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PUBLICATION DATA
ISBN-13: 978-1508936275
ISBN-10: 1508936277
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015905934
CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, North Charleston, SC
DEDICATION
This book is dedicated to my supervisors Dr. M. Waheed ul Hamid and Dr. Irfan ul Haq
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I highly acknowledge the efforts and inspiration made by Dr. Ateeq ul Reham to write this book. I am
thankful to Dr. Fayyaz Ahmad and Dr. Munawer Manzoor for providing me the technical guidance on
various aspects of brackets. I am also thankful to Dr. Erum Bashir for doing the proofreading, Dr. lubna
batool for provided used brackets from her clinical practice and Mr Jahanzeb for doing the composing
of this book.
PREFACE
In this era of pre-adjusted brackets, the existing literature on orthodontics limits itself
to wire bending treatment practices. Since contemporary authors were not trained on the
pre-adjusted bracket mechanics, hence they were handicapped to broach on the subject at
the relevant point in time. In present day orthodontics, many orthodontists still resort to wire
bending methods to close extraction spaces or to correct three dimensional positions of the
teeth.
Chapters on orthodontic brackets in various books either focus on theoretical
perspective or are devoid of essential correlation of brackets,vis-a-vis their intended clinical
use. Some authors have depicted fancy graphics to demonstrate clinical use of brackets.
To address such obvious lacunae, I started working on orthodontic brackets in the
year 2012 by collecting the brackets which were debonded during my clinical practice.This
took me through the entire literature on orthodontic brackets as presented in various journals
and manufacturer catalogues. This provided me an access to real time pictures of brackets
using special micro lenses and portable microscopes.
This book was authored to cater for all aspects of orthodontic brackets. The focus
being to provide students with real time pictures of different brackets available in the market
and to determine their behaviour in oral cavity and their appearance after debonding. The
main emphasis being on three vital aspects viz; the selection, placement and debonding,this
book has accordingly been designed to comprise these three sections. Real times of new and
used brackets have been specifically included to provide the students a realistic insight of
brackets.Care has been taken to ensure correlation of clinical situation and various bracket
selection criterions.
This book has materialized after an enormous effort of two years in data collection
and a year further in arranging the data in a convenient book form.
I deeply acknowledge the help and encouragement provided my colleagues in
consummating this endeavor.
I earnestly hope that this effort would go a long way in providing ready help to
students.
Haris Khan
Table of Contents
Historical Perspective of Orthodontic Brackets
13
41
61
77
83
153
Bonding in Orthodontics
189
203
239
255
CHAPTER
History
Begg Appliance
Pierre Fauchard
Other Appliances
E Arch
Lingual brackets
Edgewise Appliance
Orthodontic brackets are important part of fixed
appliances which are temporarily attached to
the teeth during the course of orthodontic
treatment. They are used to deliver forces from
the wires or other power modules to the teeth.
Before going into the details of orthodontic
brackets a historic preview on the evolution of
brackets is given.
History
The origin of orthodontic brackets can well be
coined with the origin of orthodontics and the
human desire to align crooked teeth. The first
written record1 to correct crowded or protruded
teeth is found 3000 years ago. Orthodontic
appliances to correct maligned teeth have been
found in Greek, Etruscan and Egyptian artifacts
2
.These ranges from crude metal wire loupes to
metal bands wrapped around individual teeth in
ancient Egyptian mummies3. Pliny the Elder
CHAPTER
Figure 1.1
Pierre Fauchard
CHAPTER
Introduction
Manufacturing Techniques
Plastic Brackets
Plastic Polyoxymethylene brackets
Casting
Polyurethane brackets
Milling
Sintering
Metal injection molding (MIM)
Ceramics Brackets
Aluminum oxide or Alumina (Al2O3) brackets
Monocrystalline brackets
Polycrystalline brackets
Brazing
Zirconia brackets
Cold working
Metal Brackets
Stainless steel brackets
Cobalt chromium brackets
Titanium brackets
Precious metal brackets
Introduction
Contemporary orthodontic brackets are
modification of a standard edgewise brackets
developed by Edward H Angle. At the time of
edgewise brackets invention stainless steel
alloy although invented was in the phase of
evolution and orthodontic brackets soldered to
bands were largely made of 14 karat or 18 karat
gold. Rudolf Schwarz 1 was the first to use
13
27
CHAPTER
Selection
Cobalt chromium alloys have good corrosion
resistance and have a highly polished surface.
But due to less favorable friction properties
with different types of wires, selection of
CoCr brackets over titanium and steel
brackets is a matter of personal choice than
logical basis.
Titanium Brackets
Titanium metal has excellent biocompatibility
18, 33, 34
and increased corrosion resistance
so it has
wide ranging surgical application from artificial
heart valves and hip joints to dental implants.
In orthodontics to overcome the release of
nickel from stainless steel brackets which may
cause nickel allergy in some patients, titanium
35, 36
brackets have been introduced as nickel free
alternatives to stainless steel in mid 1990s.
Types of Titanium
From material science perspective titanium has
the following three types:
28
CHAPTER
than conventional ceramic brackets and these
brackets don't cause enamel damage.
Selection of ceramic brackets
Ceramic brackets are usually selected for
patients who have aesthetic concerns. Due to
iatrogenic damages associated with ceramic
brackets they should only be selected when
clinicians have proper knowledge of
mechanics and proper instrumentation for
debonding is available.
Monocrystalline brackets give better
aesthetic than polycrystalline brackets but are
more expensive and fracture easily and more
with time. Zirconia brackets are rarely used in
contemporary orthodontics. Calcium
phosphate ceramics is manufactured by only
one company and not much is known about
these brackets so selection of these brackets is
a personal preference.
References
20. Oh KT, Choo SU, Kim KM, Kim KN. A stainless steel bracket for
orthodontic application. Eur J Orthod. 2005 Jun;27(3):237-44.
21. Eliades T, Zinelis S, Eliades G, Athanasiou T. Characterization of
as-received, retrieved and recycled stainless steel brackets. J Orofac
Orthop. 2003;64:8087.
22. Hunt NP, Cunningham SJ, Golden CG, Sherif M. An investigation
into the effects of polishing on surface hardness and corrosion of
orthodontic archwires. Angle Orthod. 1999;69: 433440.
23. Brantley WA. Orthodontic wires. In: Brantley W, Eliades T, eds.
Orthodontic Materials: Scientific and Clinical Aspects. Stuttgart,
Germany: Thieme; 2001:95.
24. Eliades, T., Eliades, G., Brantley, W.A. (2001). Orthodontic
brackets, in: Brantley, W. A., Eliades, T. (Eds.), Orthodontic Materials:
scientific and clinical aspects Thieme, Stuttgart, 146-147.
25. Platt JA, Guzman A, Zuccari A, Thornburg DW, Rhodes BF, Oshida
Y, Moore BK. Corrosion behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel. Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997 Jul;112(1):69-79.)
26. Eliades T. Orthodontic materials research and applications: part 2.
38
27. Matasa CG. Direct bonding metallic brackets: where are they
heading? Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992 Dec;102(6):552-60.
28. Eliades T, Zinelis S, Eliades G, Athanasiou AE. Nickel content of asreceived, retrieved, and recycled stainless steel brackets. Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop. 2002 Aug;122(2):217-20.
31. Moore MM, Harrington E, Rock WP. Factors affecting friction in the
pre-adjusted appliance. Eur J Orthod. 2004 Dec;26(6):579-83.
51. Feldner JC, Sarkar NK, Sheridan JJ, Lancaster DM. In vitro torquedeformation characteristics of orthodontic polycarbonate brackets. Am
J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1994;106:265-72.
34. Park JB, Lakes RS. Biomaterials: an introduction, 2nd ed. New York:
Plenum; 1992. p. 92, 107, and 231.
53. Buzzitta VA, Hallgren SE, Powers JM. Bond strength of orthodontic
direct-bonding cement-bracket systems as studied in vitro. Am J Orthod.
1982 Feb;81(2):87-92.
36. Michelberger DJ, Eadie RL, Faulkner MG, Glover KE, Prasad NG,
Major PW. The friction and wear patterns of orthodontic brackets and
archwires in the dry state. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000
Dec;118(6):662-74.
54. de Pulido LG, Powers JM. Bond strength of orthodontic directbonding cement-plastic bracket systems in vitro. Am J Orthod
1983;83:124-30.
40. Kusy RP, Whitley JQ, Ambrose WW, Newman JG. Evaluation of
titanium brackets for orthodontic treatment: part I. The passive
configuration. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998 Nov;114(5):55872.
41. Ou DX, Wang ZM, Guo HM, Li S, Bai YX. Bond strengths of
customized titanium brackets manufactured by selective laser melting.
Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2013 Jul;48(7):419-22.
42. Nandini S,Reddy V,Reddy S. Titanium brackets as an innovation to
replace stainless steel.J Sci Heath Res .2013 Dec ;2 (3):7-9.
43. Rogers MA, Simon DG. A preliminary study of dietary aluminium
intake and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Age Ageing 1999;28:2059.
39
CHAPTER
40
CHAPTER
Chemical Retention
Stainless steel brackets and Cross
infection
Plastic Brackets
Chemical Retention
Mechanical Retention
Combination of chemical and mechanical
retention
Ceramic Brackets
Chemical Retention
Mechanical Retention
Micromechanical retention
Ceramic brackets with prestressed base
Combination of different retention designs
Titanium Brackets
41
CHAPTER
are not provided from the manufacturer some
basic informations are available.
1) Stainless steel Brackets
Most orthodontic brackets used in
contemporary orthodontics are made of
stainless steel which mostly uses mechanical
retention because stainless steel doesn't form
any chemical union with adhesives. Stainless
steel bracket base is either integral part of the
bracket or is made separately and then joined
to the main body of the bracket by brazing or
welding (Figure 3.1).Different types of
stainless steel bracket bases are given in the
following text.
1. Perforated bases
Brackets with perforated bases are one of
the oldest bracket designs for mechanical
retention1 (Figure 3.2). The original metal
pad consists of one row of peripheral
perforation. The basic idea was to allow
greater penetration and free flow of
adhesive cement through the bracket base
to increase the bond strength. But
unfortunately excessive adhesive coming
out of the holes of bracket base was
potential plaque retention area which get
discolored with time so raised esthetic
concerns by the patients and don't provide
superior retention as compared to other
designs2,3,4,5,6. Because of these
disadvantages perforated bracket bases
went into disuse.
2. Mesh type bases
Mesh type bases have replaced perforated
bases and are most popular type used in
contemporary orthodontics. Following
different terms are used for mesh based
bases in literature and by manufacturer
owing to slight variation in mesh design.
42
CHAPTER
Figure 3.27
Greater the retentive bracket base surface
area greater would be the bond strength.If the base surface
area is not retentive then no matter how much wider is the
bracket the bond strength will remain minimum or
bracket will fail to bond. The above brackets have
manufacturing faults which have increased the surface
area but area is not retentive. So instead of favoring bond
strength the area can act as plaque reservoir and may lead
to development of white spot lesion under the bracket
base.
56
CHAPTER
Introduction
Bidemensional mechanics
Introduction
Slot is part of the bracket in which the wire is
engaged to express the builtin prescription of
the bracket. The slot of the bracket has seen
much evolution with time. It started from
occlusal opening slot in Angle ribbon arch
appliance to gingival opening slot in Begg
appliance and front opening slot in Angle
edgewise system. In contemporary orthodontics
edgewise slot is universally accepted .Vertical
slots are still used in some bracket series but
usually as an accessary slot.
When bracket slot was first introduced they
were simple openings in which a bended wire
incorporating all the necessary tooth
movements was inserted. The brackets having
such passive slots were called standard
brackets. With time 1st, 2nd and 3rd order bends
61
CHAPTER
C
Figure 4.1
A. A line showing different prominence of the teeth in natural dentition due to difference in width of the teeth. B.
Wire bending done to compensate 1st order tooth movement. This type of wire bending is usually done in conventional edgewise
system. C. First order bends built within the bracket. This is evident with different prominence of the brackets in upper arch.
Clinical Notes
The clinician should always use same
companie's brackets. If a bracket is
debonded either the bracket should be
recycled and reused or a new bracket of
same company should be used. Different
companies have different prominence of
the brackets(Figure 4.2). So using different
companie's brackets will result in first
order tooth position problems in a finished
case.
Figure 4.2
Maxillary lateral incisor brackets from two
different manufacturers having same builtin prescription.
The height or prominence of these brackets is different.
Clinical Notes
Different bracket prescription have
different builtin tip. An experienced
clinician can use combination of brackets
from different prescription provided that
they have the same prominence. It is a good
practice to use brackets of single
manufacturer while altering the
prescription.
62
CHAPTER
Auxiliary features
Power arms
Accessary slots
Convenience features
Vertical Mid Scribe line
Shape of brackets
Bracket identification
Auxiliary features
Power arms
Power arms are added to the brackets on its
gingival side to control root position during
translation of the teeth. The reason for making
power arms on gingival side is to bring the force
application closer to the center of resistance of
1
the teeth. Andrew proposed that for effective
control of root position during translation, the
mesiodistal length of bracket plus height of
power arm should be equal to distance from the
slot point to tooth center of resistance (Figure
5.1). As root of canine is longer than other teeth
so power arm of canine tooth would also be
77
CHAPTER
Introduction
Andrew Prescription
Key I: Interarch Relationship
Key II: Crown Angulation or
Mesiodistal Crown tip
Introduction
Angle introduced edgewise brackets to have a
better control on three dimensional positions of
the teeth. But the problem in these brackets was
that complex wire bending was required to
1,2
control the tooth position. Andrew modified
the standard edgewise brackets developed by
Angle by introducing tip, torque and in& outs in
his preadjusted edgewise brackets .The amount
of tip torque and in & outs built within
preadjusted brackets were called prescription of
the brackets. After Andrew a lot of orthodontists
introduced their versions of bracket prescription
sometimes based on studies and many times
based on clinical experience. Each clinician
83
CHAPTER
A detailed description on evolution of different
types of orthodontic prescriptions is given in
this chapter. Main focus is given to the
development of Andrew prescription because
all other prescriptions are either variations or
based on Andrew's data.
Andrew Prescription
Lawrence F. Andrew1 introduced the first
preadjusted brackets where all the bending's
needed in archwire in standard edgewise
bracket system were built within the brackets. It
was proposed that this appliance does not
require wire bending during treatment hence the
name Straight wire appliance (SWA) was given
to it.
Andrew after a study on 120 non-orthodontic
ideal occlusion dental casts concluded that in
order to attain ideal occlusion some
characteristics must be present within the
occlusion. These characteristics were divided
into six keys. Based on these 6 keys Andrew
developed his prescription of brackets, so that
using this bracket prescription no wire bending
would be required during treatment and at the
end of treatment, all the six keys to normal
occlusion would be attained.
Andrew apart from studying these nonorthodontic ideal occlusion dental casts also
studied 1150 orthodontic treated cases so that
his prescription could also address some of the
problems not found in ideal occlusion e.g.
Extraction cases where molar relation may
deviate from class I relationship.
Most of the modern preadjusted brackets are
minor modification of Andrew straight wire
appliance. To give a better understanding of
prescription so that clinician can make an easy
selection of brackets a complete description of
Andrew six keys to normal occlusion and how
prescription components evolve from each key
is given. Details on how a prescription in
bracket is transferred to a tooth are also given
84
A
Figure 6.1
85
B
An ideal occlusion case meeting all the criteria of key I . A .Buccal aspects . B. Lingual aspects
Part 4
CHAPTER
B
Figure 6.2
Facial prominence of teeth in the arch
.The distance between embrasure line and most prominent
facial point of each tooth is the prominence of the tooth. A.
Average maxillary arch crown prominence. B. Average
mandibular arch crown prominence. These prominence
values are incorporated into the brackets by varying the
distance from base of slot to base of brackets.
1stpremolar
2ndpremolar
1st Molar
2nd Molar
Maxillary Arch
Central Lateral
incisors incisors
2.1mm 1.65mm
2.5mm
2.4mm
2.4mm
2.9mm
2.9mm
Mandibular arch
1.2mm
1.9mm
2.35mm
2.35mm
2.5mm
2.5mm
Teeth
1.2mm
86
CHAPTER
B
Figure 6.43.
A. Improper tip of central incisors and lack of torque in lateral incisors. To compensate it canine was moved
forward leaving poor contact point between canine and premolar. B. A case with good occlusal results and proper contact points
due to proper tip, torque, prominence and lack of rotation characteristics.
Figure 6.44
A. increased curve of spee. If curve of spee is increased or deep, there would be less space for upper incisor.
Occlusion would be disturbed both anteriorly and posteriorly. B. Reverse curve of spee. If the curve of spee is decreased or reversed
in lower arch than there would be excessive space in the upper arch.
118
Table 6.12
119
S Standard Brackets
CHAPTER
Table 6.13
120
Figure 6.45
Roller coaster effects and anterior deep bite
and lateral open bite.
4) Root parallelism
Andrew measured tip values by using long
axis or facial axis of clinical crown and not
the whole tooth. There is always some degree
121
Mandibular
Arch
Central
incisor
Lateral
incisor
Canine
1 st
Premolar
Torque Tip
Torque Tip
Torque Tip
Torque
2 nd
Premolar
Tip
Torque
1 st Molar
Tip
2 nd M olar
Torque Tip
Offset
-5
+2
+5
+6
+6
10
Begg
Burstone
11
+6
17
22
27
27
+2
Damon
(standard
torque)
-3
-3
+4
+7
+5
-12
+4
+4
-28
+2
-10
Hasund
+5
+5
10
+2
15
+2
-22
+4
25
+2
Hilgers
+7
+6
11
17
25
25
Ricketts
IV.
Dimension
Ricketts
+7
+5
-7 ex
-14 nex
22
12
27
16
+7
+5
Standard
Edgewise
Tweed
0/6
0/6
Alexander
-7ex
0 nex
-17
Standard
diminution of force.
III. Leveling of curve of spee to some extent by
placing anterior brackets more incisal.
IV. More torque in anterior brackets to
accommodate torque loss by wire play.
V. Super torque brackets for rapid correction of
torque in class II div2 cases.
VI. Roth proposed a new archform called TruArch to be used with his prescription. Roth
advocated selection of archwire is important
as it effects the rotational position of teeth.
Wider the archform more positive torque
would be expressed and vice versa. Roth
archform was most prominent and wide at
mesiobuccal cusp of the first molars.
VII. Different translation philosophy.
According to Roth tipping of the teeth to some
extent is accepted on round wires.
123
Table 6.15
CHAPTER
Table 6.16.
Teeth
Roth Prescription
Central
incisors
Lateral
incisors
Canine
Maxillary
Arch
+12
Mandibul
ar arch
-1
+5
+8
+9
-2
+13
ue
2MR
-7
2 MR
-14 14DR/0
Class II
+2
-1
+2
-11
+7
2 DR
-17
P1&
-1
4DR
-1
-30
4DR
-22
P2
Where MR=Mesial Rotation to counter distal translation. DR= Distal rotation to counter mesial
translation. P1 = 1st Premolar P2 =2nd Premolar , Class II= Molar Class II in cases where
only upper 1st or 2nd premolars are extracted .Reference for above Table 3, 40.
are given maximum translation series brackets
and lower canine and upper posterior are given
minimum translation series brackets.
Canines
The maxillary canine tip is taken from
minimum translation series brackets made for
distal translation. Canine torque was Roth
personal calculation of torque to accommodate
wire play. Canine counter rotation feature was
also taken from Andrew distal translation group
in minimum translation series brackets.
Premolars
Both 1st and 2nd premolar tip was taken from
minimum translation series brackets requiring
mesial translation. Premolar torque was taken
from Andrew standard SWA. Counter rotation
feature was taken from minimum translation
series brackets for distal translation.
Molars
Both 1st and 2nd maxillary tip was selected from
Andrew Class II molar tip. Torque of molars
was selected from Andrew medium translation
series brackets. Counter rotation values for
molars were taken from medium translation
series for mesial translation.
124
mesial translation.
Controversy
125
Controversy
CHAPTER
Figure 6.46
A .A rectangular wire passed through maxillary incisors and canine brackets. The slots opening of the maxillary
incisors is facing downward causing the wire to rotate clockwise on exiting the lateral incisor bracket. This clockwise rotated wire
when passes through canine bracket whose slot opening is facing upward will cause the canine bracket to rotate clockwise while
canine bracket slot will cause the wire and so the incisor brackets to rotate counterclockwise. So positive torque would be
expressed on incisors and negative torque would be expressed on canine. If the incisors have more positive torque, than reactionary
forces of wire leaving from incisors will cause more negative torque on canine. This only happen when wire play is present. If no
wire play is present all the torque built within the bracket would be expressed. B. Wire exiting lateral incisor in a clockwise fashion.
C. Wire engaging canine bracket clockwise at an angle thus negative torque expression in canine.
B
Figure 6.47
According to Roth -14 torque should be
given to maxillary molar to counter the effect of palatal cusp
hanging during translation. A. Palatal cusp hanging in
maxillary molar after translation. B. No cusp hanging.
126
CHAPTER
153
CHAPTER
Mandibular Premolars
Figure 7.1
Vertical lines showing mesiodistal center of
the upper and lower incisors. Brackets should be placed at
the recommended height on this line.
154
CHAPTER
Bonding in Orthodontics
In this Chapter
Tooth Cleaning
Enamel Roughening or acid Etching
Sealing the etched enamel surface
Bonding
Bonding in special circumstances
Indirect bonding
189
Bonding in Orthodontics
CHAPTER
Clinical Notes
Pumicing before etching is controversial 2-4
if conventional etching is done but clinician
should do pumicing if self-etching primer 5-7
is used.
2) Enamel Roughening or acid Etching
Enamel roughening or acid etching is done to
create retention areas for the adhesive on the
enamel surface.
Moisture control is important during this
step and rest of the steps that follows.
Good moisture control is provided by using
cheek/lip retractors and high volume
section. This arrangement of moisture
control is usually sufficient in majority of
the cases but in some cases where patients
have increased salivary flow, special
gadgets are available that combine lip/
cheek retractors, saliva ejectors and tongue
guards (Figure 8.2). Cotton rolls are also
used to increase moisture control. Some
clinician also uses antisialogogue like
atropine sulphate to create a dry field for
brackets bonding. Antisialogogues can be
used on patients having excessive salivary
flow but evidence 8 doesn't support their
routine use during orthodontic bonding.
Before going for enamel conditioning
enamel surface should be dried with oil free
air. Enamel conditioning is conventionally
B
Figure 8.2
A Nola dry field system combining all the
necessary gadgets for good moisture control during enamel
conditioning. This system is especially helpful in indirect
bonding.
190
CHAPTER
10
Discs
Finishing and polishing auxiliaries
Ultrasonic scalers
Sandblasting or air abrasion
Adhesive remnants removal by Lasers
Rotatory instruments
Burs
Carbide burs
Diamond burs
Steel burs
Brown and green stones
Composite burs
239
Figure 10.1
Adhesive remnants on the tooth after
debonding. Bond failure occur at the bracket adhesive
interference. Such bond failure require more time to clean
adhesive from the tooth enamel.
CHAPTER
11
Introduction
Chemical Method
Sandblasting
Ultrasonic Cleaning
Laser Recycling
Electropolishing
Adhesion Enhancement
Silane coupling Agents
Adhesion Boosters
Rotatory instruments
Flame Method
Buchman modiifed flame method
Modified Buchman method ,The Acid
Bath
Limitations of flame method
Lew and Djeng Method
255
Introduction
INDEX
A
Abfraction, 229
Access bevel, 82
Accessary slots, 61,65,77,79
Accessory tube, 82
Acetone, 222,264
Active ligatures, 134,235
Active self ligating brackets,72,73,264
Adhesion boosters, 255,260,261,273
Adhesion enhancement, 255,257,260
CP titanium,28-30
Bracket prominence,63,86,87,113,
Crown inclination,99
Bracket stem,18,100,208,212,259,
Crown morphology,136,161
Brazing,13-21,38,42,209,260,
Crown remover,226
Bristle brush,240,249
Broussard bracket,8
165,166, 173
Brown part,16
Buccal groove,88,93,97,127,128,133
Bunsen flame,262
Debonding plier,205,206,208,210-230
Debracketing, 203
Adhesive remnants,210,261,265,268
Deligation saddle,82
Dentinogenesis imperfect,194,209, 226, 256
Alumina Brackets,36
Carbide burs,195,227,243-253
Amelogenesis imperfect,229
Casting,14,,15,18,23,27,43,47,51.260
Andrew plane,165
Central fossa,84
Antirotation,98,116
Antisialagogues,190
Aperture diameter,45,46
ASTM,27
Attrition,33,34,160,161,178,229
Chromium oxide,22,26,28,
Chromophores,231
Auxiliary features,77,123,
Auxiliary procedures,257
Cold working,20,23
E arch,3,4
Axial position,114,160,161,184,194
Edge bevel,107,108
Edgewise appliance,7,13,64,104
Elastic ligatures,72,82
Connectors,94,160,161,164
Electropolishing
Contact points,117,118,189,256
Embrasure,91,92,94,155,160,161,164
Contact sports,256
Embrasure line,85-90
Enhance polisher,249
B
Band removing plier ,214,241
Bandeau appliance,1,2,3
Base method, 19,203,205,207.209,257
Begg appliance,5,6,61,172
Big Jane machine,272
Bis GMA ,227,228,235,260
Black triangle,94,161,162,164
Bleaching ,195
Bonding base shape ,57
Bracket base surface area,56,57,59,266
Bracket identification
Corrosion resistance,17,19,21,24-
Er:YAGlasers,195,233,252,270,271
28,111,260
Erosion ,229
Esmadent,259,271,272
Ethanol ,53,222
126,130,131,157
(I)
INDEX
F
Microetched bases,42
Microleakage,192
Microretention,47,48,195,240
Mid-developmental ridge,92,93,154,156,158,165
FA point,58,121,165,171,
LA point,121,165
FACC,92,93,97,99,105,165
LACC,92,93,99,105,159,165
Milling,14-18,20,21,37,47,194
Lang brackets,8
FDA,257
Feedstock,16
Molar offset,88,90-93,98,127
Lewis brackets,7,8
Moment arm,66,69
Monobond plus,261
Ligature cutter,82,210,211,221,242
Monocrystalline brackets,35,37,38,55,
232,233,235,265
Line pressure,47,197,260,263,266-269
Lingual brackets,10,111,214,215
265,270,273
Flamepyrolytic method,260
Luting adhesive,50,53,194
Nd:YAG,35,48,233,252
Flash ,22,168,193,196,218,222-227,
N
Nickel allergy,19,20,22,28,30,31,33
242,266
Foil mesh base ,42,43,47
Free play,107
Frequency,224,231,251,271
Magnetostrictive scaler,224,240
Friction resistance,16-18,27,29,31,32,
Manufacturer tolerance,99,108
37,70-73
Marginal ridges,166-173
Gingival hyperplasia,77,209
Meccaca Monkey,228
Mechanical Retention,42,46-48,50-
52,54,55,218
Hand scaler,240,243
Mechanotherapy,107,109,126,130
Medium translation,95,96,102,119,124,125,137
Headgear tube,82
Mesh diameter,44,45
HEMA,227,228
Mesh gauge,44
Horizontal slot,5,10,65,80
Mesh number,44-46,50,267
Notching,205,223
O
Occlusal plane,92,93,9799,105,106,112,117,127,129,133,135,
136,162,166,182
Open area percentage,46,47
Optimesh base,42
Ormesh base,42
Ortho bonding,271,272
Ortho Solo,261
Orthotronics,271,272
Howe plier,208,212
Hybrid copolymer,32
Mesial offset,90,122,126
Hydrofluoric acid,195
Mesial translation,95,96,124,125
Implants,28,34,161,162
Mesiobuccal cusp,84,88,91,92,97,98,123,127,156
Impulse debonding,205,226,227
Mesiobuccal groove,88,91,92
brackets,10,72,73,109,264
Mesiodens,161,162
Pellicle,189
Indirect bonding,169,190,195,198,256
Peppermint oil,222
Integral bases,47
Mesiodistal position,153,154,156,157,183-186,194
Perforated bases,42,43
Interarch relationship,84
Mesiolingual cusp,84,91,92,127
Phosphoric acid,190,195,240
Isopropyl alcohol,264
Photoablation,232,235
Kinetic energy,227
Photoetched bases,42,47
Kobayashi hook,78
Metallic luster,263
Photon,231
KrF Lasers,270
Piezoelectric scaler,224,240
(II)
INDEX
Pin and tube appliance,4
Separators ,199
Shape of brackets,80
Siamese bracket,7
Torque play,15,72,107,108,110
Plastic Brackets,14,19,31-34,51-53,68-71
Side cutter,210,213,223
Torque zone,112
Plastic primer,51
54,195,260,261,264,269
PoGo polisher,247,250,253
Silica coating,52,261,264,269,
Polyacrylic acid,191,222
Polycrystalline brackets,18,34-38,55,232-235
Silicon tray,196,197
Twin bracket,7,35,56,68,69,208
Polyoxymethylene Brackets,31,32
Polyurethane brackets,31,32
Sintering,16-18,26,35,36
Porcelain veneers,195
Slip planes,218
Power arms,77-79,81,94,95,99
Slot base,71,72,86,87,105,
Preadjusted edgewise
110,116,117,208
appliance,8,9,64,83,102,153,158
Slot creep,32
Slot point,58,77,86,87,94,95,116
Precipitation hardening,25,26
Slot rotation,116
Prescription,9,10,15,22-24,61-63,67, 69,
So flex discs,247,248,253
83,87,90-96
Sodium bicarbonate,259,272
Soldered,2,4,7,13,162,189,256
Speed brackets,166
Pumicing,189,190,199240,243,249-253
Standard brackets,61,69,95,100,
102,119,120,129
R
Recycling ,110,198,206,208,209,215,227,251,255
U
V
Van der Waal forces ,227
Vertical groove ,93
Vertical Mid Scribe line,79
Steel burs,139,243
Steel ligatures,34,72,109
Vickers hardness,17,23,109
Replaceable tips,221
134-136
Super torque,123,127,128,131,136,141
Wavelength ,192,230-235,270
Supermesh base,44,50
Weingart plier,212,219,220
Rotatory instruments,240,243,252,255,257,261
S
SAE,21
Sandblaster,251,252,266,267
Scaling,189,224,245,250,
Second order bends,62
Self etching primer ,190
Self ligating brackets ,9,10,72,109,
214,264,265
Separating medium ,196,197
Wick stick,167,181
Wing method,19,205-210,212,214-217,
219,257,260
Wire bevel,108
Wire guidance,110,143,163,183,184
(III)
Z
Zirconia Brackets,36,38