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SIMPLE RESISTIVE

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

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3.1 Series Resistive Circuits


3.2 Parallel Resistive Circuits
3.3 Voltage-divider and Current-divider Circuits
3.4 Measuring Current and Voltage
3.5 Measuring Resistance-The Wheatstone Bridge
3.6 Delta-to-Wye (Pi-to-Tee) Equivalent Circuits
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3.1 Series Resistive Circuits


Linear resistors (Ohms law)

R=

l
A

: resistivity of material
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3.1 Series Resistive Circuits


example of fixed resistors
n wirewound type
n carbon film type
A resistor with zero resistance is called
short circuit.
A resistor with infinite resistance is called
open circuit.
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3.1 Series Resistive Circuits


n

Color code


0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10-1

10-2

error 5% , 10%
no color 20%

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3.1 Series Resistive Circuits

A:
B:
C:
D:
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yellow
violet
red
gold

47 X 102 5%

3.1 Series Resistive Circuits


Red
Yellow
Green
blue
Violet

red
Yellow
Green
blue
Violet

2
4
5
6
7

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3.1 Series Resistive Circuits


+ v1 - i

vs

i
d
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+ v3 -

+
v2

3.1 Series Resistive Circuits


High school solution

Req = R1 + R2 + R3

vs

Req

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3.1 Series Resistive Circuits


vs
i1 = i2 = i3 =
Req
v1 = R1 i1
v2 = R2 i2
v3 = R3 i3
is = -i1
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3.1 Series Resistive Circuits


+ v1 - i

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+ v3 -

N=4 nodes

+
v2

R
vs

i
c

b=4 branches
2b method

Problem: Find 2b unknowns


i1 , i2 , i3 , is
v1 , v2 , v3, vs
( Passive sign convention )

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3.1 Series Resistive Circuits


n

Solution:
Step1. KCL for N-1=3 nodes
node a
is = -i1
node b
i1 = i2
node c
i2 = i3
node d
i3 = -is

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Only N-1 KCL equations are independent !


e.g. Eq (4) can be obtained from the previous three equations
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3.1 Series Resistive Circuits


Step2. KVL equation
v1 + v2 + v3 + (-vs)= 0

(5)

Step3. Component models


v1 = R1 i1
v2 = R2 i2
v3 = R3 i3
vs = given

(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

There are 2b (=8) equations for 2b unknowns.


Normally , there exists a unique solution.
Unless the modeling is not accurate enough.

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3.2 Parallel Resistive Circuits


is

vs

R1 v 1 R2
i1
i2

v 2 R3
i3

v3

High school solution

1
1
1
1
= +
+
Req R1 R2 R3
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3.2 Parallel Resistive Circuits

vs

Req
is

is =
ik =

vs
= (i1 + i2 + i3 )
Req

vs
, k=1,2,3
Rk

Problem : Find 2b unknowns


v1 , v2 , v3 , vs
i1 , i2 , i3 , is
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3.2 Parallel Resistive Circuits


Solution :

Step1. KCL for N-1=1 node


node a is+i1+i2+i3 = 0
Step2. KVL equations

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loop A : vs+(-v1) = 0
loop B : vs+(-v2) = 0
loop C : vs+(-v3) = 0

(1)

(2)
(3)
(4)

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3.2 Parallel Resistive Circuits


Step3. Component models
v1 = R1 i1
v2 = R2 i2
v3 = R3 i3
vs = given

(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

There are 2b = 8 unknowns and there are 8 equations.


One can find the unique solution.
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3.3 Voltage-divider and Current-divider Circuits


n

The voltage-divider

R1
v
R1 + R2 s
R2
v2 =
v
R1 + R2 s
v1 =

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3.3 Voltage-divider and Current-divider Circuits


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The loading effect ( RL )


R2 R L
R2 + R L
Req
vo =
v
R1 + Req s
Req =

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R2

R
R1 1 + 2 + R2
RL

vs

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3.3 Voltage-divider and Current-divider Circuits


n

Generalized case

R eq =

v j = R ji =
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Rj
v
R eq s

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3.3 Voltage-divider and Current-divider Circuits


n

The current divider

1
1
1
=
+
Req R1 R2
i1

is

R1

v k = i s Req , k = 1, 2

i2
R2

v1
R2
=
i
R1 R1 + R2 s
v
R1
i2 = 2 =
i
R2 R1 + R2 s
i1 =

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3.3 Voltage-divider and Current-divider Circuits


n

Generalized case

i2

i1

is

R1

in
Rn

1
Rk

= is R eq

ij =
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Rj

R2

1
=
R eq

ij

v j
R eq
=
i
R j
R j s

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3.4 Measuring Current and Voltage


An ammeter is an instrument designed to measure
current and must be placed in series with current
being measured.
Example : An analog ammeter based on the
dArsonval meter movement.

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Picture from ELECTRIC CIRCUITS


by Nilsson Riedel

8th EDITION

23

A dc ammeter equivalent circuit


RA

The movable coil is characterized by a voltage


rating and a current rating.
e.g. a commercial meter movement is rated at
50mV and 1mA
This means when the coil current is 1mA at full-scale
position , the voltage drop across the coil is 50mV.
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A dc ammeter equivalent circuit


An analog ammeter consists of a dArsonval
movement in parallel with a resister RA
Example1 : A 50mV , 1mA dArsonval movement
is to be used in an ammeter of 1A rating.
Determine RA

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A dc ammeter equivalent circuit


Solution : At full scale rating
(1.0 A 1mA) RA = 50mV

RA =

50

999

Loading effect due to ammeter

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or

Rm =

50mV
= 0.05
1A

Rm =

50 50 999
= 0.05
50+ 50 999

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A dc ammeter equivalent circuit


n

Analog DC Ammeter

To allow multiple ranges, shunt resistors are connected in parallel


with the movement meter.

Im =

Rn
I fs , current divider
Rn + Rm

Rn =

Im
Rm
I fs - I m

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A dc ammeter equivalent circuit


Example 2 :Design an ammeter for the following
multiple ranges
(A) 0 ~ 1 A
(B) 0 ~ 100 mA
(C) 0 ~ 10 mA
Assume that Rm=50 and Im= 1mA for the adopted
dArsonval movement meter.
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A dc ammeter equivalent circuit


Ans : current divider
Im =

Rn
I fs
Rn + Rm

Rn =

I m Rm
I fs - I m

10 -3 50
(A) shunt resistance R1 =
; 0.05
1A - 1mA
1 50
50
(B) R2 =
=
= 0.505
(100 - 1)mA 99
1 50 50
(C) R3 =
=
= 5.556
10 - 1 9
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A dc ammeter equivalent circuit


An ideal ammeter has an equivalent resistance of
0 and functions as a short circuit.

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A dc voltmeter equivalent circuit


An analog voltmeter consists of a dArsonval
movement in series with a series resister RV .
RV

The added RV determines the full-scale


reading of the voltmeter.
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A dc voltmeter equivalent circuit


Example 3:
A 50mV , 1mA dArsonval movement is
used in a voltmeter of 150V rating.
Determine RV .

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32

A dc voltmeter equivalent circuit


Solution: From voltage divider formula
50
150 V
50mV=
Rv +50

Rv =149950
Loading effect of the meter

Rm =149950+50=150 k
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which is in parallel with the element to


be measured.

33

A dc voltmeter equivalent circuit


V fs =I fs (Rn +Rm )
Rn =

V fs
I fs

-Rm

The design is based on the worst case which


occurs when the full-scale current Ifs=Im flows
through the meters.
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A dc voltmeter equivalent circuit


Example 4 : Design a voltmeter for the following
multiple ranges
(A) 0 ~ 1 V
(B) 0 ~ 5 V
(C) 0 ~ 100 V
Assume the dArsonval movement meter has
Rm=2k with full scale Ifs=100A.
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A dc voltmeter equivalent circuit


Ans :
(A) V fs = I fs (Rm + R1 )
R1 =

V fs
1
- Rm =
- 2000 = 8000
I fs
100

5
- 2000 = 48K
100
100
(C) R3 =
- 2000 = 998K
100
(B) R2 =

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3.5 Measuring Resistance The Wheatstone Bridge


The Wheatstone bridge circuit is used to measure
resistance of mediumvalues :1 ~ 1M , with an
accuracy of about 0.1 %
n The Wheatstone bridge circuit

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3.5 Measuring Resistance The Wheatstone Bridge

current detector : a galvanometer


RX : the unknown resister
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3.5 Measuring Resistance The Wheatstone Bridge


n

Measuring RX
Adjust R3 until zero current in the galvanometer.

i1 = i 3

, i2 = i x

V ab = V ac , V bd = V cd
i1 R1 = i2 R2 , i1 R3 = i2 RX

R1 R2
=
R3 RX

RX =
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R2
R3
R1

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3.5 Measuring Resistance The Wheatstone Bridge


R1 and R2 : 1 , 10 , 100 , 1000
such that

R2
= 0.001 ~ 1000
R1

in decimal steps

R3 : adjustable in integral values of resistance


from 1 to 11,000 .
n

Lower than 1 and higher than 1M resistances are


difficult to measure due to thermal heating effect and
current leakage effect , respectively .
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3.6 Delta-to-Wye (Pi-to-Tee) Equivalent Circuits


n

Delta () or Pi () circuit
Rb

Ra

Rc
n

Wye (Y) or Tee (T) circuit

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3.6 Delta-to-Wye (Pi-to-Tee) Equivalent Circuits


n

Y transformation

Rc

Rb

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R1

Ra

R2

R3

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3.6 Delta-to-Wye (Pi-to-Tee) Equivalent Circuits


R ab = R c // (R a + R b ) = R 1 + R 2
R bc = R a // (R b + R c ) = R 2 + R 3
R ca = R b // (R c + R a ) = R 3 + R 1
R1 =

RbRc
Ra + Rb + Rc

R2 =

RcRa
Ra + Rb + Rc

R3 =

Ra Rb
Ra + Rb + Rc

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3.6 Delta-to-Wye (Pi-to-Tee) Equivalent Circuits


n

Y to transformation
Similarly , given R1 , R2 , R3 ; one can find Ra , Rb , Rc

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Ra =

R1 R 2 + R 2 R3 + R3 R1
R1

Rb =

R1 R 2 + R 2 R 3 + R3 R1
R2

Rc =

R1 R 2 + R 2 R3 + R 3 R1
R3
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3.6 Delta-to-Wye (Pi-to-Tee) Equivalent Circuits


n

Special case , if R1=R2=R3=R , then Ra=Rb=Rc=3R

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3.6 Delta-to-Wye (Pi-to-Tee) Equivalent Circuits


n

Example : Use Y transformation to find V in


the following circuit.

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3.6 Delta-to-Wye (Pi-to-Tee) Equivalent Circuits


Solution :

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3.6 Delta-to-Wye (Pi-to-Tee) Equivalent Circuits


Solution :

2010 +105 + 520 35


=

20
2
350
Rb =
= 35
10
350
Rc =
= 70
5
Ra =

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3.6 Delta-to-Wye (Pi-to-Tee) Equivalent Circuits


70 / / 28 = 20

+
V

35

35
/ / 105 = 15
2

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V = 2A

35
2

= 35V
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Summary
n

Objective 1 : Review series and parallel resistive


circuit solution approach.

Objective 2 : Recognize the 2b method by standard


mathematical formulation.
( KCL + KVL + Ohms Law )

Objective 3 : Know how to use simple voltage-divider


and current- divider concepts to solve
simple circuit.
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Summary
n

Objective 4 : Be able to determine the reading of


ammeters and voltmeters.

Objective 5 : Understand how to a Wheatstone bridge


is used to measure resistance.

Objective 6 : Know when and how to use delta-to-wye


equivalent circuits to solve a simple circuit.

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Assignment : Chapter Problems


Problem : 3.14
3.24
3.30
3.33
3.50
3.64
n Due within one week.
n

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