Alimentary Canal

Digestive Juice: Enzymes

Ingestion, Digestion, Egestion

Mouth & buccal cavity (2123)

Frenulum
Taste Buds
Milk Teeth/Permanent
Teeth,Incisors,Canine,Premolars,
Molars

Esophagus

22-25cm long
Peristalsis Movement

Stomach

J-shaped
It occupies the left side of the
upper part of the abdominal
cavity.
Upper part cardiac or fundus
middle part body, distal partpyloric or antrum
Two ends : Cardiac end
connected to the esophagus.
Pyloric End, opens to the
duodenum.
Two curvatures : left greater
curvature, right less curvature
Churn and mix the food with the
gastric juice, also helps in
propelling the food in the small
intestine.

Small Intestine

3 regions, Duodenum, Jejunum

and Ileum.
Duodenum carries/conveys
pancreatic juice or bile, opens
to the jejunum.

Ileum- longest part of the small

intestine, opens in the caecum,
lower part of the abdominal
cavity
Villi minute finger-like
projections in the small
intestine

Large Intestine

Shorter and wider than the

small intestine, does not have
any villi.
3 regions : Caecum, Colon and
Rectum
Colon ascending, transverse,
descending and pelvic colon
It stores unabsorbed food
remnants temporarily, and also
concentrates the contents of
absorbing water to form feces.

GLANDS:
Salivary

3 types Parotid, submaxillary,

and sublingual
(Parotid) Salivary amylase
starch splitting enzyme. Starch
Maltose/Triose
(SM&SL) Mucin lubrication of
food for swallowing
Lysozyme kills bacteria found
in the mouth or food.

Gastric

3 types fundic , pyloric and

cardiac
Fundic- hydrochloric acid
pepsinogen - pepsin
Pyloric- mucin and slightly
alkaline in reaction // hormone
gastrin.

Chyme (enters s.i) stimulates

gastro-intestinal hormones such
as, secretin, cholecystokinin or
pancreozymin
Pepsin- breaks down,
polypetides

Liver

Bile is formed and delivered

continuously via hepatic duct.
Bile is STORED in the gull
bladder, but made in the liver.
Liver acts as an exocrine gland,
for the secretion of bile,
storehouseof glucose lipids, and
vitamins, and regulation of
blood glucose. Also detoxifies
drugs and alcohol.
Bile salt- digestion and
absorption of fats.

Are in the mucosa of the small

intestine
Two types : crypts of Lieberkhn
and Brunners gland
crypts of Lieberkhn succus
entericus
Brunners gland alkaline
mucus rich juice

Carbohydrates contain three major

categories of molecules:
monosaccharides (or simple sugars),
disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Proteins - Amino Acids
Fats or lipids - Fat broken down in the
small intestine. Bile salts in bile
emulsify fat into small oil droplets for
better/ easier digestion. Lipase from
digestive juices catalyze the hydrolysis
of these lipids into fatty acids and
glycerol.

Pancreas

Exocrine and endocrine

The pancreas has an endocrine
function because it releases
juices directly into the
bloodstream, and it has an
exocrine function because it
releases juices into ducts.
Islet- secrete the hormone
insulin
Alpha cells- glucagonconversion of glycogen to blood
glucose
Beta cells- insulin
Insulin conversion of glucoseglycogen
Delta cells gastrin and
somatostatin

Intestinal

In the small intestine, there are villi on

the wall of it. The fatty acids and
glycerol pass through the epithelium
and into the lacteal, where it is
brought along the main lymph vessel.
Humans, like all animals, use holozoic
nutrition, which consists of these
stages:

ingestion
- taking large pieces of
food into the body
digestion
- breaking down the food
by mechanical and chemical means
absorption - taking up the soluble
digestion products into the body's cells

assimilation - using the absorbed

materials

egestion
- eliminating the
undigested material