Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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logK real.
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75
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log K real.
CAMIPER
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76
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Dificultades.
11 Aos Capacitando a la Comunidad Minera Global
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GEOESTADISTICA: DEFINICIONES
Aplicacin del formalismo de las funciones aleatorias al reconocimiento y estimacin
de los fenmenos naturales (Matheron, 1962).
Estudio de fenmenos que varan en el espacio en el tiempo (Deutsch, 2002).
Coleccin de tcnicas numricas para la caracterizacin de atributos espaciales,
empleando modelos aleatorios, y anlisis temporal de series que caracteriza datos
temporales (Olea, 1999).
La geoestadstica es la forma de describir la continuidad espacial de fenmenos
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Sondeos: 85.
Dominio: 20 x 16 km2.
Porosidad rango: 12 % - 17 %.
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GEOESTADISTICA. HIPOTESIS
Mtodos geoestadsticos ptimos cuando:
1) Los datos o transformaciones adecuadas se distribuyen segn la distribucin
normal.
2) La variable es estacionaria (la media y la varianza no varan significativamente en el
espacio).
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81
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17
0.2
13
0.1
14
Density
0.3
15
16
0.4
12
13
14
15
16
17
Porosity (%)
Histograma.
12
0.0
-2
-1
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GEOESTADISTICA. ESTADISTICOS
Estadsticos univariados: Sensibles a los valores altos de Z,
especialmente, si n es bajo.
Media (esperanza):
1 n *
Z xi
n i 1
Varianza:
2
1 n
Z * xi m
n 1 i 1
2
1 N (h)
Z xi h Z xi
2 N (h) i 1
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10
11
13
12
14
12
13
10
10
11
11
12
2
1 N (h)
Z xi h Z xi
2 N (h) i 1
h = 1; (10-7)2 + (11-10)2 + (13-11)2 + (12-13)2 + (14-12)2 + (12-14)2 + (1312)2 + (10-13)2 + (11-10)2 + (9-11)2 + (8-9)2. Resultado = 39/(2*11)
h = 2; (11-7)2 + (13-10)2 + (12-11)2 + (14-13)2 + (12-12)2 + (13-14)2 + (1012)2 + (11-13)2 + (9-10)2 + (8-11)2. Resultado = 46/(2*10)
Etc.
Variograma muestral.
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Meseta.
Alcance.
Pepita
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Esfrico:
Exponencial:
Gaussiano:
Polinmico:
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0.8
Se fija la meseta y el
variograma modelo, teniendo
en cuenta el alcance y la pepita.
0.6
Superposicin de variogramas.
0.4
Ms de un variograma modelo.
Spherical
Exponential
Gaussian
0.2
Semivariance
Alcances estimados:
0.0
4141 m esfrico.
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Lag (meters)
10000
5283 exponencial.
2884 Gaussiano.
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MODELOS DETERMINISTAS
Tambin conocidos como estimacin condicionada. Basados en las ecuaciones de
kriging (pizarra en funcin del tiempo).
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MODELOS ESTOCASTICOS
Tambin conocidos como simulacin condicionada. Basados tambin las
ecuaciones de kriging (pizarra).
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log K real.
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log K real.
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log K real.
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95
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log K real.
CAMIPER
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log K real.
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log K real.
CAMIPER
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log K simulado.
log K real.
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99
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565
593
675
506
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1.2
80
70
60
0.8
50
0.6
40
30
pdf
cdf
0.4
20
0.2
10
0
3162.5
0
6412.5
9662.5
12912.5
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102
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(a)
25
Hydrogeology
4000
Percentage
Modeling
20
3000
15
Modeling
2000
Hydrogeology
10
1000
Stochatic
0
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
1992
1996
2000
2004
0
1992
1996
2000
2004
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B
Q
Seccin
q=-Kh
Flujo volumtrico: Volumen de fluido por unidad de
superficie ortogonal al flujo, por unidad de tiempo
[L3/L2T]].
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SS=[L-1]
S=[-]
Porosidad drenable.
11 Aos Capacitando a la Comunidad Minera Global
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ECUACION DE FLUJO
Expresa el balance de masa del fluido.
Variacin temporal de la masa = Balance de flujos laterales + balance de
fuentes/sumideros.
dV dV
t V
t
V
Balance de f/s rV dV
V
h
t
11 Aos Capacitando a la Comunidad Minera Global
K h r S S
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FORMULACION
H (xi, t)
h (x, t)
Problema
continuo.
Discretizar
Problema
continuo.
Problema
discreto.
A h b
Discretizar
DISTINTIVO
1) El
sistema
final
siempre representa
la aproximacin al
fenmeno
(normalmente,
el
balance de masas).
1) Forma de
discretizar.
2) Forma de
obtener el
sistema de
ecuaciones.
2) Estructura similar en
la programacin.
Sistema
ecuaciones.
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METODO GENERICO
Discretizacin: Sustituir el medio continuo por discreto. En lugar del valor para
(x,y), se calcula solo en los nudos o en el centro de las celdas.
L8,17
b58
17
8
9
A8
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METODO GENERICO
Variacin S A 8
113
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h k8 1 h k8
t k 1 t k
d8
17
Q 58
hi h j
L ij
a ij h i h j
1
7
8
9
h h8
Tb58 5
a 58 h 5 h 8
L 58
Q ij Tbij
L8,
b58
A
8
Q 98 Tb98
a ij
Tbij
L ij
h9 h8
a 98 h 9 h 8
L 98
a ji
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METODO GENERICO
Variacin S A 8
www.minssa.co.za
h k8 1 h k8
t k 1 t k
d8
L8,
b58
17
8
9
1
7
Recarga: r A8=
b8
8
h5 h8
h h
a 58 h 5 h 8 Q 98 Tb98 9 8 a 98 h 9 h 8
L 98
L58
hi h j
Tbij
Q ij Tbij
a ij h i h j a ij
a ji
L ij
L ij
Q58 Tb58
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METODO GENERICO
Para la celda 8, se debe considerar los flujos laterales de todas las
celdas adyacentes:
F.L = a85h5+ a98h9+ a78h7+ a178h17 - (a85+ a98+ a78+ a178) h8
a88
F.L = a85h5+ a98h9+ a78h7+ a178h17 - a88h8
h8k 1 h8k
S A8 k 1 k F .L r A8
t t
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METODO GENERICO
La matriz de coeficientes aij (matriz de conductancias A):
1) Simtrica (de momento).
2) Positiva.
3) Solo tiene en cuenta los puntos conectados (casi todas son 0).
n
4) a ii
a ij
j 1
j i
ij
j1
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METODO GENERICO
Finalmente, en forma matricial:
h k 1 h k
Ah D k 1 k b
t t
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Propiedades.
Condicin de contorno.
2) Inicializacin: Lij, bij y Ai .
3) Construccin de matrices: A, D y b.
4) Construccin del sistema.
5) Resolucin: Obtiene h en el tiempo que toque.
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Celdas
Nudos
Centrada
En los bordes
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f(x+h/2)
f'(x)
f(x-h/2)
x-h
x-h/2
x+h/2
x+h
f ' ( x)
f ( x h / 2) f ( x h / 2)
h
f ' ' ( x)
f ( x h) 2 f ( x ) f ( x h)
h2
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Nudos.
Se sustituye la solucin
exacta
x
por
la
aproximada.
Elemento.
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h( x, y) h ( x, y) hii ( x, y)
i
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h 0 S
Pero
h
Th r
t
h 0
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PASO DE
REVISTA
DE METODOS
NUMERICOS:
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DF
DFI
EF
VF
Comodidad entrada
datos.
10
Precisin.
10
10
Ajuste contornos.
10
10
Heterogen.
Interp. Fsica.
10
10
Generalidad.
10
Experiencia.
10
CPU.
10
Paralelizacin.
10
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Esquemas en diferencias:
Adelante.
f(x+h/2)
f'(x)
f(x-h/2)
x-h
x-h/2
Atrs.
x
x+h/2
x+h
Centrado
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ESQUEMAS EN DIFERENCIAS
Formulacin matricial.
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INTEGRACION TEMPORAL
3) COMPARATIVO
Metodo
Coste
Explicito
O(N )
Precisin
-2
Implicito
O(N )
Centrado
O ( N ) ; mayor
que Implicito
O(
)
O(
mayor que Explicito
O(
O(
) si
) si
Estabilidad
Comentario
Condicionada
La condicion en la estabilidad
es grave. No se usa!
Muy Bien por ser Incondic.
Incondicionada
= .5
Incondicionada
= 0.5
si
Es Generico si
0.5
0,1
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Sistema
lineal.
Sistema
no lineal.
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PLANTEO GENERAL
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MINING SOCIETY
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www.minssa.co.za
PLANTEO GENERAL
1. Dada la ecuacin:
2. Definir el operador:
3. Al sustituir h por su aproximacin, el resultado deja de ser exacto:
CAMIPER
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
138
www.camiper.com
70
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001
www.camiper.com
www.gqs.co.za
MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
www.minssa.co.za
PLANTEO GENERAL
Formulacin dependiente de cmo se escogen esos coeficientes:
Subdominios.
Puntos de colocacin.
Mnimos cuadrados.
Galerkin.
CERTIFICAN:
ISO
9001
www.camiper.com
www.gqs.co.za
139
MINING SOCIETY
OF SOUTH AFRICA
www.minssa.co.za
CAMIPER
CONSULTANCY & TRAINING
140
www.camiper.com