Core OS layer, the Core Services layer, the
Media layer, and the Cocoa Touch layer.
Apples App store contains close to 550,000
applications as of March 2012.
28

iOS
Apples Proprietary Mobile OS
It is estimated that the APPs are downloaded
25B times till now.
First version of iOS is released in 2007 with the
mane OS X and then in 2008 the first beta
version of iPhone OS is released.
In 2007 September Apple released first iPod
Touch that also used this OS.
In 2010 iPad is released that has a bigger screen
than the iPod and iPhone.
29

iOS
Cisco owns the trademark for IOS;
Apple licenses the usage of iOS from
Cisco.

30

Mac OS X Architecture

Each application has

4GB space

Multitasking

Pre-emptive, i.e. act of

taking the control of
operating system from
one task and giving it
to another task.

Real-time

Strong memory
protection

31

Android
Google owns a trademark for Android Googles
permission is necessary to use Androids
trademark
In 2011, Microsoft announced it has made an
agreement with Android device manufacturers
(including Samsung and HTC) to collect fees
from them.
Androids source code is available under Apache
License version 2.0. The Linux kernel changes are
available under the GNU General Public
License version 2.
32

Android OS
Android is Linux based mobile OS for mobile
devices such as Tablets and Smartphones.
In 2005 Google acquired the initial developer of
the OS, Android Inc.
Then in 2007 Google formed an Open Handset
Alliance with 86 hardware, software and telecom
companies.
This alliance developed and announced Android
as an open source mobile OS under the Apache
License.
33

Android
Now, this OS is being used by multiple device
manufacturers (Samsung, Motorola, HTC, LG,
Sony etc) in their handsets
Android developer community has large
number of developers preparing APPs in Java
environment and the APP store Google Play
now has close to 450,000 APPs, among which
few are free and others are paid.
It is estimated that, as of December 2011,
almost 10B APPs were downloaded.
34

Android
It is estimated that as of February 2012 there
are over 300M Android devices and
approximately 850,000 Android devices are
activated every day.
The earliest recognizable Android version is
2.3 Gingerbread, which supports SIP and NFC.
In 2011 Android Honeycomb version (3.1 and
3.2) are released with focus on Tablets. This is
mainly focused on large screen devices.
35

Android
Handset layouts compatible with different
handset designs such as
larger, VGA, 2D
graphics library, 3D graphics library based.
Storage a lightweight relational database, is
used for data storage
Connectivit: GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EVDO,UMTS,Bluetooth,WiFi, LTE, NFC &WiMAX
Messaging SMS, MMS, threaded text
messaging and Android Cloud To Device
Messaging (C2DM)
36

Android
Google faced many patent lawsuits against
Android such as by Oracle in 2006 that included
patents US5966702 and US6910205.
Distributed under
Apache License

Created by Android
Inc., as part of Google
in 2005

Development is Open
Source; source code is
publicly available

Programmers are
welcome to contribute
via Software
Development Kit (SDK)

Linux Kernel

Java-based
application
framework

37

Blackberry OS
The first operating system launched by
Research in Motion(RIM -the company
behind BlackBerry)
Operating system structure mainly
consists of following: GUI (Graphic User Interface).
Command processor.
Kernel.
38

Blackberry OS Architecture

39

Blackberry OS Features

Gestures
Multi-tasking
Blackberry Hub
Blackberry Balance
Keyboard
Voice Control

40

Key Terms in Blackberry OS

Process Management
Memory Management
Types of Kernel Microkernel

41

Advantages of Blackberry OS
It provides good security for data.
It avoids collusion of personal and business data.
Content promotion: Dedicated content channels
and feature banners that provide prime real estate to
help distribute your app to the right users.
App discovery: Universal search, top lists, social
sharing, reviews, and ratings help users find the
right app.
The Games app (in combination with Score loop):
A specialized portal for gaming allowing
multiplayer, social connections.
42

Disadvantages of Blackberry OS
New operating system was introduced too late
into the ever-growing market.
Yet to have as many apps available for
purchase or download compared to other phone
in the market.
Consumers have switched over to other
devices made by Apple or Android.
Swipe vs. home button. Once an application is
opened, you have to swipe up to return to the
main display.
43

Android Software Development Kit

A software development kit that enables developers
to create applications for the Android platform.
The Android SDK includes sample projects
with source code, development tools, an emulator,
and required libraries to build Android applications.
Applications
are
written
using
the Java programming language and run on Dalvik,
a custom virtual machine designed for embedded
use which runs on top of a Linux kernel.
44

Android SDK Environment

The Android Development Tools (ADT) plugin for
Eclipse adds powerful extensions to the Eclipse
integrated development environment. It allows you to
create and debug Android applications easier and
faster.
Advantages:
It gives you access to other Android development tools from
inside the Eclipse IDE. For example, ADT lets you access
the many capabilities of the DDMS tool: take screenshots,
manage portforwarding, set breakpoints, and view thread
and process information directly from Eclipse.
45

Android SDK Environment Advantages

It provides a New Project Wizard, which helps you
quickly create and set up all of the basic files you'll
need for a new Android application.
It automates and simplifies the process of building
your Android application.
It provides an Android code editor that helps you write
valid XML for your Android manifest and resource
files.
It will export your project into a signed APK, which
can be distributed to users.
46

Creation of Android SDK Environment

Download and Install the Android
SDK and test the Emulator
Install Java
Install Eclipse
Install the ADT Plug-in in Eclipse
Create Hello World Application
47

Android Application Components

Components

Description

Activities

They dictate the UI and handle the user

interaction to the smart phone screen

Services

They handle background processing

associated with an application.

Broadcast
Receivers

They handle communication between

Android OS and applications.

Content
Providers

They handle data and database

management issues.
48

Android Application Components

Components

Description

Fragments

Represents a portion of user interface in an

Activity.

Views

UI elements that are drawn on-screen including

buttons, lists forms etc.

Layouts

View hierarchies that control screen format and

appearance of the views.

Intents

Messages wiring components together.

Resources

External elements, such as strings, constants and

drawable pictures.

Manifest

Configuration file for the application.

49

Android Software Stack Structure

50

Advantages of Android
Android is open
Multitasking
Easy access to the Android App Market
Can install a modified ROM
Phone options are diverse
Ease of notification
Widget
51

M- Commerce
M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and
selling of goods and services through wireless
handheld devices such as cellular telephone and
personal digital assistants (PDAs). Known as nextgeneration e-commerce, m-commerce enables users to
access the Internet without needing to find a place to
plug in.
The emerging technology behind m-commerce, which
is based on the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP),
has made far greater strides in Europe, where mobile
devices equipped with Web-ready micro-browsers are
much more common than in the United States.
52

M- Commerce
M-commerce can be seen as means of selling and
purchasing of goods and services using mobile
communication devices such as cellular phones,
PDA s etc, which are able to connect to the Internet
through wireless channels and interact with ecommerce systems
M-commerce can be referred to as an act of carryingout transactions using a wireless device
It is understood as a data connection that results in
the transfer of value in exchange for information,
services or goods
53

M- Commerce
It can also bye seen as a natural extension of e-commerce that
allows users to interact with other users or businesses in a
wireless mode, anytime/anywhere.
It can be perceived to be
any electronic transaction or
information interaction conducted using a mobile device and
mobile network thereby guaranteeing customers virtual and
physical mobility, which leads to the transfer of real or
perceived value in exchange for personalized, location-based
information, services, or goods.
M-commerce can also be seen and referred to as wireless
commerce.
It is any transaction with a monetary value that is conducted
via a mobile telecommunications network.
54

M- Commerce
M-commerce can also be seen and referred to
as wireless commerce.
It is any transaction with a monetary value
that
is
conducted
via
a
mobile
telecommunications network .
An ability to access an IT-System whilst
moving from one place to the other using a
mobile device and carry out transactions and
transfer information wherever and whenever
needed to.
55

Mobile commerce from the

Customers point of view
The customer wants to access information, goods
and services any time and in any place on his
mobile device.
It can use his mobile device to purchase tickets
for events or public transport, pay for parking,
download content and even order books and CDs.
It should be offered appropriate payment
methods. They can range from secure mobile
micropayment to service subscriptions.
56

Mobile commerce from the

Providers point of view
The future development of the mobile telecommunication
sector is heading more and more towards value-added
services. Analysts forecast that soon half of mobile operators
revenue will be earned through mobile commerce.
Consequently operators as well as third party providers will
focus on value-added-services. To enable mobile services,
providers with expertise on different sectors will have to
cooperate.
Innovative service scenarios will be needed that meet the
customers expectations and business models that satisfy all
partners involved.
57

M-Commerce Terminology
Generations
1G: 1979-1992 wireless technology
2G: current wireless technology; mainly
accommodates text
2.5G: interim technology accommodates graphics
3G: 3rd generation technology (2001-2005)
supports rich media (video clips)
4G: will provide faster multimedia display (20062010)
58

Terminology and Standards

GPS: Satellite-based Global Positioning System
PDA: Personal Digital Assistanthandheld wireless
computer
SMS: Short Message Service
EMS: Enhanced Messaging Service
MMS: Multimedia Messaging Service
WAP: Wireless Application Protocol
Smart phonesInternet-enabled cell phones with
attached applications
59

M- Commerce Structure

60

Pros of M- Commerce
M-commerce is creating entirely new service
opportunities - such as payment, banking, and
ticketing transactions - using a wireless device .
M-commerce allows one-to-one communication
between the business and the client and also
business-to-business communication .
M-commerce is leading to expectations of
revolutionary changes in business and markets.
M-commerce widens the Internet business
because of the wide coverage by mobile networks.
61

Cons of M- Commerce
Cell phones have small screen displays and that might be
irritating to someone who has the experience of the
desktop environment.
Another issue that can be seen as a disadvantage to mcommerce is the limitation in bandwidth. The GSM
technology has the data rate of 9.3 Kbps and the current
3-G technology offers a data rate goes up to 2 Mbps.
Mobile devices use batteries as their form of power
supply . Normally, power for a cell phone battery lasts
up to 2-3 days depending on how new the battery is. It
then gives the owner the burden of having to remember
to recharge it every now and then.
62

Cons of M- Commerce
Mobile devices do not have enough processing
power and the developer has to be careful about
loading an application that requires too much
processing. Also, mobile devices do not have
enough storage space. The developer has to be
also concerned about the size of his application in
the due process of development.
Mobile appliances are quite vulnerable to theft,
loss and corruptibility. Security solutions for
mobile appliances must, therefore, provide for
security under these challenging scenarios.
63

Mobile Payment System

Mobile Payment can be offered as a stand-alone
service.
Mobile Payment could also be an important
enabling service for other m-commerce services (e.g.
mobile ticketing, shopping, gambling)
It could improve user acceptance by making the
services more secure and user-friendly.
In many cases offering mobile payment methods
is the only chance the service providers have to
gain revenue from an m-commerce service.
64

Mobile Payment System (cont.)

the consumer must be informed of:
what is being bought, and
how much to pay
options to pay
the payment must be made
payments must be traceable.
65

Mobile Payment System (cont.)

Customer requirements:
a larger selection of merchants with whom they can trade
a more consistent payment interface when making the
purchase with multiple payment schemes, like:
Credit Card payment
Bank Account/Debit Card Payment
Merchant benefits:
brands to offer a wider variety of payment
Easy-to-use payment interface development
Bank and financial institution benefits
to offer a consistent payment interface to consumer and
merchants
66

Payment via Internet Payment Provider

WAP
GW/Proxy
Browsing (negotiation)
Merchant

MeP
User

GSM Security

SSL tunnel

SMSC

IPP

Mobile Wallet
CC/Bank

67

Payment via integrated Payment Server

WAP
GW/Proxy
Browsing (negotiation)

Mobile Commerce
Server
User

GSM Security

Merchant

SSL tunnel

SMSC

ISO8583 Based

VPP IF

CP
CC/Bank

Mobile Wallet
Voice PrePaid

68

Security in M-Commerce
CA

SAT GW
(SIM)

Mobile IP
Service
Provider
Network

Mobile
Network
WAP1.1(+SIM where avail.)

Mobile Bank

WAP1.2(WIM)

Content
Aggregation

Internet
Merchant

WAP GW

Mobile e-Commerce
Server

Bank (FI)

Security and
Payment

Operator centric model

69

WAP Architecture

Web Server

WAP Gateway

WML

WML Encoder
WMLScript

WSP/WTP

WMLScript
Compiler

HTTP

CGI
Scripts
etc.

WTAI

Protocol Adapters

Content

WML Decks
with WML-Script

Client

Etc.

70

Comparison between Internet and

WAP technologies
Wireless Application Protocol
Wireless Application
Environment (WAE)

HTML
JavaScript

Other Services and

Applications

Session Layer (WSP)

HTTP
Transaction Layer (WTP)

Security Layer (WTLS)

TLS - SSL

Transport Layer (WDP)

TCP/IP
UDP/IP

Bearers:

SMS

USSD

CSD

IS-136

CDMA

CDPD PDC-P

Etc..

71

WAP Risks
WAP Gap
Claim: WTLS protects WAP as SSL
protects HTTP
Problem: In the process of translating one
protocol to another, information is
decrypted and re-encrypted
Recall the WAP Architecture
Solution: Doing decryption/re-encryption
in the same process on the WAP gateway
Wireless gateways as single point of failure
72

Platform Risks
Without a secure OS, achieving security on
mobile devices is almost impossible
Learned lessons:
Memory protection of processes
Protected kernel rings
File access control
Authentication of principles to resources
Differentiated user and process privileges
Sandboxes for untrusted code
Biometric authentication
73

Risks of WML Script

Lack of Security Model
Does not differentiate trusted local code from untrusted code
downloaded from the Internet. So, there is no access control!!
WML Script is not type-safe.
Scripts can be scheduled to be pushed to the client device
without the users knowledge

Does not prevent access to persistent storage

Possible attacks:
Theft or damage of personal information

Abusing users authentication information

Maliciously offloading money saved on smart cards
74

Bluetooth Security
Bluetooth provides security between any two Bluetooth
devices for user protection and secrecy
mutual and unidirectional authentication
encrypts data between two devices
Session key generation
configurable encryption key length
keys can be changed at any time during a connection
Authorization (whether device X is allowed to have
access service Y)
Trusted Device: The device has been previously
authenticated, a link key is stored and the device is
marked as trusted in the Device Database.
75

Bluetooth Security (Cont..)

Untrusted Device: The device has been
previously authenticated, link key is stored
but the device is not marked as trusted in
the Device Database
Unknown
Device:
No
security
information is available for this device.
This is also an untrusted device.
automatic output power adaptation to reduce
the range exactly to requirement, makes the
system extremely difficult to eavesdrop
76

New Security Risks in M-Commerce

Abuse of cooperative nature of ad-hoc networks:
An adversary that compromises one node can
disseminate false routing information.

Malicious domains: A single malicious domain

can compromise devices by downloading malicious
code

Roaming: Users roam among non-trustworthy

domains

77

New Security Risks (cont.)

Launching attacks from mobile devices
With mobility, it is difficult to identify attackers
Loss or theft of device
More private information than desktop computers

Security keys might have been saved on the device

Access to corporate systems
Bluetooth provides security at the lower layers
only: a stolen device can still be trusted
78

New Security Risks (cont.)

Problems with Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)
protocol
Security Classes:
No certificates
Server only certificate (Most Common)
Server and client Certificates

Re-establishing connection without re-authentication

Requests can be redirected to malicious sites
79

New Privacy Risks

Monitoring users private information
Offline telemarketing
Who is going to read the legal jargon
Value added services based on location
awareness (Location-Based Services)

80

Questions ?