2-MS For Soft Ground Treatment

Construction of Extension of Southern Expressway from Matara to Hambantota
Section 1 Matara to Beliatta

Clause 8.3(d) Programme: General Method Statement for the Execution of the Works
METHOD STATEMENT FOR SOFT GROUN TREATMENT

1) INTRODUCTION
This Method Statement provides the brief description about the Ground improvement
techniques which are proposed to use in the Construction of Extension of Southern
Expressway from Matara to Hambantota. These proposed techniques and methods should
have to be selected according to the environmental & site conditions at the place where
needs this improvements. Also it should be noted that cost of improvement is essential to
consider when selecting the proposed method for the certain location.
Soon after selection of the Improvement technique for the location, the contractor will
provide more descriptive method statement for the each `and every each selected method
of improvement.
These all the methods will be commenced in accordance with the technical specification
or as the directed by the Engineer. No works shall be commenced without obtaining the
written approval from the Engineer for the specified location.
2 GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES

Ground improvement techniques are mainly divided into three categories.
1. Compaction
- Techniques that typically used to compact or densify soil in-situ.
2. Reinforcement
- Technique that typically construct a reinforcing element within the

soil mass without necessary changing the soil properties. The
performance of the soil mass is improved by the reinforcing elements
which are includes for the treatment.
3. Fixation
- Technique that fix or bind the soil particles together thereby

increasing the strength of the soil while decreasing its compressibility
and permeability.
2.1) COMPACTION
2.1.1 DYNAMIC COMPACTION
This method is used to reduce the foundation settlement, reduce seismic subsidence and
liquidation potential, permit construction on fills, densify subgrade and reduce settlement
in collapsible soils
This method is most effective in permeable granular soils and the ground water table
should be at least 2m below the working surface for the process to be effective.
Maga Engineering (Pvt)
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2.1.1.1 Equipment & Tools

The main items of plant and equipment, which shall be deployed for piling works are,
Duty cycle crane

Steel weight (10-30 Tonne)
Loader / Loader Backhoe
Other minor tools
Dump trucks
2.1.1.2 Material
The major materials used for the construction of Bridge include, but are not limited to the
following.
Granular soil
Sand
Gravel crush Stone
2.1.1.3 Manpower
Man power used for the bored pile casting works include, but not limited to following.
Site Engineer
Technical Officer
Crane Operator
Crane Operator Helper
Loader Operator
Loader Operator Helper
Driver
Skilled Labourers
Unskilled Labourers
2.1.1.4 Method and Procedure

Layout plan will be prepared for the primary drop locations. These drop locations shall be
3.0 6.0m gird. After prepare the drop location plan, the steel weight will be dropped
using the duty cycle crane as per the prepared plans. The height of the fall and the weight
of the steel weight will be selected to suite the soil type and the volume to be compacted.
These parameters shall be selected in accordance with the table give bellow.
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Soil Description
Energy Required (kg/m3)
Gravel and sand <10% silt, no clay
188-235
Sand with 10%-80% silt and <20% clay, 235-330
PI<8
Finer-Granular Soil with PI>8
NA
Land Fill
565-1035
Energy = (Drop Height x Weight x No of Drops) / Soil volume to be compacted
Always secondary pass shall be commenced to such that to locate at midpoint of the
primary pass.
Above process shall be continue and once the crater depth becomes 1.0m, the crater shall
be filled with granular material before additional drops are performed at that location.
This process will be continue until the ground achieves the required density.
2.1.1.5 Quality Control
All the materials which is used for the filling of crater shall be confirmed to the
requirement of the Technical Specification or directed by the Engineer.
Frequently test shall be performed as mentioned in the specification.
Technical Staff at the site shall be monitor and will be kept the accurate records of all the
process. These records shall be submitted to the Engineer for his review and inspection on
daily basis.
2.1.1.6 Safety Management and Traffic Control
Since this process produces large vibration in the soil. It can be effects on nearby
structures. Records of adjacent properties shall be kept by measuring their vibration
sensitivity and their pre-existing conditions.
Lifting cables & crane will be closely monitored and confirm the adequate capacity for
the work.
All the required safety equipment shall be provided to the workers and safety office shall
monitor the proper safety arrangements at least twice a day.
Warning signs will be display to avoid unauthorized person to the working area.
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2.1.2 VIBRO COMPACTION

Vibro compaction is also known as vibroflotation. The process involeves the use of downhole Vibrator (Vibroflot) which is lowered into the ground to compact at depth.
This method is used to increase bearing capacity of soil, reduce the foundation settlement,
reduce seismic subsidence and liquidating potential and permit construction on loose
granular fills.
This process is most effective in free draining granular soils. Although most effective
below the ground water table. Vibro compaction is also effective above the groundwater
table.
Vibroflot
Crain
Loader / Loader backhoe
Dump trucks
Generator
Other minor tools
2.1.2.2 Material
Sand (Less than 10% Silt and no clay)
2.1.2.3 Manpower
Site Engineer
Technical Officer
Crane Operator
Crane Operator Helper
Loader Operator
Loader Operator Helper
Driver
Skilled Labourers
Unskilled Labourers
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With reference to soil investigation report, the depth shall be divided which is expect to
treat. Also in accordance with the required density the probe spacing will be decided with
the approval of the Engineer. Thus the layout plan will be prepared and submitted to the
Engineer for the approval. Work shall be commence only after obtaining the written
approval from the Engineer.
Vibroflot shall be hang by crane and lowered into the position as mentioned in the layout
plan. Then the vibroflot shall be driven up to the predetermined depth that has decided to
treat. If hard soil strata is formed predrilling shall be commence to facilitate the easy
penetration of vibroflot.
After reaching the required depth sand will be added around the vibrator at the ground
surface falls around the vibrator to its tip to compensation for the volume reduction
during the densification.
Then the vibration shall be started. Vibrator is gradually raised from bottom to top by
ensuring the sand replacement of the void create due to densification.
Above procedure shall be continued for every location indicates and approved by the
layout plan
Sand use for the fill is tested frequently to ensure the material is at the limitation of clay
and silt. All materials shall be confirm the requirement of the technical specification.
Technical staff at the site will closely monitor the works and shall be kept the proper
record at site.
These records shall be forwarded to the Engineer on daily basis for the approval.
All the workers shall be wear the required safety equipment. Safety Officer will be insect
the site at least once a day.
2.1.3 COMPACTION GROUTING
This technique densifies the surrounding soil by the injecting of low mobility, low slump
motar grout. The grout bulb expanded as additional grout is injected compacting the
surrounding soils through compression.
Besides the improvement in the surrounding soils, the soil mass is reinforced be the
resulting grout column, further reducing settlement and increasing the shear strength.
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The method is used to reduce foundation settlements, reduce seismic subsidence and
liquidation potential, permit construction on loose granular fills and reduce settlement in
collapsible soil.
Compaction grout is most effective in free draining soils and low sensitivity soils.
Also the depth of ground water table is not important as lay s the soils are free draining.
Grout Batching Plant

Mixture Trucks
Grout pump
Drilling rig
Grout injection pipe
Generators
Other minor tools
2.1.3.2 Material
Cement
Sand
Water
Fly ash or bentonite to use as a fine grain material.
2.1.3.3 Manpower
Site Engineer
Technical Officer
Drilling rig operator
Drilling rig helper
Pump Operator
Batching Plant Operator
Driver
Skilled Labourers
Unskilled Labourers
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According to the site investigation report prepare the layout plan for the improvement and
shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval. This layout plan shall be consist of depth
of grouting interval or spacing of the grouting locations. Works shall be only commence
after receiving the written approval of the Engineer.
The improvement process is depending on the treating depth and if the depth of treatment
is less than 2.5m, treatment shall processed top to bottom. In the higher depth of treatment
the process shall be bottom to up.
First the injection pipe shall be installed to the decreased depth with tight contact with the
surrounding ground. Then the prepared cement grout shall be pumped at the rate of 0.087
to 0.175 m3/min, depending on the soil type. Excessive flow rates shall be omitted
because excess pore water pressure or fracturing of soil can occur and it will reduced the
effectiveness of the process.
This process shall be continue for the all the grid points that are indicated in the layout
plan. If the treatment depth is less than 2.5m, the ground is first pumped to the top of the
treatment zone. Then the sufficient time shall be allowed to set up the grout. Then the
injection pipe shall be placed underside of the grout and additional grout shall be pumped.
This process shall be repeated until the bottom of the treatment zone is grouted.
Slump testing and unconfined compressive strength of the grout shall be checked
regularly to confirm the mix is in acceptable standards. Pumping rate of the grout shall be
strictly controlled to specified. Records shall be kept for each and every location by
indicating pumping rate, quantities, pressures, ground heave and injection depth.
Post grouting penetration testing shall be done between the injection locations to confirm
the improvement of granular soil.
All the workers shall be wear the required safety equipment and Safety Officer will be
insect the site regularly. All the warning signs and important signs will be positioned to
confirm the better visibility.
2.1.4 SURCHARGING WITH PREFABRICATED VERTICAL DRAINS
Surcharging consists of placing a temporary local (generally soil fill) on sites to
reconsolidate. The soil prior to constructing the planned structure. The process improves
the soil by compressing the soil, increasing its stiffness and shear strength.
Preloading is best suited for soft, fine grained soils.
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Dozer
Wheel Loader / Backhoe
Dump Trucks
Mast Mounted Crain
Other small equipment
2.1.4.2 Material
Soil
Prefabricated tubes
Drainage Materials
2.1.4.3 Manpower
Site Engineer
Technical Officer
Crain Operator
Crain Operator Helper
Loader Operator
Dozer Operator
Helpers
Skilled Labourers
Unskilled Labourers

According to the soil investigation report consolidation test data surcharge load and
duration is selected to pre consolidate the soil sufficiently such that when the surcharge
load is removed and the planned structure is constructed, the remaining settlement is
acceptable.
Layout plan shall be prepared by indicating the position of vehicle drains, surcharge and
other necessary duties and submitted to the Engineer for approval. Work shall be started
only after receiving the written approval from the Engineer.
Drainage Material layer shall be spread as the first layer of surcharge at least the
minimum thickness of 300mm.
Successive layers of soil should be spread over the filter layer by using dozer to get the
required surcharge.
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After achieving the surcharge prefabricated vertical tubes shall be driven using mast
mounted crane to the required depth. Anchor plate or bar attached to the bottom of the
prefabricated vertical drain holes in place in the soil. Soon after extract the mandrel the
PVD shall be cut off slightly above the ground.
This process shall be proceeds for every location which is decided to install PVD.
Settlement plates shall be placed at the top of the fill to monitor the settlement.
Settlement shall be monitored until the treated ground achieves the required density.
The height of the surcharge and unit weight of the surcharge material shall be controlled
to assure the design surcharge pressure. During the installation of PVD the location, depth
and verticality shall be closely monitor and records shall be kept. Settlement shall be
monitored in accordance with the settlement monitoring plan approved by the engineer.
All the safety precautions shall be ensured during the working period and the monitoring
period. Safety officer shall regularly inspect regarding the safety of the location.
2.2) REINFORCEMENT
2.2.1 STONE COLUMNS
Stone columns refer to columns of compacted, gravel size stone particles constructed
vertically in the ground to improve the performance of soft or loose soils.
Stone columns improve the performance of soil in two ways.
1. Densification of surrounding granular soil
2. Reinforcement of the soil with a stiffer, higher shear stone column.
For this method the depth of ground water level is not critical.
Crane
Vibroflot
Tremie pipe with hopper at top
Wheel loader / loader backhoe
Dump Trucks
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Water Bowser
Other Small Tools
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2.2.1.2 Material
Graded Crushed Hard Rock

Water
2.2.1.3 Manpower
Site Engineer
Technical Officer
Crain Operator
Loader Operators
Drivers
Helpers
Skilled Labourers
Unskilled Labourers

By referring the soil investigation report, the layout plan shall be prepared by indicating
stone column location, depth, etc. this layout plan shall be submitted to the approval for
engineer.
The column construction shall be starts at bottom of the treatment depth and proceeds to
the surface.
Tremie pipe shall be attached to the vibroflot and it shall be lowered to the desired depth.
Then stone shall be feed through the tremie pipe to vibroflot tip. Then the violator shall
raise gradually while feeding the stones.
Then the vibrator is repeatedly raised and lowered as it is extracted, compacting and
displacing the stone in 0.75 0.9m lifts. The water shall be flushed to settle the
suspended soil fines at the bottom of the column. This process shall be continue up to the
ground surface and for the every location marked in the layout plan.
Records shall be kept by stating location, depth and the quantities of stone backfill use for
each location. These recorded will be submitted to the Engineer on daily basis for the
review and approval.
Post treatment testing shall be commenced to measure the improvement achieved in
granular soil.
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2.2.2 VIBRO CONCRETE COLUMNS
Vibro concrete columns involve constructing concrete in-situ using a bottom feed
vibroflot. The method will densify granular soils and transfer loads through soft cohesive
and organic soils.
This method is used to reduce the foundation settlements to increase bearing capacity to
increase slope stability and as an alternative to piling.
Vibro concrete columns are suited to transfer loads such as embankment through soft and
organic layers of an under laying granular layer.
The depth of ground water table is not critical for this method.
Crane
Vibroflot
Tremie pipe
Batching Plant
Dump Trucks
Water Bowser
Other Small Tools
2.2.2.2 Material
Cement
Sang
Coarse Aggregates
Water
2.2.2.3 Manpower
Site Engineer
Technical Officer
Crain Operator
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Loader Operators
Drivers
Helpers
Skilled Labourers
Unskilled Labourers

According to the site investigation report the layout plan shall be prepared by indicating
location of vibro columns, depth of treatment concrete grade use for concrete columns
etc. This plan shall be submitted to the Engineer for approvals and works shall be
commenced only after obtaining the written consent of the Engineer.
The vibroflot is lowered through soft ground layer to the bearing stratum. Then the
concrete shall be pumped as the vibroflot is repeatedly raised and lowered about 0.75m to
create an expanded base and densifing surrounding granular soil.
The concrete shall be pumped as the vibroflot is raised to the surface. At the ground
surface the vibroflot again raised to the surface.
At the ground surface the vibroflot again raised and lowered several times to form an
expanded top.
Record shall be maintained, including location, depth verticality, injection pressure and
Quality of the concrete compressive strength of concrete shall be checked regularly at the
frequency in specification or as directed by the Engineer. Grout pumping rate shall be
maintained to slightly exceed the rate which the void is created as the vibroflot is
extracted. Load test shall be done as per the specification or as directed by the Engineer.
2.3) FIXATION
2.3.1 DCM Piling
2.3.1.1 Overview
The DCM pile method consists of soft insitu soil mixing with cement slurry to produce
soil /cement columns with high strength and low compressibility. The column size is 0.5
m (500 mm) diameter and maximum depth of a pile that can be drilled is 21m.
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Construction of various structures on compressible, saturated soils like soft clay, of low
bearing capacity and excessive settlement conditions are common problems to deal with.
The ground improvement technique using Deep Cement Mixing (DCM) is one of the
most suitable methods to overcome this problem. The sole purpose of DCM is to improve
shear strength of the soil by insitu mixing of the soil with cement grout. Application of
ground improvement by using DCM method allows excavation works without collapse,
construction of embankments for highways, reservoirs, construction of large water tank
and use of soil foundation system in soft soil environment.
50 Ton Weight Single auger

Crawler SOIL MECH machine with 23 m shaft
Typical auger drive.
Rotation speed: 1428 rpm.
Grout pump fully electric

Weight
Flow rate
Pressure
Capacity
: 10 Ton
: 50270 ltrs. / minute
: 40115 bar
: 950 L
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Figure 02: Grout pump with digital display
2.3.1.2 Material
Cement
Sang
Coarse Aggregates
Water
2.3.1.3 Manpower
Site Engineer
Technical Officer
Crain Operator
Loader Operators
Drivers
Helpers
Skilled Labourers
Unskilled Labourers

In Sri Lanka, compressible, saturated soils like soft clay are very
common and low bearing capacity and excessive settlement are
a common problem to deal with in constructions. Mostly coastal
areas especially in Western and Southern part covered by major
rivers and many tributaries flowing in a direction towards sea.
As a result soil profile is formed by Alluvium deposit/silt or clay
and/or lagoonal and estuarine deposits including dark brown
and/or bluegray organic rich paddy clay. Therefore DCM
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technology can be used for improving natural soils or brownfield ground to match
adopted design requirements, so eliminating problematic excavation and replacement or
more expensive deep foundation methods.
The DCM method is based on chemical reactions between clay and chemical agent,
which is usually ordinary Portland cement. This is done by machines with rotating blades
for supplying the chemical agent in to the soil and for insitu mechanical mixing of the soil
with the agent. The chemical agent absorbs the pore water and reacts with clay particles
to form pozzolanic products.
Planning of soil mixing involves assessment and selection of engineering properties

of stabilized soil in specific ground conditions (soilmix design) and selection of the
installation pattern and dimensions of improved ground (geotechnical design).
The expected compressive strength of stabilized soil is usually selected in relation to

physical and chemical characteristics of treated soil and groundwater, type and
amount of cement and other relevant working specifications, such as water/cement
ratio and applied mixing work.
The purpose of geotechnical design is to determine the final installation pattern and
dimensions of improved ground on the basis of appropriate stability and settlement
analyses to satisfy functional requirements of the supported structure.
2.3.1.4.1 General Procedure

The mixing machine, usually installed on track mounted rigs, will be mobilized to the
specified location and the following construction sequences will be carried out to form a
soil cement column in soft ground.
1. Mixing shaft will be placed in the proposed pile location. Then the shaft will be rotate
and penetrate in to the soft soil up to the designed depth.

2. While penetrating in to the ground, cement slurry will be injected and mixed with soft
soils. Slurry will be prepared by mixing cement and Bentonite with a specific
proportion.
3. After reaching the founding level of the soil cement column, the mixing shaft will be
withdrawn.
4. The volume of cement pump into the ground 30% from the total in down words and
70% of the volume in up words.

5. While withdrawing the mixing shaft, the cement slurry and the soft soil will be mixed
again to ensure uniform soilcement mix.
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6. A soil cement column is then formed and the above construction sequences will be
repeated at the next location.

2.3.1.4.2 Drilling and Mixing Proposal per Linear Meter
Diameter of the pile: 500 mm.
Length
Cement
:100 kg
Bentonite
:10Kg
:1.0 m
Figure03:DrillingAuger
Complete computerized touch screen in the cabin is used for checking the verticality of
the pile and checking the accuracy of mixing of cement from bottom to top equally.
Figure 04: Computerized touch screen
The view of the computer touch screen to check the concrete mixing uniformity with soil
along the pile when the work is in progress.
This is the main advantage of utilizing this machine.
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2.3.1.5 Advantages of the DCM Pile
This is more suitable for construction of group of piles for improvement of the
ground.
The machine can drill to a maximum depth of 21 m. with the diameter of 500 mm
hole mixing with soil and cement.
Speed in construction of piles is the most advantage in this machine. Normal speed is
1.0 m /1 minute downwards and 1.0m /2 minutes upwards.
Cost is very low comparing with the precast pile and insitu cast pile.
In this technique shear strength parameter of soil is increased.
Reduce the permeability of soil
Uniaxial compression Strength (given above) can be achieved minimum 5 to

maximum 12 MN/m2.
The verticality of the pile, mixing of cement proportion and pile integrity is uniform.
This can be kept and measured throughout the construction of the pile.
Complete data and details of the pile during and after completion can be obtained
from the data logger.
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2-MS For Soft Ground Treatment

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Construction of Extension of Southern Expressway from Matara to Hambantota

Section 1 Matara to Beliatta

METHOD STATEMENT FOR SOFT GROUN TREATMENT

2 GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES

- Techniques that typically used to compact or densify soil in-situ.

- Technique that typically construct a reinforcing element within the

- Technique that fix or bind the soil particles together thereby

Maga Engineering (Pvt)

Construction of Extension of Southern Expressway from Matara to Hambantota

2.1.1.1 Equipment & Tools

Duty cycle crane

2.1.1.4 Method and Procedure

Maga Engineering (Pvt)

Construction of Extension of Southern Expressway from Matara to Hambantota

Maga Engineering (Pvt)

Construction of Extension of Southern Expressway from Matara to Hambantota

2.1.2 VIBRO COMPACTION

Sand (Less than 10% Silt and no clay)

2.1.2.4 Method and Procedure

Maga Engineering (Pvt)

Construction of Extension of Southern Expressway from Matara to Hambantota

Maga Engineering (Pvt)

Construction of Extension of Southern Expressway from Matara to Hambantota

Grout Batching Plant

2.1.3.4 Method and Procedure

Maga Engineering (Pvt)

Construction of Extension of Southern Expressway from Matara to Hambantota

Maga Engineering (Pvt)

Construction of Extension of Southern Expressway from Matara to Hambantota

2.1.4.4 Method and Procedure

Maga Engineering (Pvt)

Construction of Extension of Southern Expressway from Matara to Hambantota

Maga Engineering (Pvt)

Construction of Extension of Southern Expressway from Matara to Hambantota

Maga Engineering (Pvt)

Construction of Extension of Southern Expressway from Matara to Hambantota

Graded Crushed Hard Rock

2.2.1.4 Method and Procedure

Maga Engineering (Pvt)

Construction of Extension of Southern Expressway from Matara to Hambantota

2.2.1.6 Safety Management and Traffic Control

Maga Engineering (Pvt)

Construction of Extension of Southern Expressway from Matara to Hambantota

Crain Operator Helper

2.2.2.4 Method and Procedure

Maga Engineering (Pvt)

Construction of Extension of Southern Expressway from Matara to Hambantota

50 Ton Weight Single auger

Grout pump fully electric

Maga Engineering (Pvt)

Construction of Extension of Southern Expressway from Matara to Hambantota

2.3.1.4 Method and Procedure

Maga Engineering (Pvt)

Construction of Extension of Southern Expressway from Matara to Hambantota

Planning of soil mixing involves assessment and selection of engineering properties

The expected compressive strength of stabilized soil is usually selected in relation to

2.3.1.4.1 General Procedure

and penetrate in to the soft soil up to the designed depth.

70% of the volume in up words.

again to ensure uniform soilcement mix.

Maga Engineering (Pvt)

Construction of Extension of Southern Expressway from Matara to Hambantota

repeated at the next location.