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2.1
Nozzles:
2.2
Technical Data:
Standard orifice:
8 mm diameter, sharp edge.
Traverse mechanism: Micrometer with 0.01 mm division.
Pitot tube diameter: 4.5mm
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SUMMARY OF THEORY:
As the tank size is much larger than the orifice diameter the velocity of the water in the
tank in the direction of the orifice flow is very low and can be neglected.
The velocity of water slowly increases as it approaches the orifice. The streamline of the
flow is shown in Fig.1, from point 1 on the water surface of the tank to point 2 which is at the
smallest area of the jet. The water jet will reduce its diameter after passing through the
orifice. This is known as Vena Contracta.
Pitot head level can be adjusted to measure the velocity of the jet at the Vena Contracta.
Apply Bernoullis equation.
Where:
p
V
Z
= Pressure
= Velocity
= Elevation
= Specific weight of water
= Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81
[N/m2]
[m/s]
[m]
[N/m3]
[m/s2]
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The actual velocity V2, act of the jet at Vena Contracta can be measured directly by a Pitot
tube. The velocity head from the Pitot tube is equal to the height H of water in the Pitot tube,
therefore,
The ratio of V2, act to V2, th is called Velocity Coefficient Cv of the orifice, then
The ratio of the cross section area Ac of the jet at Vena Contracta to the cross-sectional
area Ao of the orifice is called the Coefficient of Contraction Cc, then
do
Ao
dc
Ac
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EXPERIMENT:
5.1
Aim:
To find coefficient of velocity, coefficient of contraction and coefficient of
discharge of the given discharge shape.
5.2
Procedure:
1. Fill up the tank with water up to required head by adjusting valve of hydraulic
bench.
2. To measure the diameter of vena contracta lose the micrometer assembly
screw and bring micrometer disc near to jet.
3. Move the micrometer disc in such a way that it touches the first edge of water
jet and measure the reading on micrometer main scale. (Position 1).
4. Move the micrometer disc in such a way that it touches the other edge of
water jet along the diameter and measure the reading on micrometer main
scale. (Position 2).
5. Difference of reading will provide the diameter of vena contracta.
6. Now move the Pitot tube beneath the water discharging from orifice as shown
in the figure and calculate Hc. Head H can be measured directly on the tube.
7. To measure the flow rate calculate the water in liters in hydraulic bench and
the time taken with a stopwatch.
Note: Move the degaussing value to its outer extent
Discussions:
Discuss the effect of different approaching shapes on
1. Cv
2. Cc
3. Cd
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5.3
Observations:
Sample: ________________
Flow Rate: ______________
Sr. #
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Diameter of jet
at vena contract
Dc(mm)
Static head
H(mm)
Velocity Head
Hc(mm)
Coefficient of
velocity
Cv
Coefficient of
contraction
Cc
Coefficient of
discharge
Cd