ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION BASICS

The e.m.f is induced in the coil, when the there is a change in the flux linking with the coil.
This e.m.f. exists so long as the change in the flux exists.
Stationary flux will never induce any e.m.f. in a stationary conductor, even though it is strong
( the e.m.f. is stronger when the magnet is closer to the conductor [see fig.(a) and fig.(b)] & it
is strongest (Em) when the conductor is perpendicular to the magnetic field).
Example:

fig.(a).Stronger e.m.f .induced in

comparison of the position in fig.(b)

fig.(b). Lesser e.m.f.induced in

comparison of the position in fig.(a)

G Galvanometer
AB Initial position of the magnet (closer to the conductor coil) in which the e.m.f. induced is
stronger than in position CD
CD new position of magnet moved away from conductor coil causing lesser e.m.f. to induce
than that in position AB.
Flux Direction

Lenzs Law:
It states that ,
the electromagnetically
induced current
always flow in
such a direction
that the action
of the magnetic
field set up by it
opposes the
very cause
which produces it . Thus,
a minus sign is
given to the
right-hand side
expression (i)

Conductor is perpendicular to the flux

induces strongest flux in the coil
The magnitude of this induced e.m.f. (and hence the amount in the deflection in the
galvanometer ) depends on the quickness of the movement
It is also found that if the conductor is moved parallel to the direction of the lines of flux (so
that it cuts none of these lines), then no e.m.f. is induced.

FARADAYS LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

First Law
It states :When the magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, an e.m.f. is always induced in it.
or
Whenever a conductor cuts across magnetic lines of flux, an e.m.f. is induced in that
conductor.

Second Law
It states :The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is equal to the rate of change of flux linkage.
Example:
Suppose a coil has N turns and flux through it changes from an initial value
of 1 Wb to the final value of 2 Wb in time t seconds. Now, we know
Total flux linked = turns in the conductor coil flux linked with coil
Thus,
Initial flux linkages = N1;
Final Flux linkages = N2
21

21

Induced e.m.f. e =
volt or e = N
volts

Putting the above expression in its differential from, we get

e = ()

or

e=N

volts = N

volts

......equation (i)

CONCEPTS OF ALTERNATING EMF , VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

Omega() - It is angular velocity of the coil rotating in the magnetic field
expressed in radians / seconds.
Angular frequency () = 2f radians / seconds
where, f frequency in Hertz (Hz)
Maximum flux m is linked with coil when its plane coincides with the X-axis.
It is given as,
Maximum flux linked with coil (m) = Bm A
......equation (ii)
2
where, Bm maximum flux density in Wb/m
A area of the coil in m2
The value of the voltage generated ( in the coil rotating in the magnetic field ) depends upon
the number of turns in the coil(N), strength of the field ( i.e. flux (B)) and the speed at which
the coil or magnetic field rotates (expressed in radians / seconds ()).
...... Statement 1

EQUATIONS OF

THE ALTERNATING VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS

Consider a rectangular coil having N turns rotating in a uniform magnetic field with an
angular velocity of radian/second as shown in fig.(c). Let time be measured from the X-axis.
Maximum flux m is linked with the coil when its plane coincides with the X-axis( i.e. coil is
perpendicular to the flux.
In time t seconds, this coil rotates through an angle = t.
In this deflected position, the component of the flux which is perpendicular to the plane of the
coil is = m cos t
Y

m sin

m cos
m

m cos

b
= t
X

fig.(c)

fig.(d)

Explanation of fig.(d):
sin( aco ) = sin = side ac /side ao

...... sin =

= side ac / m
side ac = m sin = m sin t = side ob .... = t
cos( aco ) = cos = side oc / side ao

...... cos =

= side oc / m
side oc = m cos = m cos t = side ab .... = t

Hence, flux-linkages of the coil in this deflected position (i.e. when = t) are
(flux linkages, when = t) N = Nm cos t
According to Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction, the e.m.f. induced in the coil is
given by the rate of change of flux-linkages of the coil. Hence, the value of the induced e.m.f.
at this instant (i.e. when = t) or the instantaneous value of the induced e.m.f. is
e=

=N

(N) volt

........from equation(i)

(m cos t) volt

= Nm ( sin t) volt
= Nm sin t
e = Nm sin volt ........equation(iii)
When the coil has turned through 90 i.e. when = 90, then sin = 1, hence e has maximum
value, say Em . Therefore, from equation(iii) ,we get
Em = Nm volt
........equation(iv)
= NBm A volt .........from equation (ii)
= 2f N Bm A volt
where , , Bm maximum flux density in Wb/m2
A area of the coil in m2
f frequency of rotation of the coil in revolutions / second ( Hertz (Hz) )
Substituting this value of Em (= Nm ..... from equation (iv)) in equation( iii), we get
e = Em sin = Em sin t
Similarly, sinusoidal alternating current induced by this e.m.f. is expressed as follows :
i = Im sin = Im sin t

PHASE DIFFERENCE
Consider three similar single-turn coils displaced from each other by angles and and
rotating in a uniform magnetic field with the same angular velocity [ fig.(e)]

fig.(e)

fig.(f)

 In this case, the values of e.m.f.s induced in the three coils, are the same, but these coils do
not reach their maximum or zero values simultaneously, rather one after another as shown in
fig.(f).
It is seen that curves B and C are displaced from curve A by angles and ( +) respectively.
Hence, it means that phase difference between A and B is and between B and C is but
between A and C is ( + )
A leading alternating quantity is one which reaches its maximum or zero value earlier as
compared with the other quantity.
A lagging alternating quantity is one which reaches its maximum or zero value later than the
other quantity.
For example , in fig.(f), B lags behind A by and C lags behind A by ( + ).
The three equations for the instantaneous induced e.m.f.s are :
eA = Em sin t
eB = Em sin ( t )
eC = Em sin [ t ( + )]
In fig.(g), quantity B leads A by an angle . Hence, their equations are
vA = Vm sin t ;

vB = Vm sin (t + )

fig.(g)

A plus (+) sign when used in connection with phase difference denotes 'lead' whereas a minus
(-) sign denotes 'lag'