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At the low flow rates, the dye injected into the flow remains in single
filament; there is little dispersion of dye because the flow is laminar. A
laminar flow is one in which the fluid flow in laminae, or layers.
As the flow rate through the tube is increased, the dye filament
becomes wavy. This is known as transient flow.
At high flow rates, the dye filament becomes unstable and breaks up
into a random motion. This behavior of turbulent flow is due to small,
high-frequency velocity fluctuations superimposed on the mean motion
of turbulent flow.
Vd
Vd
MM302 3
Find:
a) Velocity profile
b) Shear stress distribution
c) Volume flow rate
d) Average velocity
e) Point of maximum velocity
Assumptions:
1. Steady flow
a) Velocity profile:
Velocity distribution can be found by applying integral momentum
equations or differential momentum equations.
Method I:Application of integral momentum equation
For our analysis we select a differential control volume of size, and apply
x component of momentum equation
FS x FBx
ud CS uV dA
t CV
0
For fully developed flow, the net momentum flux through the control
surface is zero. (The momentum flux through the right face of the
control surface is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to the
momentum flux through the left face.)
FS x 0
There are two types of forces which act to the surface of control
volume. Those are:
1. Pressure forces (normal forces)
2. Shear forces (tangential forces)
If the pressure and the shear stress at the center of fluid element are p,
and yx, respectively.
MM302 3
yx dy
dy
p dx
p dx
dxdz yx yx
dxdz 0
p
dydz p
dydz yx
x 2
x 2
y
2
y
2
By arranging,
p yx
0
x
y
For yx, we used the total derivative, since yx is only function of y. [u =
u(y)]
yx p
or
y
x
The left hand side of this equation is the function of y, but, the right
hand side of the equation is the function of x. Therefore, in order to be
this equation valid, it should be equal to a constant.
yx
y
p
constant
x
yx
p
y C1
x
which indicates that the shear stress varies linearly with y. Since for
Newtonian fluid
du
yx
dy
then
and
u
du p
y C1
dy x
1 p 2 C1
y
y C2
2 x
MM302 3
at y = 0
at y = a
u=0
u=0
consequently
0
C2 = 0
1 p 2 C1
a a
2 x
C1
1 p
a
2 x
and hence
u
or
1 p 2 1 p
y
ay
2 x
2 x
2
a 2 p y y
u
2 x a a
du
p y 1
a
dy
x a 2
Q V dA
A
Q uldy
0
Q
1 p 2
y ay dy
l 0 2 x
a
MM302 3
a
l
12 x
p p2 p1
P
x
L
L
a
l
12 L
12L
d) Average Velocity:
The average velocity is given by
Q
1 p a 3l
1 p 2
V
a
al
12 x la
12 x
e) Point of Maximum Velocity:
du
To find the point of maximum velocity, we set
equal to zero and solve
dy
for corresponding y.
du a 2 p 2 y 1
2
dy 2 x a
a
du
0
dy
at
at
y
a
2
a
2
u umax
MM302 3
1 p 2 3
a V
8 x
2
8
u 2u 2u
u
u
u
u
p
u v w
gx
2 2 2
x
x
y
z
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
or
Since
2u d 2u
u u( y) 2 2
y
dy
d 2u 1 p
dy 2 x
1 p 2 C1
y C2
y
2 x
MM302 3
Assumptions:
1. Steady flow
2. Fully developed flow (du/dx=0)
3. Laminar flow
4. Incompressible flow
5. Plates are infinite in the z direction (w=0, du/dz=0
6. Body forces in x direction is negligible
MM302 3 (gx=0)
)
10
Find:
a) Velocity distribution
b) Shear stress distribution
c) Volume flow rate
d) Average velocity
e) Point of maximum velocity
a) Velocity profile:
Method I:Application of integral momentum equation
For our analysis we select a differential control volume of size, and apply x
component of momentum equation
FS x FBx
ud CS uV dA
t CV
0
0
For fully developed flow, the net momentum
flux through the control surface is
zero. (The momentum flux through the right face of the control surface is equal in
magnitude but opposite in sign to the momentum flux through the left face.)
FS x 0
There are two types of forces which act to the surface of control volume. Those
are:
1. Pressure forces (normal forces)
2. Shear forces (tangential forces)
If FSx is evaluated as in the previous example and substituted into above equation,
the following differential equation is obtained.
yx
y
p
constant
x
1 p 2 C1
y C2
y
2 x
MM302 3
11
Boundary Conditions:
Integral constants C1 and C2 can be found by using boundary conditions.
at y = 0
at y = a
u=0
u=U
Thus,
C1
consequently
consequently
U 1 p
a
a
2 x
C2 = 0
1 p 2 C1
a
a
2 x
and
u
1 p 2 Uy 1 p
y
ay
2 x
a 2 x
Uy 1 p 2
y ay
a 2 x
2
Uy a 2 p y y
u
a 2 x a a
MM302 3
12
Q V dA
A
Uy 1 p 2
Q
Q uldy
y ay dy
l
a 2 x
0
0
a
a
l
2 12 x
d) Average Velocity:
The average velocity V is obtained by
3
Ua
1 p
l
a
2
12
Q
U
1 p 2
x
V
a
A
la
2 12 x
MM302 3
13
u 2u 2u
u
u
u
u
p
u v w
gx
2 2 2
x
x
y
z
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2u d 2u
Since u u ( y) 2 2
y
dy
2
or d u 1 p
dy 2 x
MM302 3
14