Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DOI 10.1007/s10661-009-0899-4
Received: 21 September 2008 / Accepted: 13 March 2009 / Published online: 8 April 2009
Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2009
M. G. L. Brando (B)
DATAPLAMTMuseu de Histria Natural e Jardim
Botnico, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,
31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
e-mail: mbrandao@ufmg.br
Introduction
370
371
Table 1 Number (%) of species used by the pharmaceutical companies in Minas Gerais in the two studied periods
Origin
1995/1996
2005/2006
Native
Exotic
Imported
Total
50 (60.2)
16 (19.3)
17 (20.5)
83 (100)
19 (43.2)
12 (27.3)
13 (29.5)
44 (100)
Table 2 Native medicinal plants and number of pharmaceutical companies which used them in 1995/1996 and 2005/2006
(n = 6) in Minas Gerais and in others parts of Brazil in 2008 (n = 22)
Family/species
Alismataceae
Echinodorus macrophyllus (Kunth) Michelia,b
Anacardiaceae
Anacardium occidentale L.a,b,c
Apocynaceae
Geissospermum laeve (Vell.) Miersa,c
Macrosiphonia velame (A.St-Hil.) Mll.Arg.c
Plumeria lancifolia Mll. Argoviensisa
Asteraceae
Baccharis trimera (Less.) DCa,b,c,d
Lychnophora sp. Mart.c
Mikania glomerata Sprengela,b,d,e
Mikania hirsutissima DC.a,b
Vernonia polyanthes Less.b,c
Bignoniaceae
Anemopaegma mirandum (Cham.) Mart.exDCa,b
Jacaranda caroba (Vell.) DC.a,c
Tabebuia avellanedae Lorentz ex Griseb.b
Tynnanthus fasciculatus (Vell.) Miersa,b
Celastraceae
Maytenus ilicifolia (Schrad.) Planch.b,d,e
Convolvulaceae
Operculina macrocarpa L.a
Cucurbitaceae
Cayaponia sp.a,b,c
Euphorbiaceae
Phyllanthus niruri L./Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb.d
Fabaceae
Bauhinia forficata Linkc
Bowdichia virgilioides Kuntha,c
Copaifera sp. L.a,c
Erythrina mulungu Martius ex Benth.a,b,c,d
Hymenaea courbaril L.b,c
Senna occidentalis (L.) Linka,c
Lauraceae
Ocotea sassafras (Meisn.) Meza
Persea sp.a
Popular names
Parts
Minas Gerais
1995/1996 2005/2006
Brazil
Sep 2008
Chapu de Couro
Lvs
Cajueiro
Bark
Pau Pereira
Velame do campo
Agoniada
Bark
Lvs
Bark
5
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
1
Carqueja amarga
Arnica da Serra
Guaco
Cip Cabeludo
Assa Peixe
Wpl
Aerial
Lvs
Lvs
Lvs
4
3
3
5
3
4
0
5
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
Catuaba/Catuiba
Caroba/Carobinha/
Ip Roxo
Cip Cravo
Rtz
Lvs
Bark
Stm
5
5
4
5
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
Espinheira Santa
Lvs
Jalapa do Brasil
Rts
Taiui
Rts
Quebra-Pedra
Wpl
Pata de Vaca
Sucupira
Copaba
Mulungu
Jatob
Fedegoso
Lvs
Sed
Balsam
Bark
Fruits
Rts
5
5
0
4
2
4
0
0
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
Canela Sassafrs
Abacateiro
Bark
Lvs
2
6
0
3
0
1
372
Table 2 (continued)
Family/species
Popular names
Parts
Minas Gerais
1995/1996 2005/2006
Lecythidaceae
Cariniana brasiliensis Casarettoa
Jequitib
Bark 3
0
Liliaceae
Herreria salsaparilha Mart.c
Salsaparrilha
Rts
5
0
Malvaceae
Algodoeiro
Lvs
5
0
Gossypium herbaceum L.a,c
Menispermaceae
Chondodendron platyphylla (A.St-Hil.)Miersa,b,c
Abtua
Bark 5
2
Mimosaceae
Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan
Angico
Lvs
6
0
Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Covillea,c,d
Barbatimo
Bark 6
0
Monimiaceae
Siparuna apiosyce (Mart. ex Tul.) DC.a
Limoeiro Bravo
Lvs
2
0
Moraceae
Brosimum gaudichaudii Trculc
Mamacadela
Rts
5
0
Myrtaceae
Stenocalyx pitanga O. Berg
Pitanga
Lvs
3
0
Olacaceae
Ptychopetalum olacoides Bent.a,b
Muirapuama
Rts
5
0
Passifloraceae
Passiflora sp.a,b,c,e
Maracuj
Lvs
6
5
Piperaceae
Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq.a,b,c
Pariparoba/Caapeba Rts
5
2
Polygonaceae
Polygonum hydropiperoides Michxc
Erva de Bicho
Rts
6
3
Rubiaceae
Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Stokes;
Ipecacuanha
Rts
6
1
Psychotria acuminata Benth.a,b,c,d
Remijia ferruginea (A.St-Hil) DC.a,c
Quina Mineira
Bark 4
4
Rudgea viburnoides (Cham.) Benth.
Congonha
Lvs
5
0
Rutaceae
Pilocarpus jaborandi Holmes; Pilocarpus microphyllus Jaborandi
Lvs
6
5
Stapf ex Wardl.a,b,d
Sapindaceae
Paullinia cupana Kuntha,b,d,e
Guaran
Sed
5
5
Simaroubaceae
Picrasma sp.a
Qussia
Bark 2
2
Simaruba sp.a,c
Simaruba
Bark 3
0
Smilacaceae
Smilax japicanga Griseb.a,b,c
Japecanga
Rts
3
3
Solanaceae
Solanum paniculatum L.a,b
Jurubeba
Rts
6
4
Sterculiaceae
Waltheria douradinha St-Hila,c
Douradinha
Lvs
4
0
Violaceae
Anchietea salutaris A. St-Hil.a,b,c
Cip Suma
Rts
5
0
a Species described in the Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia first edition
b Species in products commercialized in pharmacies of Recife (Melo et al. 2008)
c Species mentioned by naturalists in Minas Gerais in the nineteenth century (Brando et al. 2008a, b)
d Species described in the Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia fourth edition
e Species included in RDC 48 (2004)
Brazil
Sep 2008
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
2
1
1
0
0
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
373
1995/1996
0
5
51
67
5
5
39
2005/2006
3
0
26
16
5
4
12
acteristics. On the other hand, species of Passiflora, Cayaponia, Simaruba, or Picrasma were
impossible to identify because their botanical and
chemical profiles are very similar. There is no
doubt of the importance of voucher herbarium
samples for the correct identification of botanical
materials. However, collecting usable herbarium
samples in commerce or industry is very difficult
since in almost all cases the vendors are not the
collectors of the plants (Albuquerque et al. 2007;
Melo et al. 2008). The performed pharmaceutical
analyses were very helpful for the identification
of the plant material. However, the possibility of
an inaccurate identification of the species must be
considered since it can introduce bias in our work.
Plants used in 2005/2006
Data about the species used in this period were
obtained directly from the companies or their
websites. Species identification was based only on
the scientific names of the plants furnished by
the companies or found on the internet since in
2005/2006 the correct identification of the plants
was a requirement of ANVISA.
Results
A total of 226 samples of botanical material were
analyzed in 1995/1996 and 172 (76.1%) were identified by the botanical and chemical methods.
Fifty-four samples do not correspond to any descriptions or similarity in both the bibliography
and standard samples and were excluded from
the study. The six laboratories used 83 different
plant species for preparing their commercial products, 50 of them (60.2%) native of America, 16
(19.3%) exotic, and 17 (20.5%) imported species.
The number of species used in 2005/2006 was
drastically reduced to 44 and only 19 (43.2%) are
native to Brazil, as shown in Table 1. Despite the
reduction in the number of exotic species used
in 2005/2006 (12 species) compared to 1995/1996
(16 species), the proportion increased from 19.3%
in 1995/1996 to 27.3% in 2005/2006. The same
trend was observed with the imported species
that the number of species used decreased from
374
raizeiros, people that collect wild plants commercialized for use directly by the companies.
Several organs of the plants were used both in
1995/1996 and 2005/2006. The highest drop in use
of plant organs in 1995/1996 was for roots (13
different species) while in 2005/2006 it was leaves
(11 species). The quantity of roots used in 1996
was approximately 6,700 kg, while in 2005/2006 it
was reduced to approximately one fourth of that
(Table 3). In the same period, the use of wood
fell by two thirds, from approximately 3,900 to
1,200 kg. The quantity of leaves used has also
suffered, seeing a reduction of 50% falling from
approximately 5,100 kg in 1995/1996 to 2,600 kg
in 2005/2006.
375
376
Kunth is cultivated in the north of the country and the Psychotria and Pilocarpus species
are already considered threatened by extinction
(IBAMA 2005/2006; Silva et al. 2001).
There is a preoccupying risk that this expansion
of the herbal market poses a threat to biodiversity through overharvesting of the raw materials (Botha et al. 2004; Huang et al. 2002; WHO
2007; Taylor 2008). In this study, a beneficial
correlation from a conservation perspective was
found between the collection of wild medicinal
plants and plant organs used in the preparation
of the pharmaceutical products since 1995/1996.
The herbal regulations demand that the companies acquire raw material of certified origin
in order to reduce the genetic erosion of many
species. This fact is also important in light of the
fact that, besides Pilocarpus and Psychotria, the
species Lychnophora, Anemopaegma, and Hymenaea are considered threatened by extinction
today (IBAMA 2005/2006; Silva et al. 2001). Today, only two suppliers furnish native species for
the companies in Minas Gerais. The origin of the
plants is not reported by these suppliers raising
the need to evaluate the source of the material.
The reduction in plant use by the companies may
lead to a decrease in the collection pressure on
the plant species. It also reveals how the Brazilian
herbal regulation may have reduced the impact
on the collection of the native medicinal plants,
especially the barks and roots, contributing to the
reduction of the genetic erosion of these species;
although no scientific study was done on this aspect. This does not take into account the collection of plant material that is sold in free markets
throughout the country, as these remain free from
regulation.
Despite being considered a local-level study,
our results provide important data that can complement national and international studies. It
points out how the regulation of herbal medicines
has changed the use of medicinal plants by companies in Brazil. Only species meeting requirements
of efficacy and security proven by pharmacological studies can be used for making pharmaceutical
products and registered as medicine. As a consequence, such rules have contributed to a reduction
in the collection of native plants and can represent
a real strategy for the conservation of wild species.
The study also points to an urgent need for pharmacological and toxicological studies of the native
medicinal species, as well as studies on the ecology
and their conservation.
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