DigitalIntegratedCircuitDesignand

Digital
Integrated Circuit Design and
Architecture

Chapter1:
Chapter
1:
Introduction

Some History
SomeHistory
Inventionofthetransistor(BJT)1947
Invention of the transistor (BJT) 1947
Shockley,Bardeen,Brattain BellLabs

Single
Singletransistor
transistorintegratedcircuit1958
integrated circuit 1958
JackKilby TexasInstruments

InventionofCMOSlogicgates1963
g g
Wanlass &Sah FairchildSemiconductor

Firstmicroprocessor(Intel4004)1970
2,300MOStransistors,740kHzclockfrequency

VeryLargeScaleIntegration1978
Chipswithmorethan~20,000devices
Chips with more than ~20 000 devices

More Recently
MoreRecently
Ultra Large Scale Integration
System on Chip (SoC)
20 ~ 30 million transistors in 2002

The chip complexity has increased by a factor of 1000

since its first introduction, but the term VLSI remained
virtually universal to denote digital integrated systems
with high complexity.

 Asaresultofthecontinuouslyincreasing
i t
integrationdensityanddecreasingunitcosts,
ti d it
dd
i
it
t
thesemiconductorindustryhasbeenoneof
the fastest growing sectors in the worldwide
thefastestgrowingsectorsintheworldwide
economy.

Industry Trends
IndustryTrends

More portable,
M
t bl wearable,
bl and
d more powerful
f l devices
d i
for ubiquitous and pervasive computing

Some LeadingEdge
SomeLeading
EdgeExamples
Examples

Firstmicroprocessor(Intel4004)1970
2,300MOStransistors,740kHzclockfrequency

Cross section of 5 Layer IC

Crosssectionof5LayerIC

Evolution of Minimum Feature Size

EvolutionofMinimumFeatureSize

As
AslongasdownwardscalingofCMOStechnologyremains
long as downward scaling of CMOS technology remains
strong,othertechnologiesarelikelytoremainthe
technologyoftomorrow. IntelResearchScientist

Future Technologies:
FutureTechnologies:
3DIntegrationof3ICs
Challenges:

Howtodesign3Dchips?

CADTools

Testing

YieldandPowerDissipation

3DVias

10m
PhotosfromVyshnaviSuntharalingampresentationMITLincolnLaboratory,Lexington,MA

Nano technology

Semiconductornanowires
fabricatedusingsoftlithography
WashU CSE2009

Chemicalsynthesisofsemi
Chemical
synthesis of semi
conductornanowires
WashU Chem.2007

Challenges: Can we design circuits using semiconductors nanowires?

Challenges:Canwedesigncircuitsusingsemiconductorsnanowires?

Metamaterials:NanoCircuits

Science2007

Pros:OperatingfrequencyatPeta hertz
Challenges:reliableandrepeatablefabrication

Integrated Detection Platform

IntegratedDetectionPlatform
Digital Processing
A/D Conversion
Analog Processing
Readout
Sensing
Optical Filtering
Imaging Optics

Integrated micro
micro-channels
channels and wells for reagent
delivery and confinement
Integrated detection and analysis CMOS image
sensor chip

Object + Light Source

13

IntegratedDigitalICswithNanotech
f
forMedicalApps
d l

Life Cycle of ICs

LifeCycleofICs

VLSI Design Styles

VLSIDesignStyles

Design Cycle: The Y Chart

DesignCycle:TheY

Imager RD planning
ImagerRDplanning

Simplified VLSI Design Flow

SimplifiedVLSIDesignFlow

Structured Design Principles

StructuredDesignPrinciples
Hierarchy: Divideandconquertechniqueinvolvesdividinga
moduleintosubmodulesandthenrepeatingthisoperationonthe
d l i t
b
d l
d th
ti thi
ti
th
submodulesuntilthecomplexityofthesmallerpartsbecomes
manageable.
Regularity:
Regularity: Thehierarchicaldecompositionofalargesystem
The hierarchical decomposition of a large system
shouldresultinnotonlysimple,butalsosimilarblocks,asmuchas
possible.Regularityusuallyreducesthenumberofdifferent
modulesthatneedtobedesignedandverified,atalllevelsof
abstraction.
b t ti
Modularity:Thevariousfunctionalblockswhichmakeupthelarger
systemmusthavewelldefinedfunctionsandinterfaces.
Locality:Internaldetailsremainatthelocallevel.Theconceptof
Locality: Internal details remain at the local level The concept of
localityalsoensuresthatconnectionsaremostlybetween
neighboringmodules,avoidinglongdistanceconnectionsasmuch
aspossible.