O N T H E C A L C U L A T I O N OF

DUCTED PROPELLER
P E R F O R M A N C E IN
A X I S Y M M E T R I C FLOWS

J. A. C. F A L C A O D E C A M P O S

C A L C U L A T I O N OF D U C T E D PROPELLER P E R F O R M A N C E IN
A X I S Y M M E T R I C FLOWS

B I B L I O T H E E K T U Delft
P 1734 3404

821780

O N T H E C A L C U L A T I O N OF
DUCTED PROPELLER
P E R F O R M A N C E IN
A X I S Y M M E T R I C FLOWS

PROEFSCHRIFT
T E R V E R K R I J G I N G V A N D E G R A A D V A N D O C T O R IN D E
TECHNISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN A A N DE TECHNISCHE
H O G E S C H O O L D E L F T OP G E Z A G V A N D E R E C T O R
M A G N I F I C U S , P R O F . IR. B. P. T H . V E L T M A N
VOOR E E N COMMISSIE A A N G E W E Z E N DOOR HET C O L L E G E
V A N D E K A N E N T E V E R D E D I G E N OP D I N S D A G
1 4 J U N I 1983 T E 14.00UUR
DOOR

JOS A L B E R T O C A I A D O FALCO D E C A M P O S
E N G E N H E I R O MECNICO
G E B O R E N TE LISSABON

H. V E E N M A N E N Z O N E N B.V. - W A G E N I N G E N

Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd

door de promotoren
Prof. Dr. Ir. J. D. van Manen
Prof. Dr. Ir. P. J. Zandbergen

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. ANALYSIS OF THE FLOW PAST A PROPELLER

DUCT

2.1. I n t r o d u c t o r y remarks

2.2. P o t e n t i a l

flow a n a l y s i s

2.2.1. F o r m u l a t i o n o f the problem and boundary c o n d i t i o n s

2.2.2. Numerical

solution

15

2.2.3. C a l c u l a t i o n o f the duct c i r c u l a t i o n . F i r s t

approximation

inviscid

and the K u t t a c o n d i t i o n

21

2.3. C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e duct v i s c o u s l a y e r s

25

2.4. V i s c o u s - i n v i s c i d

28

coupling

2.5. R e s u l t s i n u n i f o r m

flow and comparison w i t h experiment

2.6. C a l c u l a t i o n o f the duct s t e a d y

30

l o a d f o r a duct w i t h p r o p e l l e r

2.6.1. P r o p e l l e r model and p r o p e l l e r

the duct

38

2.6.2. Remarks on v i s c o u s e f f e c t s on the duct

f o r a ducted

propeller
2.7. N u m e r i c a l

49

r e s u l t s and comparison w i t h experiment

3. DUCTED PROPELLER

38

i n d u c e d v e l o c i t i e s on

51

IN AXISYMMETRIC SHEAR FLOW

70

3.1. I n t r o d u c t i o n

70

3.2. G o v e r n i n g

73

equations

3.3. I t e r a t i v e s o l u t i o n by a d i s c r e t e v o r t e x sheet method

3.3.1. V o r t e x sheet a p p r o x i m a t i o n

to t h e v o r t i c i t y

82

i n the

flow

82

3.3.2. F i r s t
and

approximation

the flow stream

t o the a c t u a t o r d i s k v o r t e x
surfaces

3.3.3. C a l c u l a t i o n o f the f l o w stream

sheets
85

s u r f a c e s and

d i s c r e t i z a t i o n o f the v o r t e x s h e e t s

87

3.3.4. C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e s t r e n g t h o f the v o r t e x s h e e t s

95

3.3.5. I t e r a t i v e p r o c e d u r e

97

3.4. N u m e r i c a l

results

and comparison w i t h experiment

98

4. INTERACTION STUDIES BETWEEN A DUCTED PROPELLER AND THE STERN

FOR AX I SYMMETRIC FLOWS

114

4.1.

114

Introduction

4.2. A p p l i c a t i o n t o the c a l c u l a t i o n o f the s t e r n f l o w f o r an

a x i s y m m e t r i c body

119

4.3. I n t e r a c t i o n between a d u c t e d p r o p e l l e r and the s t e r n

126

4.4. D i s c u s s i o n

130

o f the r e s u l t s

5. DUCTED PROPELLER DESIGN

5.1.

139

Introduction

139

5.2. D e s i g n p r o c e d u r e

140

5.3. P r o p e l l e r i n d u c e d v e l o c i t i e s

142

5.4. Duct t h r u s t

145

and duct i n d u c e d v e l o c i t i e s

5.5. The d e s i g n w i t h the i n d u c t i o n

5.6. R e s u l t s

and d i s c u s s i o n

f a c t o r method

147
152

6. CONCLUSIONS

161

Appendix 1

163

Appendix 2

167

References

168

Nomenclature

175

Summary

188

Samenvatting

190

Acknowledgement

192

Curriculum

193

vitae

1.

Introduction

In s h i p p r o p u l s i o n , f o r a t t a i n i n g h i g h p r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y
r e d u c i n g the r i s k o f c a v i t a t i o n on p r o p e l l e r s ,
i n the l a s t

the d u c t e d

p r o p e l l e r became

decades, a w i d e l y used p r o p u l s i o n d e v i c e .

With r e g a r d t o i t s purpose o r i t s b a s i c working p r i n c i p l e

t y p e s o f d u c t s may
field
and

or

be d i s c e r n e d . The

of a p p l i c a t i o n i n improving

main

a c c e l e r a t i n g t y p e , which f i n d s i t s

the e f f i c i e n c y o f h e a v i l y l o a d e d

the d e c e l e r a t i n g type which i s employed t o reduce

c a v i t a t i o n on p r o p e l l e r s ,

two

as i n the case o f pump

propellers

the e x t e n t o f

jets.

In r e c e n t y e a r s , w i t h the permanent i n c r e a s e o f power i n s t a l l e d

s h i p s , h i g h l e v e l s o f v i b r a t i o n i n d u c e d on the h u l l may
to unsteady

occur p r i m a r i l y

due

c a v i t a t i o n phenomena on the p r o p e l l e r b l a d e s o p e r a t i n g i n the

h i g h l y non-uniform

s h i p ' s wake.

In c e r t a i n c a s e s , as s u g g e s t e d

f o r example by O o s t e r v e l d

a p p l i c a t i o n o f a non-axisymmetric duct may

of c a v i t a t i o n on the p r o p e l l e r and
noise

on

reduce

lead to a decrease

(1971),
o f the

extent

i t s i n d u c e d v i b r a t i o n and r a d i a t e d

levels.

In view o f an i n c r e a s i n g number o f a p p l i c a t i o n s o f the ducted

the development o f t h e o r e t i c a l models f o r d e s c r i b i n g i t s
performance has

propeller,

hydrodynamical

r e c e i v e d a t t e n t i o n o f many a u t h o r s .

E a r l y t h e o r e t i c a l work on d u c t e d
o f i t s performance and
t e d on the u n i f o r m

p r o p e l l e r s aiming

at the e v a l u a t i o n

the s e t up o f adequate d e s i g n methods were c o n c e n t r a -

flow case.

In such i d e a l i z e d

c o n d i t i o n s the hydrodynamic

problem f o r the ducted p r o p e l l e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n p r e s e n t s i t s e l f

as

an

i n t e r f e r e n c e problem between p r o p e l l e r and d u c t . Under the assumptions o f

ideal

fluid

and

flow i r r o t a t i o n a l i t y

be r e p r e s e n t e d by s i n g u l a r i t y
s u r f a c e s and

the flow p a s t p r o p e l l e r and duct

d i s t r i b u t i o n s on the duct

the c o r r e s p o n d i n g t r a i l i n g

and

may

propeller

vortex sheets r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e i r

wakes.
Under a d d i t i o n a l

linearising

assumptions r e g a r d i n g the magnitude o f

the d i s t u r b a n c e s i n t r o d u c e d by p r o p e l l e r
in

and

duct on the u n d i s t u r b e d

a r e f e r e n c e frame r o t a t i n g w i t h the p r o p e l l e r ,

potential

flow boundary c o n d i t i o n s can be

surfaces: a c y l i n d r i c a l
s h e e t s f o r the

The
ted

and

the

reference

a set of h e l i c o i d a l

vortex

propeller.

b a s i c i d e a s f o r the a n a l y s i s o f the steady performance o f the

propeller in a x i a l

and u n i f o r m

Dickmann and W e i s s i n g e r

p r o p e l l e r was

modeled by

pondent s l i p s t r e a m r i n g

duc-

f l o w , were a l r e a d y c o n t a i n e d i n the work o f

(1955). They r e p r e s e n t e d the duct

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f r i n g v o r t i c e s on

a c y l i n d e r of constant

an a c t u a t o r d i s k o f c o n s t a n t

w i t h an

elliptical

r a d i u s and

the

load with i t s corres-

vorticity.

Theories introduced subsequently

made use o f l i n e a r i z e d r i n g a i r f o i l

by Ordway et a l (1960),and Morgan

theory, o r i g i n a l l y

W e i s s i n g e r (1955,1957), and i n c l u d e d a l i f t i n g
Ordway e t a l c o n s i d e r e d a l i g h t l y

developed

l i n e model f o r the

i n d u c t i o n f a c t o r method as i n t r o d u c e d by L e r b s

by

(1952) f o r moderately

a p p l i e d t o the e v a l u a t i o n o f

and non-steady l o a d i n g on a r o t a t i o n a l

(1961)

propeller.

l o a d e d p r o p e l l e r , w h i l e Morgan used

p r o p e l l e r s . These t h e o r i e s c o u l d be
steady

the s i n g u l a r i t i e s and

t r a n s f e r r e d to s p e c i f i c

s u r f a c e f o r the duct

flow

the
loaded

both

symmetric duct under the

i n f l u e n c e o f the p r o p e l l e r . D i s c u s s i o n o f non-steady duct performance i s

o u t s i d e the scope o f the p r e s e n t work. F o r an account
t h e o r i e s mentioned above we
Maas

r e f e r t o the review work o f W e i s s i n g e r

A fundamental r e s u l t which f o l l o w e d from t h o s e

is

linearized
and

(1968).

which i s o f importance

set

on the

the e q u i v a l e n c e between the time

o f bound r a d i a l

and the axisymmetric

investigations

f o r the e v a l u a t i o n o f the d u c t ' s

lifting

averaged

flow f i e l d

steady

i n d u c e d by

l i n e s together with t h e i r t r a i l i n g

flow i n d u c e d by an i n f i n i t e l y

and

performance,
a rotating

vortex

sheets

b l a d e number p r o p e l l e r

model, the a c t u a t o r d i s k .
T h i s e q u i v a l e n c e was
strictly

linearized

helicoidal

case o f a l i g h t l y

Ordway (1965) i n the

loaded p r o p e l l e r

f o r which

the

v o r t e x s h e e t s are assumed t o have a c o n s t a n t p i t c h determined

the u n d i s t u r b e d advance and

In

demonstrated by Hough and

rotational

the case o f the m o d e r a t e l y

by

velocities.

loaded p r o p e l l e r

lifting

l i n e model

e q u i v a l e n c e does not h o l d . However, the a c t u a t o r d i s k model has been

the

used

as an a p p r o x i m a t i o n

t o study

v a r i a t i o n o f the h e l i c o i d a l
moderately

non-linear effects

o f c o n t r a c t i o n and p i t c h

vortex l i n e s t a k i n g place i n the s l i p s t r e a m of

and h e a v i l y l o a d e d p r o p e l l e r s as c o n s i d e r e d by Van Gent

S t u d i e s o f t h e e f f e c t s o f s l i p s t r e a m c o n t r a c t i o n on duct
i n ducted

propeller applications using s i m p l i f i e d

been c a r r i e d out by C h a p l i n
Apart

from such

(1964) and Van G u n s t e r e n

(1973).

has been a c h i e v e d by a p p l i c a t i o n o f s u r f a c e

v o r t i c i t y models which take i n t o account

i n a r a t h e r a c c u r a t e way,the

geometry. T h i s has been done by Lewis and Ryan

In g e n e r a l t h e d u c t e d

The

a c t u a t o r d i s k models have

r e f i n e m e n t s o f the p r o p e l l e r models, improvement o f t h e

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e duct

proximity of the h u l l

(1976).

performance

p r o p e l l e r operates

(1971).

i n t h e s h i p ' s wake i n t h e

and t h e water s u r f a c e s .

f a c t t h a t the p r o p u l s o r works i n a f l o w r e g i o n w i t h h i g h

t i o n of v o r t i c i t y

basically

which u n d e r l i e s u n i f o r m
Nevertheless,

duct's

i n v a l i d a t e s t h e assumption o f p o t e n t i a l

flow

flow t h e o r i e s .

the success enjoyed

by t h e d e s i g n o f wake adapted

p r o p e l l e r s based on t h e i n d u c t i o n f a c t o r method o f L e r b s
a p p l i c a t i o n of p o t e n t i a l

concentra-

(1952) has ensured t h e

f l o w t h e o r i e s i n a s l i g h t l y m o d i f i e d form t o t h e

g e n e r a l non-uniform f l o w c a s e . The m o d i f i c a t i o n s i n t r o d u c e d i n the t h e o r y o f

wake a d a p t i o n c o n s i s t i n c o n s i d e r i n g the f l o w p e r t u r b a t i o n s i n d u c e d by the bound
and

trailing

v o r t i c i t y t o be added t o t h e u n d i s t u r b e d

local

inflow v e l o c i t i e s

to the p r o p e l l e r d i s k assumed t o v a r y w i t h t h e r a d i a l c o o r d i n a t e . In
a d d i t i o n the p i t c h of the h e l i c o i d a l
direction
The

i s determined
local

vortex l i n e s

assumed c o n s t a n t

a t the p r o p e l l e r plane by t h e l o c a l

inflow v e l o c i t i e s

total

i n axial
velocities.

i n t o the p r o p e l l e r i . e . t h e t o t a l

v e l o c i t i e s minus t h e p r o p e l l e r p e r t u r b a t i o n s , a r e known as e f f e c t i v e
velocities

and i t s knowledge i s c o n s i d e r e d

p r o p e l l e r d e s i g n . They d i f f e r
the s h i p ' s h u l l

i n d i s p e n s a b l e i n wake adapted

from t h e nominal v e l o c i t i e s which o c c u r

i n t h e absence o f t h e o p e r a t i n g

Such d i f f e r e n c e i s r e g a r d e d

behind

propeller.

as a consequence o f t h e p r o p e l l e r - h u l l

i n t e r a c t i o n phenomena.
The

previous considerations i l l u s t r a t e

some o f t h e problems i n v o l v e d

i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e a v a i l a b l e t h e o r i e s and p o i n t out t h e need o f

c o n s i d e r i n g the problem o f d u c t e d
Specifically

i t i s thought

propeller hull
necessary

interaction.

t o a s c e r t a i n t o what e x t e n t

some

of

the most r e l e v a n t e f f e c t s o f the i n t e r a c t i o n phenomena may

i n f l u e n c e the

d e t a i l e d performance o f the p r o p u l s o r .

Recent s t u d i e s by Huang e t a l (1976, 1977), S c h e t z

t h e i n t e r a c t i o n between a c o n v e n t i o n a l p r o p e l l e r and
c e n t r a t e d on axisymmetric

and F a v i n (1979), on

the s t e r n have been

b o d i e s . In view o f the c o n s i d e r a b l e s i m p l i c i t y

the s t e r n f l o w when compared w i t h the s i t u a t i o n b e h i n d

the s h i p , o f f e r e d

the f l o w axisymmetry, t h e s e s t u d i e s employ models which attempt

d i c t i o n s o f the f l o w f i e l d
On

measurement o f the v e l o c i t y

field

(Huang e t a l , 1976,

w i t h the t h e o r e t i c a l

of Laser-Doppler

i n the c l o s e v i c i n i t y

1977), has

enabled

anemometry,

Navier-Stokes

the d e t a i l e d

a d i r e c t numerical

e q u a t i o n s have been undertaken

(1979). From the comparisons w i t h e x p e r i m e n t a l

refinement

pre-

the

o f the o p e r a t i n g
comparison

by

solution

Schetz

d a t a the a u t h o r s

and

of

Favin

recognized

some o f the s h o r t comings o f the t u r b u l e n c e model employed and

its

by

predictions.

Attempts t o a d r e s s the problem from

the f u l l

of

around the s t e r n w i t h the p r o p e l l e r i n o p e r a t i o n .

the o t h e r hand, w i t h the advent

propeller,

complete

con-

the need o f

i n o r d e r t o improve the t h e o r e t i c a l r e s u l t s . The

approach o f

Huang e t a l (1976, 1977), makes use o f a c a l c u l a t i o n method o f the v i s c o u s

flow on the s t e r n r e g i o n based

on boundary l a y e r t h e o r y brought

a c t i o n w i t h the o u t e r p o t e n t i a l
of

f l o w i n an i t e r a t i v e

inter-

scheme. The i n f l u e n c e

t h e p r o p e l l e r i n the boundary l a y e r i s e x e r t e d through

the e x t e r n a l p o t e n t i a l

into

a m o d i f i c a t i o n of

flow.

A n o v e l f e a t u r e o f the approach i s , however, the c a l c u l a t i o n o f the

flow f i e l d

i n the c l o s e v i c i n i t y

f l o w model based

of the p r o p e l l e r by

on the E u l e r ' s e q u a t i o n s

p r e d i c t i o n s o f the t o t a l v e l o c i t i e s

an i n v i s c i d

o f motion. Rather

rotational

accurate

ahead of the p r o p e l l e r are o b t a i n e d

w i t h such model.

The

need f o r an e l u c i d a t i o n o f some o f the fundamental a s p e c t s o f

ducted p r o p e l l e r h u l l
niques
of

i n t e r a c t i o n and

a p p r o p r i a t e t o the non-uniform

the incoming

f l o w i s taken

the development o f c a l c u l a t i o n
f l o w s i t u a t i o n when the

tech-

vorticity

i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n has m o t i v a t e d

the

present

investigation.
The

b a s i c approach pursued

in this

study assumes t h a t the

interaction

flow between d u c t e d p r o p e l l e r and h u l l which u l t i m a t e l y determines

the

performance o f duct
adequately

and p r o p e l l e r

i s inviscld

i n nature

and t h e r e f o r e may

be t r e a t e d by t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e E u l e r ' s e q u a t i o n s o f

motion.
Although

the i n v i s c i d

a n a l y s i s might be t h e o r e t i c a l l y

j u s t i f i c a b l e or

e x p e r i m e n t a l l y v a l i d a t e d when d e a l i n g w i t h t h e g r o s s e f f e c t s o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n problems t o the d u c t e d p r o p e l l e r , v i s c o u s e f f e c t s

i n t h e boundary

l a y e r s on t h e v a r i o u s components o f t h e ducted p r o p e l l e r system may be o f

primary

importance

i n determining the o v e r a l l

f o r c e s a c t i n g on t h e system.

V i s c o u s e f f e c t s on p r o p e l l e r b l a d e s and t h e i r i n f l u e n c e on p r o p e l l e r
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s have been i n v e s t i g a t e d

f o r y e a r s . On the o t h e r hand, t h e

i n f l u e n c e o f v i s c o s i t y on t h e duct performance has r e c e i v e d much l e s s

a t t e n t i o n i n s p i t e o f b e i n g a s o u r c e o f s e r i o u s s c a l e e f f e c t s on
f u l l - s c a l e p r e d i c t i o n s when s e p a r a t i o n f l o w phenomena o c c u r on model

T h e r e f o r e , t h e second c h a p t e r i s concerned
v i s c o u s f l o w p a s t an axisymmetric
regarded

In t h e t h i r d

with the a n a l y s i s o f the

duct e i t h e r i n u n i f o r m

axial

flow o r when

c h a p t e r , the flow p a s t an a n n u l a r a e r o f o i l

and a d u c t e d

as b e i n g a p a r t o f t h e d u c t e d

propeller

scale.

i n axisymmetric

shear

propeller.

f l o w i s c o n s i d e r e d and approximate

numerical

s o l u t i o n s o f t h e E u l e r ' s e q u a t i o n by a d i s c r e t e v o r t e x method a r e g i v e n .
Chapter
in

four

d e a l s w i t h t h e a p p l i c a t i o n s o f the methods

developed

c h a p t e r two t o the i n t e r a c t i o n problem o f a d u c t e d p r o p e l l e r b e h i n d a

revolution

body.

In c h a p t e r

f i v e some c o n s i d e r a t i o n s on t h e d e s i g n o f d u c t e d

propellers

are g i v e n .
The

r e s u l t s o f t h e b a s i c f l o w models i n t h e f i r s t

a r e v e r i f i e d by c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h

and second

chapters

experiment.

2.

Analysis

of t h e flow

2.1.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

past

a propeller

F o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f duct performance

duct

i t i s necessary

a method f o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n
its

frictional

d r a g . T h i s i s n o r m a l l y accomplished

to

have

and f o r e s t i m a t i n g

by combined

potential

f l o w and boundary l a y e r c a l c u l a t i o n methods.

In
trailing

general, i n ducted p r o p e l l e r a p p l i c a t i o n s ,

o p e r a t i n g near d e s i g n c o n d i t i o n s ,
presence

f o r ducts with

edges o r w i t h s m a l l r a d i u s o f c u r v a t u r e a t t h e t r a i l i n g
a potential

flow c a l c u l a t i o n

duct's s u r f a c e only i n the v i c i n i t y

f l o w s e p a r a t i o n o c c u r s from t h e

o f the t r a i l i n g

edge. In t h i s c a s e , t h e

v i s c o u s drag i s r a t h e r s m a l l when compared w i t h t h e a x i a l

f o r c e a c t i n g on

duct.
The

potential

f l o w s o l u t i o n o b t a i n e d as a f i r s t

d i s r e g a r d i n g the presence
approximation,

The

a p p r o x i m a t i o n by

o f t h e boundary l a y e r and wake, o r f i r s t

i s assumed t o s a t i s f y

flow at t h e t r a i l i n g

of

ignoring the

o f t h e boundary l a y e r a l r e a d y g i v e s r e l i a b l e v a l u e s o f t h e o v e r a l l

f o r c e s a c t i n g on t h e duct p r o v i d e d t h a t

the

sharp

edge and

inviscid

t h e Kutta-Joukowsky c o n d i t i o n

f o r the

edge.

a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e Kutta-Joukowsky c o n d i t i o n f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n

the p o t e n t i a l

f l o w on a p r o f i l e i s not a t r i v i a l

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s and c o r r e s p o n d i n g i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s

matter

and i t s v a r i o u s

may bear c o n s i d e r a b l e

i n f l u e n c e on t h e s o l u t i o n .
Gostelow (1974) , g i v e s a review o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t r a i l i n g
c o n d i t i o n s on t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l
with blunt t r a i l i n g
cal

and turbomachinery

edges, a t r a i l i n g

Kutta-Joukowsky c o n d i t i o n cannot

first

inviscid

approximation

based

edge

blade s e c t i o n s . For p r o f i l e s

edge c o n d i t i o n e q u i v a l e n t t o the c l a s s i be f o r m u l a t e d , and any h y p o t h e t i c a l

on an a r b i t r a r y v a l u e o f c i r c u l a t i o n i s

d e p r i v e d from p h y s i c a l meaning. C l e a r l y ,

f o r the s o l u t i o n of t h i s

problem,

v i s c o u s e f f e c t s have t o be c o n s i d e r e d . In r e l a t i o n t o p r o p e l l e r d u c t s
s u b j e c t w i l l be c o n s i d e r e d more e x t e n s i v e l y l a t e r

i n this

this

Chapter.

A classical

approach c o n s i s t s i n s o l v i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l f l o w

boundary l a y e r problems i t e r a t i v e l y .
flow

s o l u t i o n provides

On each i t e r a t i o n

step

t h e r e q u i r e d boundary c o n d i t i o n s

and t h e

the p o t e n t i a l

f o r t h e boundary

l a y e r c a l c u l a t i o n s and these, i n turn, f u r n i s h t h e r e q u i r e d boundary

f o r t h e p o t e n t i a l flow

problem.

One o f t h e methods o f c o u p l i n g
c o r r e s p o n d e n t boundary c o n d i t i o n s
two

well-defined

vortical
are

conditions

regions:

an o u t e r

t h e two s o l u t i o n s t h r o u g h

their

c o n s i s t s i n d i v i d i n g the flow

field

r e g i o n dominated by t h e e f f e c t o f v i s c o s i t y . These two flow

separated

into

i n v i s c i d p o t e n t i a l f l o w r e g i o n and a
regions

by some boundary s u r f a c e where t h e s o l u t i o n s o f t h e two f l o w

problems s h o u l d

be matched by p r o p e r s p e c i f i c a t i o n o f t h e r e s p e c t i v e

boundary c o n d i t i o n s . Such an approach r e q u i r e s an adequate d e f i n i t i o n o f

the boundary s u r f a c e which n a t u r a l l y c o u l d be taken as t h e s u r f a c e
by

t h e boundary l a y e r and t h e wake t h i c k n e s s e s

p a r t o f t h e s o l u t i o n , (Rom,

and s h o u l d

specified

be d e t e r m i n e d as a

1977).

Such a p r o c e d u r e i s , however, d i s a d v a n t a g e o u s from t h e p o i n t o f view

of computational e f f i c i e n c y ,

since the i n v i s c i d

p a r t o f t h e computation has

to be performed w i t h boundary c o n d i t i o n s p r e s c r i b e d on a s u r f a c e
i t s p o s i t i o n during
An

the i t e r a t i o n

changing

process.

a l t e r n a t i v e approach, which c i r c u m v e n t s t h i s problem, c o n s i s t s i n

t r a n s f e r r i n g the matching c o n d i t i o n s
the o u t e r
For

inviscid

t o the body's s u r f a c e by assuming t h a t

f l o w may be c o n t i n u e d

down t o t h e body's s u r f a c e .

t h i n shear l a y e r s the t r u n c a t i o n e r r o r of the T a y l o r

expansion

about t h e p o i n t s on t h e o r i g i n a l matching s u r f a c e i s i n g e n e r a l

small

except

near s e p a r a t i o n . L i g h t h i l l , (1958), showed that such a c o u p l i n g procedure between

the

two f l o w s may be f o r m u l a t e d

t i o n on t h e body's
The

i n terms o f an e q u i v a l e n t

the c l a s s i c a l

the outer

lies

"strong

f l o w problem a t h i g h Reynolds numbers by

inviscid

flow

and t h e boundary l a y e r forms

"weak i n t e r a c t i o n " t h e o r y .

One o f t h e main d i f f i c u l t i e s
theory

on t h e f a c t

encountered i n the a p p l i c a t i o n o f the

t h a t t h e p r o c e d u r e may break down i n r e g i o n s o f

i n t e r a c t i o n " o f t h e boundary l a y e r and t h e i n v i s c i d

near a s e p a r a t i o n p o i n t o r a t t h e t r a i l i n g
In f a c t ,

distribu-

surface.

s o l u t i o n of the viscous

solving iteratively

source

i t might be i m p o s s i b l e

t i o n s beyond s e p a r a t i o n ,

edge

to continue

flow

such as

region.
the boundary l a y e r c a l c u l a -

u s i n g d i r e c t methods i . e . w i t h p r e s c r i b e d

pressure

d i s t r i b u t i o n at the edge o f the

Rigorous
inviscid

layer.

a n a l y s i s o f the l o c a l

interaction

and wedged a i r f o i l

flow i n a r e g i o n of s t r o n g v i s c o u s -

f o r l a m i n a r f l o w s a t the t r a i l i n g

shapes

based

on a s y m p t o t i c

edge o f

theory,have

v a r i o u s a u t h o r s : R i l e y and S t e w a r t s o n , (1969), Brown and

as determined

g i v e n i n those a n a l y s e s . A new
strong

been g i v e n by

Stewartson,

Chow and M e l n i k , (1976). E s t i m a t e s f o r the c o r r e c t i o n due

v i s c o s i t y on the c i r c u l a t i o n

cusped

t o the e f f e c t

method o f g e n e r a l a p p l i c a t i o n i n r e g i o n s o f

1960), and

section l i f t
In

(1981).

a n a l y s i s based on the "weak i n t e r a c t i o n " t h e o r y i s c l a s s i c a l

Thwaites,

i n many, cases

(see

i s capable of p r o v i d i n g p r e d i c t i o n s of

and d r a g f o r c e s w i t h e n g i n e e r i n g a c c u r a c y .

the a p p l i c a t i o n t o p r o p e l l e r d u c t s one

considered.

of

by the K u t t a c o n d i t i o n have been

i n t e r a c t i o n , has been r e c e n t l y proposed by Veldman, (1979),

The

(1970),

such a method has

been

In t h i s r e s p e c t the f o l l o w i n g remarks s h o u l d be made:

- Laminar s e p a r a t i o n phenomena o c c u r s f r e q u e n t l y on p r o p e l l e r d u c t s at
model s c a l e , Dyne
separation

(1977).

bubbles

T h e r e f o r e the treatment

i n the c a l c u l a t i o n method was

of laminar
felt

neces-

sary .
- Due

to o p e r a t i o n requirements

c o n s i d e r a b l y t h i c k round
trailing

edge b l u n t n e s s had

This chapter i s d i v i d e d
flow a n a l y s i s
and

p r o p e l l e r d u c t s have, r a t h e r o f t e n ,

trailing

edges. A c c o r d i n g l y , the e f f e c t s

t o be c o n s i d e r e d .

into three parts.

i s g i v e n and n u m e r i c a l r e s u l t s

In the f i r s t
i n uniform

compared w i t h e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a . In the second

p a r t the

verification

i s supplied. Finally,

flow are p r e s e n t e d

results

in

i n t h e t h i r d p a r t the case o f the duct

the p r e s e n c e

theory.

an a c t u a t o r d i s k r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f the p r o p e l l e r i s used.

are compared w i t h e x p e r i m e n t a l

An attempt

experimental

i s examined i n u n i f o r m flow by means o f p o t e n t i a l

For t h a t purpose
The

potential

p a r t e x t e n s i o n o f the

method t o i n c l u d e the e f f e c t o f v i s c o u s l a y e r s i s g i v e n and

with p r o p e l l e r

of

data.

i s made t o i n c l u d e v i s c o u s e f f e c t s i n the duct

o f the

analysis

propeller.

2.2. POTENTIAL FLOW ANALYSIS

2.2.1. F o r m u l a t i o n of t h e problem and boundary c o n d i t i o n s

We c o n s i d e r the flow o f an i n v i s c i d
i n an onset
The

and i n c o m p r e s s i b l e f l u i d

p a s t a duct

flow.
disturbance potential

s a t i s f i e s Laplace

equation

V<f> = 0.

The

regularity

(2-1)

c o n d i t i o n at i n f i n i t y

it) -* Q

and

at i n f i n i t y

(2-2)

t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n at the impermeable duct s u r f a c e D

m
where denotes the d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o the normal t o the
on
d u c t ' s s u r f a c e taken p o s i t i v e outwards and <|> i s t h e p o t e n t i a l o f t h e onset
flow. For a duct i n uniform

flow with v e l o c i t y

<|> i s s i m p l y t h e p o t e n t i a l o f t h e u n i f o r m
o

<f>
r

= U

U . the u n d i s t u r b e d
o
stream

(2-4)

F o r a duct p l a c e d i n t h e f l o w i n d u c e d by a p r o p e l l e r a d v a n c i n g
speed

<t>
o

potential

with

constant

the p o t e n t i a l <J> i s
o

x+d>
o

(2-5)

i> b e i n g t h e p r o p e l l e r d i s t u r b a n c e p o t e n t i a l which has t o be

P
subject to the correspondent
f o r the p r e s e n t

boundary c o n d i t i o n s and i s assumed t o be known

purposes.

In t h e l i f t i n g

case we are c o n s i d e r i n g , t h e r e i s c i r c u l a t i o n

c o n t o u r e n c i r c l i n g a s e c t i o n o f t h e duct and the p o t e n t i a l

on a s u r f a c e W e x t e n d i n g
( F i g . 2-1).

determined

around a

i s discontinuous

from a l i n e on the d u c t ' s s u r f a c e t o i n f i n i t y

9

The d i s t u r b a n c e
i s given

p o t e n t i a l at a p o i n t P o u t s i d e t h e s u r f a c e s D and W

i n terms o f i t s boundary v a l u e s

(P)

A
^

(Z^L
D+W
8

(Lamb, 1952), by

' i d s + i (c
D+W

3n

where (J) , T T 1 and d> , T T denote the v a l u e s

dn
on
d e r i v a t i v e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y on the o u t e r
andR=|Rj

Equation

p o i n t P and the p o i n t on the

i n (2-6) i s b e i n g

evaluated.

(2-6) g i v e s the r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e p o t e n t i a l i n terms o f

a s o u r c e d i s t r i b u t i o n on the s u r f a c e w i t h
nuity

o f the p o t e n t i a l and i t s normal

and i n n e r s i d e s o f the s u r f a c e s D and W,

i s the d i s t a n c e between the f i e l d

surface where t h e i n t e g r a l

(2-6)

4 7 1

strength a equal

t o the d i s c o n t i -

i n the normal d e r i v a t i v e

3<j)
3n

3<j>
3n

(2-7)

and a d i p o l e d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h
and w i t h

i t s s t r e n g t h y equal

axes d i r e c t e d a l o n g

the normal t o the s u r f a c e

t o the d i s c o n t i n u i t y o f the p o t e n t i a l

(2-8)

With eq. (2-7) and (2-8), eq. (2-6) w r i t e s

(2-9)

D+W

D+W

Uo

Fig.

2.1. Schematic
duct

representation

of the flow past a

propeller

section.
10

By assuming c o n t i n u i t y o f t h e p o t e n t i a l on t h e surface,we o b t a i n a
representation
and

f o r the p o t e n t i a l

i n terms s o l e l y o f t h e s o u r c e d i s t r i b u t i o n

by assuming c o n t i n u i t y o f t h e normal d e r i v a t i v e s on t h e s u r f a c e

obtain

a representation

lifting

i n terms o f a d i p o l e d i s t r i b u t i o n o n l y .

c a s e , f o r which t h e p o t e n t i a l i s d i s c o n t i n u o u s

we

In t h e

the l a t t e r

represen-

t a t i o n o r a c o m b i n a t i o n o f the two as i n (2-6) has t o be adopted.

As s t a t e d
and

inviscid

i n t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n , i n t h e i n t e r a c t i o n between

flow regions,

viscous

t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t e f f e c t s due t o t h e boundary

l a y e r and wake can be r e p r e s e n t e d by a s o u r c e d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h e s u r f a c e s

D and W i n t h e manner s u g g e s t e d by L i g h t h i l l
condition
original

(2-3) s h o u l d then be a p p l i e d
surfaces

(1958). The Neumann boundary

on t h e s u r f a c e

B displaced

from t h e

D and W by t h e boundary l a y e r and wake d i s p l a c e m e n t

thick-

ness.
However, as remarked b e f o r e ,
by

t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n on B can be

t h e Neumann boundary c o n d i t i o n on t h e o r i g i n a l

surface

D+W

s p e c i f y i n g the

v a l u e o f t h e normal d e r i v a t i v e f o r t h e o u t e r p o t e n t i a l a t t h e s u r f a c e .
normal d i s c o n t i n u i t y i s e q u a l t o t h e s o u r c e s t r e n g t h

From (2-7) we

| i _

replaced

The

on t h e s u r f a c e

obtain

= 0

on D ,

(2-11)

s i n c e d> and i t s d e r i v a t i v e s are c o n t i n u o u s on D.

o
U s i n g Green's theorem, we c o n c l u d e from (2-11) t h a t

the p o t e n t i a l i s

c o n s t a n t i n s i d e D:

$ + $

= C

(2-12)

where C i s an a r b i t r a r y c o n s t a n t .

Equation

(2-12) c o n s t i t u t e s

a Dirichlet

i n n e r p o t e n t i a l which may be employed i n s t e a d

boundary c o n d i t i o n

f o r the

o f t h e Neumann c o n d i t i o n

(2-10).

11

As

i n the p r e s e n t

represent

a n a l y s i s the s o u r c e

boundary l a y e r and

d i s t r i b u t i o n i s o n l y used t o

wake d i s p l a c e m e n t

s t r e n g t h f o l l o w s from the shear

thickness e f f e c t s , i t s

l a y e r f l o w s o l u t i o n s . In such c a s e , a p p l i c a -

t i o n o f the boundary c o n d i t i o n s (2-10) o r (2-12) l e a d s to i n t e g r a l

for

Applying
of

equations

the d i p o l e d i s t r i b u t i o n .

the

first

the Neumann c o n d i t i o n (2-10),

a Fredholm i n t e g r a l

equation

kind i s derived
9 (J)

D
W
D+W

^
q

~ 3 ^pH

4 V

a ( q )

D+Ww

^ pI

) d S

(2-13)

where p denotes the p o i n t where the boundary c o n d i t i o n i s s t a t e d and

terms i n the s o u r c e
emphasize the f a c t

d i s t r i b u t i o n have been p l a c e d on t h e r i g h t - h a n d
t h a t they

are c o n s i d e r e d

t o be known.

A l t e r n a t i v e l y , we may d i f f e r e n t i a t e e q u a t i o n
tangent
its

the
side to

(2-12) a l o n g any

direction

t o the s u r f a c e r e q u i r i n g the v e l o c i t y component i n t h a t d i r e c t i o n on

i n n e r s i d e t o v a n i s h . Such c o n d i t i o n i s e x p r e s s e d

by the f o l l o w i n g v e c t o r

equation

n
p

x V (<J> +<J>) = 0
p o

(2-14)

By u s i n g a well-known e q u i v a l e n c e
d i p o l e sheet

and

a vortex

sheet,

l e a d s t o the s u r f a c e v o r t i c i t y
To do t h i s we f i r s t
d i s t r i b u t i o n which, i n any

between the p o t e n t i a l

to a

i t i s u s e f u l to show t h a t e q u a t i o n

f o r m u l a t i o n o f the p o t e n t i a l

evaluate
case,

due

the v e l o c i t y

induced

flow

(2-14)

problem.

by the d i p o l e

i s r e q u i r e d f o r a p p l i c a t i o n of

either

boundary c o n d i t i o n (2-13) o r (2-14).

We

have

P "**>?5-<i>
D+W

d s

=i // ^)v [n^.v
w

where we use Vp to denote the g r a d i e n t w i t h

and

(|)]ds

D+W

r e s p e c t t o the f i e l d

the g r a d i e n t w i t h r e s p e c t t o the c o o r d i n a t e s

(2-15)

^
coordinates

o f the p o i n t q on the

surface.

12

Since
1

V . '
we

obtain

V [n .V (i)]
p

( n

. V

R
) ^

R
n x(V x-3)

For an a r b i t r a r y v e c t o r A the f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n

nx(VxA)

(2-16)

holds

(nxV)xA - (n.V)A - n(V.A)

and (2-16) becomes

Vp[n .V (|)]
q

- ( ^ x V

R
^ n

) x

( i )

(2-17)

To i n t e g r a t e (2-15) by p a r t s we note t h a t
R
y(n
xV J x - =
~q
q
3

(n
-q

and the i n t e g r a l

5
x V )x(y-^-)-(n
q
3
-q

5:
xVy)x-~3

i n (2-15) w r i t e s

1
-r- //
^ D+W

(n

T=
4 7 T

By a v a r i a n t o f S t o k e s '

theorem t h e f i r s t

(2-19) can be t r a n s f o r m e d

D+W

(n
Q

(2-18)

xV
Q

where C i s a c o n t o u r

ti
D+W

"3

x V
Q

5
u x - 7 dS +
R
3

y(q)n V (I)dS.
Q

(2-19)

i n t e g r a l on two r i g h t - h a n d

side of

into

R
)x(y- )dS
R
T

tf

R
d i x p ^
R

e n c l o s i n g the s u r f a c e D+W.

(2-20)

T h i s i n t e g r a l g i v e s the

13

c o n t r i b u t i o n t o the induced v e l o c i t y
D+W.

In the p r e s e n t case
When i d e n t i f y i n g

= -n

the second

by t h e boundary edges o f t h e s u r f a c e

such edges a r e i n e x i s t e n t

and t h e i n t e g r a l

vanishes.

the s t r e n g t h o f t h e v o r t e x sheet y as

x Vy

integral

(2-21)

expresses

the f a m i l i a r

result

o b t a i n a b l e from

Biot-

S a v a r t law.
F i n a l l y , the l a s t i n t e g r a l i n (2-19) v a n i s h e s i n view o f the f a c t t h a t
2 1
V () i s z e r o everywhere except when the p o i n t P c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e p o i n t q.
R
With t h e p r e v i o u s r e s u l t
the f o l l o w i n g i n t e g r a l

(2-19),

(2-20) and (2-21), e q u a t i o n

e q u a t i o n f o r the s u r f a c e v o r t i c i t y

(2-14) y i e l d s

distribution

D+W

"

R"

D+W
(2-22)

F o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the v o r t i c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n ,
resolved into

i t s components

i n a curvilinear

equation

(2-22) must be

c o o r d i n a t e system. We

note,

however, t h a t t h e two components o f t h e s u r f a c e v o r t i c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n a r e

related

through

equation

In axisymmetric
ferential
tial

(2-21).

flow, the d i p o l e s t r e n g t h i s independent

c o o r d i n a t e and t h e s u r f a c e v o r t i c i t y v e c t o r has o n l y

component.

Moreover, the d i p o l e d i s t r i b u t i o n

W which i m p l i e s t h a t no v o r t i c i t y i s shed
Let
and

i s constant

x=x(s) and r = r ( s ) be the p a r a m e t r i c

W r i t i n g y=y(s)i

-0
following integral

-|Y(S)

+ $

circumfereni n the s u r f a c e

i n t o the wake.
equations

o f t h e duct c o n t o u r ,

s t h e a r c l e n g t h measured a n t i - c l o c k w i s e from the t r a i l i n g

a

of the circum-

t a k i n g the c r o s s product

edge, F i g . 2-1.

o f (2-22) by n we o b t a i n the
-p

equation

y ( s ) k ( s , s ')ds'

= f(s)

The k e r n e l k ( s , s ' ) r e p r e s e n t s t h e induced

velocity

(2-23)

tangent

t o the c o n t o u r at

the p o i n t s due t o a r i n g v o r t e x l o c a t e d at s=s' and i s g i v e n by

14

k(s,s')

where u

and

Y
x=x(s),

(x-x

;r,r ') ~

are the a x i a l

and

(x-x ';r , r ' ) | |

radial velocities

induced

(2-24)

at the p o i n t

Y
r = r ( s ) by a v o r t e x r i n g a t x ' = x ( s ' ) ,

The

right-hand side i n equation

f Cs]

||

ds

dx

ds

dr

r'=r(s').

(2-23) i s
$

a(s )T(
s

S /

s')ds'

where T ( s , s ' ) i s a c o u p l i n g f u n c t i o n f o r the s o u r c e

T(s,s')

(x-x' ;r , r ' ) | | -

distribution

v (x-x';r,r')||

induced

Expressions

by a s o u r c e

We

note

and

radial

ring.

f o r the f u n c t i o n s u

, v

y
complete e l l i p t i c

(2-26)

w i t h u ( x - x ' ; r , r ' ) and v ( x - x ' ; r , r ' ) r e s p e c t i v e l y the a x i a l

velocities

(2-25)

, u

, v

a r e g i v e n i n terms of

i n t e g r a l s by Kiichemann and Weber, (1953).

that, a surface v o r t i c i t y

f o r m u l a t i o n c o u l d be used i n combi-

n a t i o n w i t h the Neumann boundary c o n d i t i o n l e a d i n g t o a Fredholm

e q u a t i o n o f the f i r s t

kind. Equations

geous from the p o i n t o f view o f

2.2.2. N u m e r i c a l

Numerical
equation
tric

(2-23) o f the l a s t

The

t h e i r numerical

solution.

f o r i n t e g r a l equations

o f the type

s e c t i o n e i t h e r , f o r two-dimensional

flow problems,have been g i v e n by many

g r e a t m a j o r i t y o f the s o l u t i o n

techniques

method. In the c o l l o c a t i o n method the e q u a t i o n

a d i s c r e t e s e t o f p o i n t s and
number o f knots

advanta-

solution

s o l u t i o n procedures

potential

integral

of second k i n d a r e , however,

system o f e q u a t i o n s

having

equations

axisymme-

authors.
employs a c o l l o c a t i o n

i s only e x a c t l y s a t i s f i e d

the number o f p o i n t s i s chosen e q u a l

employed i n the n u m e r i c a l

i n t e g r a l . For l i n e a r i n t e g r a l

or

of

quadrature

to the

used to approximate

t h i s procedure

leads to a

at

the

linear

as unknowns the v a l u e s of the f u n c t i o n at the

knot

locations.

15

Two

b a s i c approaches

have been f o l l o w e d :

A p p l i c a t i o n o f a t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t o the i n t e g r a t i o n v a r i a b l e , p r i o r t o the
a p p l i c a t i o n of the c o l l o c a t i o n method,or d i r e c t

s o l u t i o n o f the

e q u a t i o n by c o l l o c a t i o n h a v i n g t h e a r c l e n g t h as independent

The
Martensen
belongs
Jacob
ler

o r i g i n a l v e r s i o n of the s u r f a c e v o r t i c i t y method, d e v e l o p e d
(1959), f o r t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l
to the f i r s t

airfoils

c a t e g o r y . The method was

and R i e g e l s (1963), W i l k i n s o n

d u c t s by Lewis and Ryan

All

by

i s o l a t e d or i n cascade,
subsequently

(1967), and o t h e r s and

developed

by

applied to p r o p e l -

(1971).

t h e s e methods make use o f a t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f the a r c l e n g t h i n t o

the p o l a r a n g l e w i t h r e s p e c t t o a p o i n t i n s i d e the c o n t o u r and

trapezoidal
The

original

variable.

i n t e g r a t i o n t o approximate

the

employed

integral.

b a s i c d i f f e r e n c e s between the v a r i o u s methods r e g a r d

b u t i o n o f c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t s and
the g e o m e t r i c a l parameters

o f the

As remarked by W i l k i n s o n
distributions,

the n u m e r i c a l p r o c e d u r e s

used

the

distri-

to e v a l u a t e

contour.

(1967), o r i g i n a l l y

(Jacob and R i e g e l s , 1963),

recommended p i v o t a l p o i n t

i n c l u d e d the t r a i l i n g

edge as a

c o l l o c a t i o n p o i n t and gave u n r e l i a b l e r e s u l t s f o r p r o f i l e s w i t h sharp

ling

edges. The

potential

f l o w problem

i s not u n i q u e l y determined

s a t i s f a c t i o n o f the k i n e m a t i c a l boundary c o n d i t i o n on the c o n t o u r

by

traithe

and

the

c i r c u l a t i o n must be g i v e n t o s p e c i f y the s o l u t i o n . The main d i f f i c u l t y

arose

in

the a p p l i c a t i o n o f the K u t t a c o n d i t i o n i n the t r a n s f o r m e d v a r i a b l e .

Due

to

the p r o p e r t i e s o f the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n at the t r a i l i n g

edge the

implemen-

t a t i o n o f the K u t t a c o n d i t i o n i n the t r a n s f o r m e d v a r i a b l e d i d not imply

l o a d i n g a t a sharp t r a i l i n g

To minimize

edge.

the e r r o r s i n t r o d u c e d by the t r a p e z o i d a l i n t e g r a t i o n s a

"back d i a g o n a l c o r r e c t i o n " was

rendered

n o r m a l l y a p p l i e d t o the o r i g i n a l m a t r i x which

i t singular.

W i l k i n s o n showed t h a t the system

o f e q u a t i o n s a f t e r the a p p l i c a t i o n o f

the K u t t a c o n d i t i o n became i l l - c o n d i t i o n e d
The

zero

problem

has been c i r c u m v e n t e d

at s m a l l e r t r a i l i n g

by a l t e r n a t i v e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s

K u t t a c o n d i t i o n , ( W i l k i n s o n , 1967), and by d i f f e r e n t
l o c a t i o n s , ( L e w i s and

edge

radii.

o f the

choices of p i v o t a l p o i n t

Ryan, 1971).

16

Although
knots

f o r an

t h e s e type o f methods may

"optimum"

r e q u i r e a r a t h e r s m a l l number o f

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n , the main drawback l i e s

i n the

selec-

t i o n o f an adequate t r a n s f o r m a t i o n .

Methods o f the second

v a r i a b l e . They may
the p r o f i l e

contour

approximations
stant

Higher
rity

and

the s u r f a c e s i n g u l a r i t y

discretize

singularity

c a t e g o r y employ the a r c l e n g t h as

d i f f e r on the o r d e r of a p p r o x i m a t i o n

the c o n t o u r by

order approximations,

d i s c r e t i z i n g the c o n t o u r

at c o s t s o f a d d i t i o n a l

e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f s e v e r a l second

approximations

p r o f i l e s . Although

be l i m i t e d

The

and

singularity

different

flows

on

contemplated,they

w i t h the Neumann boundary c o n d i t i o n

function.

t o a comparison w i t h methods o f the f i r s t

In t h i s
category

respect,we
or

results.

second

o r d e r method proposed

by Hess (1973, 1974),

i n connection

i n the p r e s e n t

numeri-

duct i s p a n e l l e d by elements o f p a r a b o l i c shape where v o r t i c i t y i s

distributed

according to a polynomial

f u n c t i o n s have been
The

= Y<

where Y j ^ > Y j
first

i s expanded about

p o i n t o f the element i n the

YjU)

and

0 )

a n <

Yj

f u n c t i o n . Constant,

l i n e a r and

parabo-

used.

vorticity distribution

as the mid

its

with

solution.
The

lic

singula-

distributions,has

f o r two-dimensional

f o r m u l a t i o n s were

w i t h h i s s u r f a c e source p a n e l method has been adopted

cal

the

substantially

o r d e r methods r e l y i n g on v a r i o u s

a boundary c o n d i t i o n i n terms o f the stream

experimental

con-

a n a l y t i c work.

(1979),

surface v o r t i c i t y

have been o n l y examined i n c o m b i n a t i o n

and

order

assume a

and

can reduce

f l o w problem i n c o m b i n a t i o n

o f the c o n t o u r

been r e c e n t l y a s s e s s e d by L a b r u j e r e

will

First

elements and

time by r e d u c i n g the number o f elements r e q u i r e d f o r a

f o r m u l a t i o n s o f the p o t e n t i a l
numerical

discretize

d i s t r i b u t i o n on each element.

p r e s c r i b e d accuracy
The

independent
to

distribution.

straight

d i s t r i b u t i o n s by p o l y n o m i a l s o f h i g h e r degree,

the computation

used

Y^C

a c o n t r o l p o i n t chosen

form

yfh

a r e , r e p e c t i v e l y the s t r e n g t h o f the v o r t e x

h a l f t h e second

(2-27)

sheet,

d e r i v a t i v e s e v a l u a t e d at the c o n t r o l p o i n t j

17

Fig.

2.2. D e f i n i t i o n of a parabolic

and E, i s t h e a r c l e n g t h on t h e element

panel

on the duct's section

contour.

measured from t h e c o n t r o l p o i n t ,

F i g . 2.2.
The v a l u e s o f t h e f i r s t
are obtained

and second d e r i v a t i v e s a t the c o n t r o l p o i n t s

by a d i v i d e d d i f f e r e n c e scheme, as given by Hess and M a r t i n (1974)

We note t h a t when u s i n g such scheme, d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s

i n the v o r t i c i t y

d i s t r i b u t i o n a r e i n t r o d u c e d a t t h e j u n c t i o n p o i n t s between

The p a r a m e t r i c

equations

o f t h e a r c element

admit

elements.

a similar

expansion

2
x _.(;) = x_. +cosct_.5

- C j sina_.5

(^)

(2-30)

= r_. +sina_.

+ c_. c o s o u ?

(2-31)

where ( x ^ , r ^ ) a r e the c o o r d i n a t e s o f t h e c o n t r o l p o i n t , a. i s t h e s l o p e o f
the chord

on t h e element

and c . i s the element

curvature.

18

The

boundary c o n d i t i o n o f z e r o v e l o c i t y

tangent

to t h e c o n t o u r

i n n e r s i d e a p p l i e d a t N c o n t r o l p o i n t s l e a d s t o the l i n e a r

on t h e

system o f

equations

I
j= l
The

(0)
k .Yj
3

f,

i =

1, (1) ,N

(2-32)

m a t r i x o f i n f l u e n c e c o e f f i c i e n t s k.. i s o n l y a f u n c t i o n o f t h e d u c t ' s

geometry and i s g i v e n by

k. . =

h&. + c o s a . X . . + s i n a . Y . .

i = l,(l),N,j

1,(1),N

(2-33)

i s t h e Kronecker d e l t a 6. . = 1 f o r i = j and 6. .=0 f o r

and

Y . are a x i a l

and r a d i a l

induced

v e l o c i t y m a t r i c e s , and f o r t h e i r

e v a l u a t i o n we r e f e r t o Hess and M a r t i n

The
equation

The m a t r i x X. .

right-hand side i n equation

(1974).

(2-32) i s o b t a i n e d by e v a l u a t i n g

(2-25) a t t h e c o n t r o l p o i n t s and i n c l u d e s t h e u n d i s t u r b e d

the d i s t u r b a n c e v e l o c i t y

caused

by t h e boundary l a y e r and wake

t h i c k n e s s e s . The d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e s e v e l o c i t y

fields

f l o w and

displacement

i s the s u b j e c t of

the subsequent s e c t i o n s .

The

computational

advantages o f a c c o u n t i n g

boundary l a y e r on t h e p o t e n t i a l
t o t h e b a s i c onset

f o r the i n f l u e n c e of the

f l o w by an a d d i t i o n a l d i s t u r b a n c e

flow, become e v i d e n t from t h e form o f e q u a t i o n

matrix of i n f l u e n c e c o e f f i c i e n t s k _

velocity
(2-32). The

which depends o n l y on t h e geometry o f

the d u c t , does not need t o be changed i n t h e v i s c o u s - i n v i s c i d

iteration

process.

As a consequence o f t h e non-uniqueness o f t h e p o t e n t i a l
eigen s o l u t i o n s of equation
added t o a p a r t i c u l a r

(2-25) r e p r e s e n t i n g c i r c u l a t o r y

s o l u t i o n without

flow problem

f l o w s may be

a f f e c t i n g t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n on

the s u r f a c e .

19

Strictly

speaking

at i n c r e a s i n g number o f elements the m a t r i x

becomes i l l - c o n d i t i o n e d .
p o s s i b l e through

C l e a r l y any

s o l u t i o n o f t h e system

the d i s c r e t i z a t i o n ,

does n o t ,

Such c o n d i t i o n has

t o be s p e c i f i e d

(2-32),

i n general, s a t i s f y

Kutta-Joukowsky c o n d i t i o n o f smooth flow at the t r a i l i n g

k^
i f made
the

edge.

i n a d d i t i o n t o the system

obtained

from t h e c o l l o c a t i o n method. In the l i t e r a t u r e v a r i o u s implementations

of

the K u t t a c o n d i t i o n have been c o n s i d e r e d . A l s o t h e r e i s c o n s i d e r a b l e freedom i n

the way

the a d d i t i o n a l

c o n d i t i o n s are c o u p l e d

to the e x i s t i n g system o f

equations.

Regarding

the form o f the K u t t a c o n d i t i o n , Mangier and

showed t h a t , f o r sharp

trailing

stagnation streamline

should

the t r a i l i n g
imated,

edge a n g l e .

edges, i n two-dimensional

l e a v e the t r a i l i n g

In f i r s t

f o r example, by e q u a t i n g

c o n t r o l p o i n t s , (Lewis

and

o r d e r methods t h i s c o n d i t i o n can be

edge and

giving

o b v i o u s l y be o f low

approx-

and

Ryan, 1971), o r by computing the v e l o c i t y

t i o n o f the b i s e c t o r . T h i s approach may

trailing

(1969),
flow,the

edge a l o n g the b i s e c t o r t o

the v o r t e x s t r e n g t h o f t h e f i r s t

p o i n t o u t s i d e t h e s u r f a c e c l o s e t o the t r a i l i n g

case o f l o a d e d

Smith

inviscid

last
at a

i t the

accuracy

direc-

i n the

edges. In second o r d e r methods e x t r a p o l a t e d forms o f

t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n t o the t r a i l i n g
improve the p r e d i c t i o n s f o r l o a d e d

edge i t s e l f
trailing

With the i n c r e a s e o f the t r a i l i n g

become p o s s i b l e , which would

edges.

edge r a d i u s t h e s e

forms o f

Kutta

c o n d i t i o n becomes o f q u e s t i o n a b l e a p p l i c a t i o n i n view o f the d i f f i c u l t y

defining

a suitable

discretization
point

" b i s e c t o r " t o the t r a i l i n g

o f the t r a i l i n g

as done by Martensen

edge i t s e l f

(1959) can be

and

edge a n g l e .

Strictly

speaking,

g u l a r p r i o r t o adding
tem

used.

the system o f e q u a t i o n

various choices

s h o u l d be r e n d e r e d

the K u t t a c o n d i t i o n . Martensen

s i n g u l a r i n a l e a s t - s q u a r e s sense.

the s o - c a l l e d

(1959),

makes the

In the method o f Lewis and

"back d i a g o n a l " c o r r e c t i o n

case,

s p e c i f i c a t i o n of s t a g n a t i o n

With r e s p e c t t o the c o u p l i n g t o the system o f e q u a t i o n s

possible.

In such

i s the most o b v i o u s

Ryan

c h o i c e of

k i n g t h e e x i s t i n g system s i n g u l a r , s i n c e i t r e p l a c e s the c o u p l i n g

are
sinsys-

(1971),
ma-

coefficient

i n each column most a f f e c t e d by t r a p e z o i d a l i n t e g r a t i o n e r r o r s by the

needed to'make the sum

of

one

of a l l column elements v a n i s h .

20

In methods which a c c u r a t e l y compute t h e c o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t s such

not unique.

In t h e p r e s e n t method t h e o v e r d e t e r m i n e d

which r e s u l t s
tion,

from adding

t o the o r i g i n a l

an a d d i t i o n a l e q u a t i o n

as t h e e q u a t i o n s

points. Stronger

expressing the Kutta condi-

system, i s s o l v e d by a l e a s t - s q u a r e s method. In t h i s

case t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n i s s a t i s f i e d
of accuracy

choice i s

system o f e q u a t i o n s

only approximately

w i t h t h e same degree

e x p r e s s i n g t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n on t h e c o n t r o l

implementations

which r e s u l t

K u t t a c o n d i t i o n and o n l y a p p r o x i m a t e l y

from s a t i s f y i n g e x a c t l y t h e

the other equations

have been c o n s i d e r -

ed but d i d n o t i n t r o d u c e d i s c e r n a b l e changes i n t o t h e r e s u l t s .

2.2.3.

C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e duct
and

inviscid

approximation

the Kutta c o n d i t i o n .

In t h e v i s c o u s - i n v i s c i d
tial

circulation. First

i t e r a t i o n process, the s o l u t i o n o f the poten-

f l o w problem i s o b t a i n e d by s p e c i f y i n g t h e c i r c u l a t i o n

around t h e d u c t ' s

section.
The

circulation

of the duct's

i s d e f i n e d i n a contour

c o i n c i d i n g with the outer s i d e

contour.

T = (5 Y ( s ) d s

and

(2-34)

i s approximated by
N
r

j=l

g . y .
:

(2-35)

where t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s g^ a r e taken as

g.
j
The

= 25'.
:

(2-36)

c i r c u l a t i o n has t o be determined

trailing

from l o c a l

f l o w c o n d i t i o n s at t h e

edge.

A r i g o r o u s a n a l y s i s o f t h e f l o w on t h e t r a i l i n g

edge i s r a t h e r e l a b o -

r a t e and r e q u i r e s the abandon o f t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l weak i n t e r a c t i o n scheme i n

the neighboorhood o f t h e t r a i l i n g

edge.

A s i m p l e r approach i s based on t h e assumption t h a t f o r n o n - s e p a r a t e d

21

f l o w t h e p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t normal t o t h e s t r e a m l i n e s at t h e t r a i l i n g

edge

l o c a t i o n i s r a t h e r s m a l l and can be n e g l e c t e d . T h i s l e a d s t o t h e e q u a l i t y
of

the p r e s s u r e on the i n n e r and o u t e r s i d e s and can be e x p r e s s e d

by

= C
r

out
P-P
where C=

(2-37)
inn

i s the pressure c o e f f i c i e n t . Equation

(2-37) p r o v i d e s a good

*4p o
approximation
trailing

f o r a cusped t r a i l i n g

edge p a r a l l e l

c u r v a t u r e e f f e c t s become important
accurate

edge where t h e s t r e a m l i n e s l e a v e t h e

t o i t . At i n c r e a s i n g t r a i l i n g

edge angle

and c o n d i t i o n (2-37) i s i n p r i n c i p l e

less

(see Thwaites , 1960).

For separated

f l o w at t h e t r a i l i n g

under t h e assumptions o f f i r s t

edge,Thwaites

dary l a y e r

i s taken

at t h e boun-

s e p a r a t i o n p o i n t s on t h e o u t e r and i n n e r s u r f a c e s :

(1960) shows t h a t ,

o r d e r boundary l a y e r t h e o r y , a s i m i l a r

c o n d i t i o n t o (2-37) h o l d s , p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e p r e s s u r e

( c

streamline

out

= ( C

'inn

38

<" >

P
-p
*sep o
with C

=
P

and p
*PU

b e i n g t h e p r e s s u r e at s e p a r a t i o n .

Equation

(2-38) may be used

t o determine t h e p o t e n t i a l

when t h e l o c a t i o n s o f t h e s e p a r a t i o n p o i n t s are known from

the v i s c o u s - i n v i s c i d
i n t o the p o t e n t i a l

i n t e r a c t i o n , equation

flow s o l u t i o n .

flow

experiment. In

(2-38) i s not d i r e c t l y

I t i s , however, s a t i s f i e d

solution

implemented

i n t h e converged

s o l u t i o n by p r e s c r i b i n g t h e sequence o f c i r c u l a t i o n Y a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
n
r e l a x a t i o n f o r m u l a , (Dvorak e t a l , 1979).

r ,. = r + p[ (c
n+l

where t h e r e l a x a t i o n

To

start

p
r

out
sep

-(c

p
r

).

inn
sep

1 ,

'

factor >
f has a v a l u e comprised

the i t e r a t i o n

are not known t h e f i r s t

between 0.1

and

(2-39)
'

0.3.

and i f t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e s e p a r a t i o n p o i n t s

i n v i s c i d approximation

the c l a s s i c a l K u t t a c o n d i t i o n . F o r a sharp

i s c o n s i d e r e d t o conform w i t h

trailing

edge t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f

22

infinite

v e l o c i t i e s at the t r a i l i n g

that the s t a g n a t i o n s t r e a m l i n e
between the t a n g e n t s
et

al,

edge has t o be p r e c l u d e d . T h i s i m p l i e s

leaves the t r a i l i n g

1969 ). By a p p l y i n g B e r n o u l l i

i n n e r s u r f a c e s , i t i s seen
streamline

inviscid

(2-37) i m p l i e s t h e s t a g n a t i o n

edge i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e b i s e c t o r t o

edge a n g l e . T h i s form o f t r a i l i n g

a n a l y s i s o f Mangier e t a l (1969),

vorticity

(Mangier

e q u a t i o n t o the f l o w s on t h e o u t e r and

that equation

to leave the t r a i l i n g

the t r a i l i n g

edge w i t h a d i r e c t i o n

t o t h e o u t e r and i n n e r s u r f a c e s o f t h e d u c t ,

edge c o n d i t i o n , which i n t h e

i m p l i e s the i n e x i s t e n c e of

i n the wake, i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e more g e n e r a l form

of t r a i l i n g

edge c o n d i t i o n (2-38), which i n t h e v i s c o u s f l o w a n a l y s i s i m p l i e s a z e r o

net d i s c h a r g e o f v o r t i c i t y
F o r a round
cannot

trailing

i n t o t h e wake.
edge t h e p r e v i o u s form o f t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n

be a p p l i e d . We s i m p l y

specify

the p o s i t i o n o f t h e t r a i l i n g

edge

stagnation point.
To i l l u s t r a t e

the a p p l i c a t i o n of t h i s l a t t e r

form o f t h e t r a i l i n g

c o n d i t i o n and t o examine the s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e r e s u l t s

choice of the s t a g n a t i o n p o i n t , p o t e n t i a l

edge

to the p a r t i c u l a r

flow c a l c u l a t i o n s

in

uniform

flow

have been c a r r i e d out f o r two d u c t s .

The f i r s t
The duct

duct

duct p r o f i l e
Gibson's

and t h e computed p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n

(1972) t h e o r e t i c a l

and h i s e x p e r i m e n t a l
calculation
as

i s t h e duct NSMB 19A w i t h l e n g t h - d i a m e t e r

s e c t i o n geometry i s g i v e n by Van Manen and O o s t e r v e l d

r e s u l t s w i t h another

r a t i o o f 0.5.
(1966). The

a r e shown i n F i g . 2-3.

surface v o r t i c i t y

method

r e s u l t s a r e a l s o shown i n F i g . 2.3. H i s t h e o r e t i c a l

r e s u l t s c o r r e c t e d f o r tunnel wall i n t e r f e r e n c e are included

well.

The p r e s e n t
contour

c a l c u l a t i o n s have been performed

and t h e s t a g n a t i o n p o i n t a t t h e t r a i l i n g

w i t h 44 elements on t h e

edge i s l o c a t e d a t t h e

i n t e r s e c t i o n p o i n t between t h e b i s e c t o r t o t h e angle
o u t e r s u r f a c e s and t h e t r a i l i n g

edge c i r c u l a r

formed by t h e i n n e r and

arc f a i r i n g .

I t can be seen t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e two c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e ,

i n t h i s case,marginal
different
satisfy

except

near t h e t r a i l i n g

f a i r i n g procedures.

approximately

equation

edge presumably due t o

I t s h o u l d be n o t e d

that both

calculations

(2-37) a t t h e p r e s s u r e minima a t t h e t r a i l i n g

edge i m p l y i n g a z e r o load i n t h e t r a i l i n g

edge r e g i o n .

23

Fig.

2-3. Pressure

The comparison w i t h

distribution

experiment i s poor on t h e o u t e r

o c c u r r e n c e of l e a d i n g edge l a m i n a r
ment. The c i r c u l a t i o n

on duct NSMB 19A in uniform

flow.

s u r f a c e due t o t h e

s e p a r a t i o n f o l l o w e d by t u r b u l e n t

i s a l s o n o t w e l l p r e d i c t e d by the t r a i l i n g

t i o n and t h i s i s the cause f o r t h e d i s c r e p a n c y

of the pressure

reattach-

edge

condi-

l e v e l on t h e

inner side.
The s e n s i t i v i t y of t h e c a l c u l a t i o n t o the p o s i t i o n o f t h e s t a g n a t i o n
p o i n t on the t r a i l i n g
duct

edge has been i n v e s t i g a t e d on the duct

has a l e n g t h d i a m e t e r r a t i o o f 0.50

improve a s t e r n o p e r a t i o n , O o s t e r v e l d

and a b l u n t

trailing

NSMB 37.

This

edge t o

(1971).

24

The

r e s u l t s a r e shown i n F i g . 2-4 and d e p i c t an enormous change o f

the duct c i r c u l a t i o n w i t h s m a l l v a r i a t i o n s o f t h e s t a g n a t i o n p o i n t

Fig.

2-4. Effect

of the location

on the pressure

2.3.

edge stagnation

point

on duct NSMB 37.

CALCULATION OF THE DUCT VISCOUS LAYERS

In

this

s e c t i o n we w i l l

r e f e r t o t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e boundary

on the duct s u r f a c e i n axisymmetric

Starting
boundary l a y e r
due

of t r a i l i n g

distribution

location.

steady

layers

flow.

from t h e s t a g n a t i o n p o i n t on the d u c t ' s nose the l a m i n a r

i s c a l c u l a t e d by t h e axisymmetric

to Rott andCrabtree,

v e r s i o n o f T h w a i t e s ' method,

(see Rosenhead, 1963).

25

The

method g i v e s the momentum t h i c k n e s s

at the edge o f the boundary l a y e r

i n terms

2 5
r V ds

0.45

(2-40)

where V i s the k i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y
the c o n t o u r
The

from

and

s i s the a r c l e n g t h measured

C u r i e and

Skan m o d i f i c a t i o n s t o the o r i g i n a l Thwaites

f u n c t i o n s f o r t h e shape f a c t o r and s k i n f r i c t i o n

until

along

the s t a g n a t i o n p o i n t .

n a l f l o w s have been adopted.

persued

of the v e l o c i t y

by

The

suggested

universal

f o r two-dimensio-

l a m i n a r boundary l a y e r c a l c u l a t i o n i s

the o c c u r r e n c e o f l a m i n a r s e p a r a t i o n o r the o n s e t o f

transition

is predicted.
The

criterion

f o r l a m i n a r s e p a r a t i o n has been kept

dv

t o a v a l u e o f the

p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t parameter m = . e q u a l t o -0.09.
ds y
At p r e s e n t no e x p e r i m e n t a l
layer

d a t a on n a t u r a l t r a n s i t i o n o f the boundary

flow on p r o p e l l e r d u c t s i s a v a i l a b l e . On b o d i e s o f r e v o l u t i o n i n axisym-

m e t r i c f l o w v a r i o u s methods have been a s s e s s e d by Kaups (1974). The

o f M i c h e l , (1951)and G r a n v i l l e
The

method o f M i c h e l has

by Kaups. The

(1953) have been used

been used

constants appearing

f o r each s u r f a c e on the duct

t i o n s performed

i n i t s transformed

v e r s i o n as recommended

i n Mangier's t r a n s f o r m a t i o n have been s e t

e q u a l t o the c o r r e s p o n d e n t

mean r a d i u s . C a l c u l a -

on the duct NSMB 37 have shown t h a t the i n f l u e n c e o f c h o i c e

o f the c o n s t a n t on the M a n g i e r ' s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n on the t r a n s i t i o n

is

methods

i n the p r e s e n t work.

small. Experimental

prediction

c o n f i r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g the adequacy o f the p r e v i o u s

methods f o r the p r e d i c t i o n o f t r a n s i t i o n on d u c t s has not been g a t h e r e d

this

I f l a m i n a r s e p a r a t i o n i s p r e d i c t e d b e f o r e t r a n s i t i o n the
o f the l a m i n a r s e p a r a t i o n bubble
lent

in

study.

reattachment
The

and

calculation

the p r e d i c t i o n o f the e v e n t u a l

turbu-

c o n d i t i o n s are performed.

c a l c u l a t i o n of the l a m i n a r p a r t o f the s e p a r a t i o n bubble

a c c o r d i n g t o the method proposed

by Van

use o f an i n v e r s e v e r s i o n o f Thwaites

Ingen,(1975) . The

i n t e g r a l method. The

b u t i o n i s not p r e s c r i b e d a f t e r s e p a r a t i o n but
s t r e a m l i n e i s g i v e n i n s t e a d . In the p r e s e n t

i s done

c a l c u l a t i o n makes
pressure

distri-

the shape o f the s e p a r a t i o n

calculations

the s e p a r a t i o n

26

s t r e a m l i n e i s assumed t o be a s t r a i g h t
surface

g i v e n by t h e e m p i r i c a l

tany

l i n e making an a n g l e y w i t h t h e

r e l a t i o n used by Oskam, (1979),

15

(2-41)

sep

V
where R,
'6

i s t h e Reynolds number based on t h e momentum t h i c k n e s s

sep
at s e p a r a t i o n .

The s o l u t i o n y i e l d s t h e r e v e r s e d boundary l a y e r

parameters i n a d d i t i o n
ted

flow i n t e g r a l

t o t h e p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n , and i s t e r m i n a -

i f t r a n s i t i o n i s predicted.

A first

approximation to the p o s i t i o n of

t r a n s i t i o n on t h e bubble may be found by u s i n g the t r a n s i t i o n c r i t e r i o n .

s. - s
tr sep

3.6xl0

(2-42)

8
0

sep
The

sep

c r i t e r i o n used f o r t h e p r e d i c t i o n

i n t e r s e c t i o n between t h e S t r a t f o r d ' s
distribution

o f reattachment was g i v e n by t h e

zero skin

friction

l i m i t i n g pressure

and t h e i n v i s c i d p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n .

This s i m p l e c r i t e r i o n has g i v e n r e a s o n a b l e p r e d i c t i o n s
of t h e s e p a r a t i o n
(1975) and Oskam

The

bubble i n some o f t h e c a s e s i n v e s t i g a t e d

by Van Ingen,

(1979).

turbulent

boundary l a y e r c a l c u l a t i o n i s performed u s i n g t h e i n t e -

g r a l method o f Head and P a t e l ,

This

of the length

(1968).

method i s based on t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e momentum i n t e g r a l

t o g e t h e r w i t h an e q u a t i o n f o r t h e e n t r a i n m e n t r a t e
w i t h a l l o w a n c e f o r d e p a r t u r e from e q u i l i b r i u m

o f t h e boundary

conditions

rather

layer

and an a u x i l i a r l y

e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e s k i n f r i c t i o n . The Cumpsty-Head s k i n f r i c t i o n
g i v e n by Head and P a t e l

equation

f o r m u l a as

(1968) has been used. The method has p r o v e d t o make

accurate predictions

o f t h e boundary l a y e r i n t e g r a l parameters i n two-

d i m e n s i o n a l f l o w s f o r a wide v a r i e t y o f p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s .
The

turbulent

boundary l a y e r c a l c u l a t i o n i s s t a r t e d

u s i n g t h e momentum

t h i c k n e s s at t r a n s i t i o n o b t a i n e d from t h e l a m i n a r boundary l a y e r
and

an e m p i r i c a l

i f natural

calculation

r e l a t i o n f o r t h e shape f a c t o r g i v e n by Dvorak e t a l (1979),

t r a n s i t i o n has been

predicted.

27

2.4.

VISCOUS-INVISCID COUPLING

As mentioned b e f o r e the c o u p l i n g o f the v i s c o u s and

is effected,
source

i n what concerns

the p o t e n t i a l

inviscid

calculations

f l o w c a l c u l a t i o n , by a s u r f a c e

d i s t r i b u t i o n r e p r e s e n t i n g the boundary l a y e r d i s p l a c e m e n t

With r e s p e c t t o the boundary l a y e r c a l c u l a t i o n the c o u p l i n g

potential

f l o w i s r e a l i z e d by u s i n g on each i t e r a t i o n

at the edge of the boundary l a y e r an updated i n v i s c i d

evaluated

from the p r e v i o u s p o t e n t i a l

effect.

w i t h the

as boundary c o n d i t i o n
velocity

distribution

f l o w s o l u t i o n a t the d u c t ' s

surface.

From each s o l u t i o n o f the boundary l a y e r f l o w the l o c a t i o n o f

s e p a r a t i o n p o i n t s on the o u t e r
and

the p r e s s u r e c o e f f i c i e n t

correspondent

and

i n n e r s u r f a c e s o f the duct

are

the

obtained

at the s e p a r a t i o n p o i n t s f o l l o w s from

i n v i s c i d pressure

outer

the

distribution.

In a d d i t i o n , from the boundary l a y e r d i s p l a c e m e n t

s t r e n g t h o f the e q u i v a l e n t s o u r c e

t h i c k n e s s , the

d i s t r i b u t i o n can be c a l c u l a t e d , as we w i l l ex-

p l a i n i n s h o r t , a f t e r . The subsequent p o t e n t i a l flow c a l c u l a t i o n i s performed w i t h

an onset f l o w a c c o r d i n g t o e q u a t i o n (2-25) and the c i r c u l a t i o n g i v e n by e q u a t i o n
(2-39).
In the p r e s e n t a n a l y s i s o f the e f f e c t o f d i s p l a c e m e n t
potential

the

f l o w the f o l l o w i n g assumptions have been made:

- Wake d i s p l a c e m e n t

e f f e c t s have been n e g l e c t e d .

l a y e r c a l c u l a t i o n s s h o u l d be p r o l o n g e d
e f f e c t s c o u l d then be r e p r e s e n t e d
l o c a t e d on the wake's c e n t r e
- The

t h i c k n e s s on

displacement

effects

In p r i n c i p l e , t h e

i n t o the wake. The

wake

f o r a t h i n wake by a s o u r c e

viscous
displacement

distribution

line.

of eventual

laminar

s e p a r a t i o n bubbles

have been

disregarded.
This

last

displacement

assumption may

seem r a t h e r crude

i n view o f l o c a l v a l u e s o f the

t h i c k n e s s on a s e p a r a t i o n b u b b l e which can be one o r d e r o f mag-

n i t u d e l a r g e r than
However, f o r not

the d i s p l a c e m e n t

too l o n g b u b b l e s ,

dipole character, i s primarily

t h i c k n e s s o f the a t t a c h e d boundary

layers.

the p o t e n t i a l d i s t u r b a n c e , which has

localized

and

has,

i n general, a small

on the p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h e flow r e g i o n s f a r from the

effect

separated

region.
Yet,

i t i s c o n c e i v a b l e t h a t , b e s i d e s b e a r i n g a l a r g e i n f l u e n c e on

p r e d i c t i o n of the bubble e x t e n t

and

the development o f the r e a t t a c h e d

l e n t boundary l a y e r , the d i s t u r b a n c e on the p o t e n t i a l

flow caused

by

the

turbu-

the
28

bubble may i n f l u e n c e t h e p r e d i c t i o n o f t h e l o c a t i o n o f l a m i n a r
itself.

In many s i t u a t i o n s l a m i n a r

i n v a r i a b l y on a r e l a t i v e l y
in

the f i r s t

sharp p r e s s u r e peak a t t h e l e a d i n g edge and i s

p l a c e determined

We note
crucial

by the nose geometry.

t h a t t h e c o r r e c t p r e d i c t i o n o f t h e l e n g t h o f t h e bubble may be

f o r the p r e d i c t i o n of the l i f t

t u r b u l e n t s e p a r a t i o n at the t r a i l i n g

According to L i g h t h i l l ,
axisymmetric

0(S)

separation

s e p a r a t i o n on t h e l e a d i n g edge o c c u r s

on t h e s e c t i o n but i t s e f f e c t on t h e

edge

(1958),the

may

be l e s s

source

critical.

strength per unit

area f o r

flow i s

= J

|g

<V

r 6 * )

where 6* i s t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t

(2-43)

t h i c k n e s s d e f i n e d by

oo

<5* =

(l-^)dz

(2-44)

w i t h u t h e streamwise v e l o c i t y

i n t h e boundary l a y e r , and z t h e c o o r d i n a t e

normal t o t h e s u r f a c e .

W i t h i n the p r e s e n t
s e n t i n g t h e induced

d i s c r e t i z a t i o n o f the contour,the

velocity

due t o t h e s o u r c e

integral

distribution

repre-

i n equation

(2-26) , e v a l u a t e d a t t h e c o n t r o l p o i n t i , i s

6o{s' ) T ( s , s ' ) d s '

S
'

N
E (cosct. U . . + s i n c t .
j= l
^3
i i

where t h e c o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t s U j . and
ties
The

induced

V..)

(2-45)

give the a x i a l

and r a d i a l

veloci-

a t t h e c o n t r o l p o i n t i by t h e s o u r c e d i s t r i b u t i o n on p a n e l j .

e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e c o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t s U.. and V.. has been g i v e n by

Hess and M a r t i n ,

(1974),

f o r constant,

linear

and p a r a b o l i c s o u r c e

distribu-

t i o n s on a p a n e l .

In t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e s o u r c e
pivotal point locations,
equation

spline

s t r e n g t h and i t s d e r i v a t i v e s a t t h e

f u n c t i o n s a r e used. The f u n c t i o n (Vr6*) i n

(2-43) i s approximated by weighted l e a s t

a c h i e v e v a r i o u s degrees o f smoothing i n d i f f e r e n t
suggested

by Oskam,

squares

cubic splines to

flow r e g i o n s , i n t h e manner

(1979).
29

This procedure

i s used

t o e l i m i n a t e the sudden v a r i a t i o n s o f the

s o u r c e s t r e n g t h a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the sharp v a r i a t i o n s o f d i s p l a c e m e n t
ness caused
or

by m o d e l l i n g

the reattachment
In

d e f i c i e n c y o f the p r o c e s s e s of n a t u r a l

of separated t u r b u l e n t l a y e r s .

the same way,

the d i s p l a c e m e n t

e f f e c t o f s e p a r a t i o n bubbles

been t r e a t e d , by p r o v i d i n g a smooth c o n n e c t i o n between the

t h i c k n e s s at s e p a r a t i o n and

2.5.

thick-

transition

have

displacement

reattachment.

RESULTS IN UNIFORM FLOW AND

COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENT

To a s s e s s the c a p a b i l i t i e s o f the method d e s c r i b e d i n the p r e v i o u s

s e c t i o n s a s e t o f c a l c u l a t i o n s were c a r r i e d out f o r the duct NSMB 37 i n
uniform a x i a l
S e c t i o n 2.2,
of

f l o w and compared w i t h e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a . As noted

t h i s duct has

a rather blunt t r a i l i n g

inviscid calculations suffers

from

A duct model w i t h 20 cm d i a m e t e r was

Tunnel o f the NSMB, at t h r e e d i f f e r e n t
The

experiments

comprised

duct s e c t i o n and the v e l o c i t y

edge and

a l a r g e degree

tested

Reynolds

the

before i n
accuracy

of u n c e r t a i n t y .

i n the L a r g e

Cavitation

numbers.

the measurement o f the f o r c e s a c t i n g on a

field

around

the d u c t .

F o r the e x p e r i m e n t a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the f o r c e s a c t i n g on the

the t o t a l

drag f o r c e and

the f o r c e i n c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l d i r e c t i o n

section

a c t i n g on a

m e r i d i o n a l cut o f the duct have been measured.

axial

and

radial velocity

upstream i n s i d e

The

and

downstream of the duct have been measured w i t h the NSMB

Laser-Doppler

components at v a r i o u s a x i a l

v e l o c i m e t e r wake f i e l d

A s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n of the t e s t
techniques

The

scanner.
arrangement and

employed, i s g i v e n i n the Appendix

the

experimental

1.

c h a r a c t e r o f the boundary l a y e r on the duct model has

i n v e s t i g a t e d at the same Reynolds

locations

a l s o been

numbers i n the Deep Water B a s i n by

paint

tests.
The

t e s t s a p p l y a s i m i l a r t e c h n i q u e t o the one

boundary l a y e r on p r o p e l l e r models, K u i p e r

The p a i n t

used

to i n v e s t i g a t e

the

(1981).

t e s t s were run i n the deep water b a s i n at the advance speeds

30

1.25,

2.50

and

3.75

m/s

c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o Reynolds numbers based on the

5
5
5
, Re =2.20x10
and Re =3.29x10 .

l e n g t h r e s p e c t i v e l y o f Re =l.10x10
c

The
paint
all

speed o f 3.75

these F i g u r e s the u n d i s t u r b e d

the o b s e r v e d

Fig.

2-5.

limiting
m/s

s t r e a m l i n e s by

on F i g u r e s 2-5

stream i s from l e f t

to

Paint

pattern

on

outer

surface

of duct

Leading

in Fig.

2-9.

Fig.

2-6.

the
37.

edge region.

The

occurrence

t o 2-8,

pattern

on

outer

surface

of duct 37.

Re

are

suggested

Faint

edge

the

region.

=3.29xlO .

In the same f i g u r e the l o c a t i o n s of the r e f e r e n c e s t r i p s ,

d i s c e r n e d i n F i g s . 2-5

In

right.

Trailing

Re =3.29xl0 .
c

the

to 2.8.

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f the boundary l a y e r c h a r a c t e r

paint patterns i s given

duct's

r e s u l t s o f the v i s u a l i z a t i o n o f the

are shown f o r t h e h i g h e s t

A schematic
by

which may

be

given.

o f a s e p a r a t i o n b u b b l e on the o u t e r s u r f a c e i s c l e a r l y

31

Fig.

2-7. Faint
region.

pattern

on the inner

surface

of duct 37. Leading

edge

Re =3.29x10^.

32

LEAPW6
'LAMINAR

EDGE
SEPARATION

TURBULENT
OUTER

e v i d e n c e d i n F i g . 2-5
lent

separation

o c c u r s near the

t h a t both p a t t e r n s
l e a d i n g to the

where a r e g i o n

of low

and

component on

downwards at the

2-8

skin f r i c t i o n

trailing

trailing

have been s t r o n g l y

transverse

accumulation of paint
F i g s . 2-7

of r e v e r s e d

L A M I N A R OR T U R B U L E N T
INNER S U R F A C E

flow

i s t o be

SEPARATION

SURFACE

SEPARATION

seen. T u r b u -

edge as shown i n F i g . 2-6.

i n f l u e n c e d by
the

paint

trailing

We

gravity force effects

streaks

i n F i g . 2-5

and

a clear separation

edge at about x/c=0.82. Whether the

at x/c=0.40 f o r m i n g a s e p a r a t i o n

line

region
at

l a m i n a r boundary l a y e r

bubble i s not

the

edge.

show a l a m i n a r boundary l a y e r a p p r o a c h i n g a

at about x/c=0.40 and

note

c l e a r from the

the

separates

paint

patterns.
From the p a i n t
Reynolds e f f e c t has

t e s t s c a r r i e d out

at the

two

other

l o c a t i o n s o f l e a d i n g edge l a m i n a r s e p a r a t i o n o r t r a i l i n g
Yet,

the p r e c i s e streamwise e x t e n t

t i o n b u b b l e s on
paint

the o u t e r

t e s t s i n any

of the

surface
test

reveal that

significant

of the

c o u l d not

be

edge

separation.

l e a d i n g edge l a m i n a r
clearly

e s t a b l i s h e d by

separathe

conditions.

T h e o r e t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s and
1975),

speeds,no

been found on the p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s and t h e r e f o r e on the

other

experimental studies

the Reynolds number has

(Van

a marked e f f e c t on the

Ingen,
extent

of

33

the bubble
l a y e r and

The

by

i n f l u e n c i n g the o n s e t o f t r a n s i t i o n on the s e p a r a t e d

therefore determining

theoretical

the reattachment

shear

location.

c a l c u l a t i o n s have been performed

f o r the t h r e e

diffe-

r e n t Reynolds numbers c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o the t e s t c o n d i t i o n s .

The

computed p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s

are g i v e n i n F i g . 2-10

w i t h the i n d i c a t i o n o f the p r e d i c t e d l o c a t i o n o f s e p a r a t i o n and

p o i n t s o f the c o r r e s p o n d e n t
The

reattachment

layers.

d i f f e r e n c e s between the p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s on the i n n e r s u r f a c e

are v e r y s m a l l . On
bubble

boundary

together

the o u t e r s u r f a c e the e x t e n t o f the l a m i n a r s e p a r a t i o n

c o n s i d e r a b l y d e c r e a s e s w i t h the i n c r e a s e o f Reynolds number.

Fig.

2-10. Computed pressure

Trailing

distributions

edge laminar

separation

on duct 37 in uniform
on the inner

flow.

surface.
34

In

o r d e r t o i n v e s t i g a t e the e f f e c t

t i o n on the duct

of t r a i l i n g

edge t u r b u l e n t s e p a r a -

l o a d i n g the c a l c u l a t i o n s have been c a r r i e d out

with

" s t i m u l a t e d " t r a n s i t i o n assumed t o take p l a c e at x/c=0.39 on the i n n e r s u r f a c e o f the d u c t . The

Fig.

results

are shown i n F i g .

2-11. Computed pressure

flow.

Trailing

2-11.

distributions

on duet 37 in

edge turbulent

separation

uniform-

on the

inner

surface.

In
shifted
cases

t h i s case s e p a r a t i o n from

the t r a i l i n g

t o x/c=0.96 s t a y i n g , however, independent

o f Reynolds number f o r the

considered.
Comparison o f the r e s u l t s o f F i g s . 2-10

effect

edge on the i n n e r s u r f a c e i s

on the duct

surface. Although

l o a d i n g due

and 2-11

reveals a considerable

t o the " t u r b u l e n c e s t i m u l a t i o n " on the i n n e r

t h e change o f c h a r a c t e r o f the i n n e r boundary l a y e r

ences the p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n on the o u t e r s u r f a c e , the e x t e n t o f

s e p a r a t i o n bubbles

i s not

t i o n o f reattachment

significantly

with reasonable

changed. We

accuracy

note

t h a t the

influ-

the

determina-

i n the p r e s e n t c a l c u l a t i o n s i s

impaired

by t h e q u a s i

representing
and

parallel

c o u r s e n e a r reattachment o f t h e c u r v e s

the S t r a t f o r d recovery

the " i n v i s c i d " p r e s s u r e

The duct s e c t i o n l i f t
circumferential

f o r the separated

shear l a y e r

distribution.

c o e f f i c i e n t s obtained

f o r c e on the d u c t ' s m e r i d i o n a l

e f f e c t o f the r a d i a l p r e s s u r e

from the measurement o f t h e

cut are given

The measurements o f c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l f o r c e i n c l u d e d

surfaces,

turbulent

not o n l y

i n F i g . 2-12.
the i n t e g r a t e d

f o r c e s a c t i n g on the d u c t ' s i n n e r and

but a l s o the f o r c e component due t o the p r e s s u r e

outer

f o r c e s a c t i n g on

the duct s e c t i o n s on the c u t , ( s e e Appendix 1 ) .

A radial

force coefficient

i s defined

as

R
F

= 2S
i

22

^PU R
Q

where F

Fig.

i s the r a d i a l

2-12. Effect
section

f o r c e a c t i n g on the duct p e r u n i t

of Reynolds
lift

radian,

number on measured and calculated

coefficients.

Duct 37 in uniform

duct

flow.
36

CALCULATED
_ LAMINAR

0.3

"INNER

SEPARATION

SURFACE

TURBULENT
"INNER

0.2

SEPARATION

SURFACE

MEASURED
CAVITATION

0.1

Fig.

I
10.

2-13. Effect

L_
20.

c
L

equivalent

number on the duet's

duct 37 in uniform

two-dimensional l i f t

coefficient

We

10"

section

drag

i s defined

by

was

the experiment r e s u l t s the duct

c o r r e c t e d f o r the e f f e c t

o f the d u c t ' s
on

section

finite thick-

the c u t between the

outer

surfaces.
note the remarkable e f f e c t

o f the Reynolds number on

changes s i g n i n the range o f speeds c o n s i d e r e d .

the l i f t

T h i s e f f e c t has

both f o r the measurements performed i n the deep water b a s i n and

c a v i t a t i o n t u n n e l , though a c l e a r s h i f t
The

flow.

coefficient

ness by assuming a l i n e a r v a r i a t i o n o f p r e s s u r e
inner

length.

To e n a b l e the comparison w i t h

and

Re

- ifa/c
2 c
^R

where c i s the duct

lift

60

50.

30.

of Reynolds

coefficient,

An

TUNNEL

c a l c u l a t e d r e s u l t s with

between t h e two

lift

been found
i n the

curves

assumed t u r b u l e n t s e p a r a t i o n on

t r a i l i n g edge seem t o c o r r e l a t e r e a s o n a b l y

with

s u r f a c e f o r the t e s t s i n t h e c a v i t a t i o n t u n n e l has
i n t h i s respect

can be

i s found.
the

the measurements i n the

c a v i t a t i o n t u n n e l . However, the c h a r a c t e r o f t h e boundary l a y e r on

no d e f i n i t e c o n c l u s i o n s

which

the

not been e s t a b l i s h e d

inner
and

drawn.

37

The

paint tests

i n t h e Deep Water B a s i n i n d i c a t e d t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f

s e p a r a t i o n at a t r a i l i n g

edge l o c a t i o n which c o r r e l a t e d

t h e o r e t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n s of t r a i l i n g
d i s c r e p a n c i e s a r e found

r a t h e r w e l l with the

edge l a m i n a r s e p a r a t i o n . Y e t , c o n s i d e r a b l e

i n the l i f t

c o e f f i c i e n t . A p o s s i b l e reason

f o r such

d i s c r e p a n c i e s may l i e on t h e d i f f e r e n c e s on t h e e x t e n t o f t h e l a m i n a r
s e p a r a t i o n bubbles
cal

lift

curves

The
2-14

which a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e h i g h s l o p e o f t h e t h e o r e t i -

a t t h e lowest

results

f o r the v e l o c i t y

field

around t h e duct a r e shown i n F i g s .

t o 2-17.
F o r t h e purposes

inviscid

approximation

out u s i n g a t r a i l i n g
at

Reynolds number.

o f comparison,

the v e l o c i t i e s

c a l c u l a t e d with the f i r s t

a r e i n c l u d e d . These c a l c u l a t i o n s have been

edge c o n d i t i o n o f e q u a l p r e s s u r e ,

t h e p r e s s u r e minima on t h e t r a i l i n g

carried

( s e e eq. 2-37), a p p l i e d

edge. I t has been found

from the

p a i n t t e s t s t h a t t h e l o c a t i o n o f t u r b u l e n t s e p a r a t i o n on the o u t e r s u r f a c e
and

l a m i n a r s e p a r a t i o n on t h e i n n e r s u r f a c e c o r r e l a t e d r a t h e r w e l l w i t h

l o c a t i o n o f t h e p r e s s u r e minima o f t h e f i r s t
at

the t r a i l i n g
The

i n v i s c i d pressure

r e s u l t s o f t h e v i s c o u s f l o w a n a l y s i s show a s a t i s f a c t o r y

w i t h the experiments

except

velocity profiles

agreement

i n s i d e t h e boundary l a y e r and wake. The agreement

i n s i d e t h e duct i s p a r t i c u l a r l y

good. No attempt

has been made t o c a l c u l a t e

i n s i d e t h e boundary l a y e r s and wake and t h e r e f o r e the p r e -

sent comparison i s o n l y m e a n i n g f u l i n the o u t e r p o t e n t i a l

Because o f t h e n e g l e c t i o n o f t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t
bubbles,

distribution

edge.

the c a l c u l a t e d p o t e n t i a l

flow r e g i o n s .

e f f e c t s of the s e p a r a t i o n

flow v e l o c i t i e s do n o t agree w i t h t h e

measurements on t h e o u t e r s u r f a c e i n t h e l e a d i n g edge r e g i o n . However, t h e

agreement o b t a i n e d downstream o f reattachment
of

such

2.6.

suggests

the l o c a l

character

effect.

CALCULATION OF THE DUCT STEADY LOAD FOR A DUCT WITH PROPELLER

2.6.1. P r o p e l l e r model and p r o p e l l e r

When a p r o p e l l e r
unsteady.

Within

ducted p r o p e l l e r

i n d u c e d v e l o c i t i e s on t h e d u c t .

r o t a t e s i n s i d e a duct,

inviscid

flow theory,

i f t h e duct

i s p l a c e d i n an axisymmetric

the ducted p r o p e l l e r becomes s t e a d y

the flow p a s t t h e duct i s

onset

i s axisymmetric
f l o w , the f l o w

and t h e
through

i n a c o o r d i n a t e system r o t a t i n g w i t h t h e

38

p r o p e l l e r . On

t h e o t h e r hand, i f v i s c o u s e f f e c t s

are c o n s i d e r e d , the

flow

i n s i d e the d u c t ' s boundary l a y e r i s time dependent i n a c o o r d i n a t e system

f i x e d t o the duct and w i l l
from

have, i n g e n e r a l , a p e r i o d i c c h a r a c t e r stemming

the p e r i o d i c n a t u r e o f the p r o p e l l e r i n d u c e d
At s u f f i c i e n t l y

the d u c t , the duct boundary l a y e r f l o w w i l l

p r o p e l l e r b l a d e s and

flow.

s m a l l c l e a r a n c e s between the p r o p e l l e r b l a d e t i p s
further i n t e r a c t with

the a s s o c i a t e d t i p c l e a r a n c e flows, a r i s i n g

p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e between the p r e s s u r e and

and

the

from

s u c t i o n s i d e s of the

the

propeller

blades.
Due

t o the g r e a t c o m p l e x i t y

mations have t o be

The

o f such

i n t e r a c t i o n flow, various approxi-

i n t r o d u c e d i n the t h e o r e t i c a l

treatment.

time-mean f o r c e s and p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n on the duct can

approximated

by c o n s i d e r i n g the time-mean v e l o c i t y

field

i n d u c e d by

be
the

p r o p e l l e r on the d u c t . O b v i o u s l y , the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of such v e l o c i t y

i s e q u i v a l e n t t o the c a l c u l a t i o n o f the c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l mean f l o w
by the p r o p e l l e r b l a d e s i n a c o o r d i n a t e system r o t a t i n g w i t h the

As

i t has been o b s e r v e d

i n the i n t r o d u c t i o n ,

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f the p r o p e l l e r i s adopted,

induced
propeller.

i f the l i f t i n g

line

the e q u i v a l e n c e between

c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l mean o f the i n d u c e d v e l o c i t y

field

and

field

the v e l o c i t y

the
field

o f an a c t u a t o r d i s k model w i t h the same c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n , has

e s t a b l i s h e d by Hough and Ordway, (1965),
i . e . under the assumption

for l i g h t l y

t h a t the h e l i c a l

vortices

loaded
shed

l i n e s r e p r e s e n t i n g the p r o p e l l e r b l a d e s , are c o n v e c t e d
relative

from

the

lifting

by the u n d i s t u r b e d

flow.

For moderately
h o l d . The

been

propellers,

o r h e a v i l y l o a d e d p r o p e l l e r s the e q u i v a l e n c e does not

F o u r i e r a n a l y s i s of the v e l o c i t y

Ordway may

e a s i l y be extended

p i t c h o f the shed h e l i c a l

field

to m o d e r a t e l y

vortices

tangential perturbation velocities

a p p l i e d by Hough

loaded p r o p e l l e r s ,

i n d u c e d by

the p r o p e l l e r . The

i n f i n i t e number o f b l a d e s , w i t h the c o r r e s p o n d e n t
up o f an i n f i n i t e

f o r which

i s m o d i f i e d t o i n c l u d e the a x i a l

the z e r o t h harmonic l e a d s t o the v e l o c i t i e s i n d u c e d by

being b u i l t

and

set of h e l i c a l

the

and

result for

a p r o p e l l e r with

an

s l i p s t r e a m v o r t e x system

v o r t i c e s with a p i t c h

distribu-

43

tion identical
1961,

to the

one

of

the

f i n i t e b l a d e number model, (see

1965).
In the i n f i n i t e b l a d e number l i m i t the

volume d i s t r i b u t i o n
vorticity

hub

inducing axial

and

radial velocities

the

velocities
the

and

an

axial

calculation

of

i n d u c e d at the

of

constant

This velocity

circumferentially

duct by

e x p r e s s i o n s f o r the

cylinder

the

ring

vorticity

r a d i a l bound v o r t i c i t y at the

a x i a l v o r t i c i t y , induces t a n g e n t i a l v e l o c i t i e s

For

of

v o r t e x s h e e t s degenerate i n t o

o f v o r t i c i t y w i t h a t a n g e n t i a l component or

component, which t o g e t h e r w i t h the

the

Morgan

inside

disk

the

and

slipstream.

averaged a x i a l

and

radial

the

propeller,

i t i s s i m p l e r t o make

velocities

i n d u c e d by

a semi-infinite

ring

use
vortex

radius.

f i e l d may

be

readily

o b t a i n e d from Hough and

Ordway

e x p r e s s i o n s i n terms o f L e g r e n d r e f u n c t i o n s . E q u i v a l e n t e x p r e s s i o n s i n terms
of e l l i p t i c
from the

integrals

application

have a l s o been o b t a i n e d by
o f B i o t - S a v a r t law

to

the

Gibson,

(1974),

semi-infinite

directly

ring

vortex

cylinder.

I f V ( x , r ; r ' ) and
A

i n d u c e d at

a point

V ( x , r ; r ' ) denote the

R

(x,r)

by

a semi-infinite

axial

radial

velocities

ring vortex cylinder

strength, of radius r ' and i t s b a s i s l o c a t e d at the

c o o r d i n a t e system, we

and

p l a n e x=0

of

of

unit

a cylindrical

have

(x,r;r' ) =

V*

+ X

_ [

( k ) - ^

11 ( a \ k ) ]

(2-46)

2
V

(X,r;r')

--~
k

r [E (k) - (

(k)]

(2-47)

[ ( p - r + ( p - r p

2
where K ( k ) ,
second and

H(a

\k)

are,

respectively

the

elliptic

integrals

of

first

t h i r d k i n d w i t h modulus

. 2
k

E(k),

4rr
-s
j
x +(r+r )
1

(2-48)

and

parameter

44

2
a

4rr'
=

2
(r+r' )

'
.

(2-49)

+r' )

The f u n c t i o n V * ( r , r ' ) i s

V^(r,r') = 1

r < r'

= h

r = r'

=0

r > r'

(2-50)

L e t F (r)=2lTr w be t h e c i r c u l a t i o n o f t h e p r o p e l l e r w i t h i n f i n i t e
j
o
number o f b l a d e s , w b e i n g t h e c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l mean t a n g e n t i a l v e l o c i t y
o
immediately downstream o f t h e p r o p e l l e r d i s k , x=+0.
The a x i a l and t a n g e n t i a l v o r t i c i t y

U
x

components

are r e s p e c t i v e l y

= - - J 2irr d r

(2-51)

and

1
dX^
2-nr t a n g . d r
l

(2-52)

where 3. i s t h e p i t c h a n g l e o f t h e h e l i c a l

v o r t i c e s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e assump-

t i o n s of moderately loaded p r o p e l l e r theory, the p i t c h of the h e l i c a l

v o r t i c e s remains c o n s t a n t
vorticity
the

components

i n the p r o p e l l e r s l i p s t r e a m

O J ^ and

given

and t h e r e f o r e , t h e

by (2-51) and (2-52) a r e c o n s t a n t i n

a x i a l d i r e c t i o n . F o r an a r b i t r a r y c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n t h e p i t c h

P. (r)=2irr tang, i s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e r a d i u s .
l
i
-p
I n t r o d u c i n g t h e n o n - d i m e n s i o n a l c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n G ^^}~ we
o
=

aa

obtain

f o r the tangential v e l o c i t y
G
+
o

CO
r

= 0
In t h e s e q u e l ,
by the u n d i s t u r b e d
peller

< 1

> 1

__
(2-53)

as i n (2-53), the v e l o c i t i e s a r e made n o n - d i m e n s i o n a l

axial velocity U

and t h e c o o r d i n a t e

lengths

by t h e p r o -

radius.

45

The

axial

and r a d i a l v e l o c i t i e s a r e then o b t a i n e d by i n t e g r a t i n g t h e

c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f t h e v o r t e x c y l i n d e r s from t h e hub t o the t i p i n t h e form

1
G

= r

dG
PtiHT

= r

(x.,r;r')dr'

(2-54)

(x , r ; r ' ) d r '

(2-55)

h
1

d^ V

d G

r'tang.

co

dF^ V

As mentioned b e f o r e , the a x i a l

and r a d i a l v e l o c i t y

(2-54) and (2-55) r e p r e s e n t t h e c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l

components g i v e n by

average

o f the induced

velo-

c i t i e s o f t h e p r o p e l l e r w i t h f i n i t e number o f b l a d e s p r o v i d e d t h a t 3. i s t h e
hydrodynamic p i t c h o f t h e h e l i c a l
and

v o r t i c e s shed

the c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n G

G^ =

ZG

lines

i s taken as

(2-56)

where G i s t h e c i r c u l a t i o n o f t h e l i f t i n g
If

from t h e l i f t i n g

L e r b s ' (1952) m o d e r a t e l y

lines

and Z t h e number o f b l a d e s .

l o a d e d theory i s c o n s i d e r e d , t h e p i t c h o f t h e

h e l i c o i d a l v o r t i c e s is taken as t h e hydrodynamic p i t c h a n g l e a t t h e l i f t i n g
l i n e . T h i s approach

has been f o l l o w e d by Morgan, (1961), f o r d u c t e d

When c o n s i d e r i n g t h e
ler,

t h e hydrodynamic p i t c h a n g l e a t t h e l i f t i n g
1+u
tang.

Trr
r-

propellers.

v e l o c i t i e s i n d u c e d by t h e duct and hub on t h e p r o p e l line

i s ( F i g . 2-18).

+u,+u,
P

(2-57)

-W - W ,

where J=U /nD i s t h e advance r a t i o , u , u , and u t h e a x i a l v e l o c i t i e s a t t h e

o
p
d
h
l i f t i n g l i n e i n d u c e d by t h e p r o p e l l e r duct and hub r e s p e c t i v e l y , and w and
P
w^ t h e t a n g e n t i a l v e l o c i t i e s
d u c t . The t a n g e n t i a l v e l o c i t y

t t h e l i f t i n g

line

i n d u c e d by t h e p r o p e l l e r and

i n d u c e d by the hub, b e i n g v e r y s m a l l , has been

d i s c a r d e d i n eq. (2-57).
In

equation

(2-57) t h e a x i a l v e l o c i t y

i n d u c e d by t h e duct i n c l u d e s , n o t

o n l y t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f the steady l o a d on t h e d u c t , but a l s o t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f i t s f l u c t u a t i n g p a r t . Moreover, t h e t a n g e n t i a l v e l o c i t y w, i n d u c e d by

d
the duct i s e n t i r e l y due t o the f l u c t u a t i n g

part.

T h e r e f o r e , i t s d e t e r m i n a t i o n r e q u i r e s the s o l u t i o n
harmonics o f t h e d u c t ' s c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l

load d i s t r i b u t i o n

f o r the higher blade

as i n d i c a t e d by

46

Morgan, (1961). Such p r o c e d u r e

duct

and p r o p e l l e r

e n t a i l s a lengthy i t e r a t i o n process

i n v o l v i n g on each

b l a d e harmonics o f t h e p r o p e l l e r

between

i t e r a t i o n s t e p the c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e

and d u c t

induced v e l o c i t y

field.

C o n s i d e r a b l e s i m p l i f i c a t i o n of the c a l c u l a t i o n i s achieved i f the

h i g h e r b l a d e harmonics a r e n e g l e c t e d and, i n a d d i t i o n ,
i s determined

by t h e v e l o c i t i e s i n d u c e d

t h e hydrodynamic

by an i n f i n i t e l y

bladed

pitch

propeller

model.
We n o t i c e
delivers

that,

when assuming an i n f i n i t e l y

t h e same t h r u s t

circulation

as t h e f i n i t e

distribution

holds i n the l i m i t

bladed p r o p e l l e r

bladed p r o p e l l e r ,

from

with i n f i n i t e

number

blades

P
and

( 2 - 5 6 ) , which o n l y

the a p p l i c a t i o n of

the law o f Kutta-Joukowsky which g i v e s f o r t h e p r o p e l l e r

of

the correspondent

does n o t comply w i t h e q u a t i o n

Z-*o. T h i s can r e a d i l y be seen,

which

- | )

G r d r

(2-58)

f o r the f i n i t e

bladed

propeller

1
C

4Z

- w)

(2-59)

where w i s t h e t a n g e n t i a l
W

Gr d r

v e l o c i t y induced

at the l i f t i n g

+ W-,

With r e g a r d t o the hydrodynamic p i t c h

infinitely

bladed p r o p e l l e r ,

velocities

Dyne,

f a r downstream as c a l c u l a t e d

(Fig.

that

f o r t h e v o r t e x system

(1967),showed
from

a c t u a t o r d i s k , (see Glauert,1935) , and from

provided

line

that

the a x i a l

o f an

induced

g e n e r a l momentum t h e o r y o f t h e

equation

t h e hydrodynamic p i t c h a n g l e i s t a k e n

(2-54),

a r e i n agreement,

i n t h e u l t i m a t e wake

2-19):
1+U
CO
tang .

Equations
(2-46) t h r o u g h

irr

Goo

(2-58),

(2-60),

(2-60)

(2-54),

(2-50), c o m p l e t e l y

(2-55) t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e r e l a t i o n s

determine

t h e a x i a l and r a d i a l i n d u c e d
47

27tnr

Fig.

2-18.

Velocity
loaded

velocities
coefficient

diagram
theory

on the d u c t and hub

and c i r c u l a t i o n

duct i n d u c e d v e l o c i t y

field

The duct f l o w problem

tial

flow f i e l d

of

at a l i f t i n g
a ducted

line

in

the

moderately

propeller.

i f the advance r a t i o , p r o p e l l e r

distribution

loading

are known, w i t h o u t i n v o l v i n g

the

explicity.

i n the p r e s e n c e o f a g e n e r a l axisymmetric

poten-

s u c h as the p r o p e l l e r i n d u c e d f l o w d e s c r i b e d above, has been

t r e a t e d i n s e c t i o n 2.2

and w i l l

not be c o n s i d e r e d here any

further.

2Ttnr

Fig.

2-19.

Velocity
loaded

diagram
actuator

in the ultimate
disk

wake in the

moderately

theory.
48

2.6.2. Remarks on v i s c o u s e f f e c t s on t h e duct

The
powerful

inviscid
tool

flow theory presented

f o r a ducted

propeller.

i n t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n s has been a

t o p r e d i c t duct performance and t o p r o v i d e d e s i g n

guidance.

N e v e r t h e l e s s , i t might be o f l i m i t e d use i n t h e cases where v i s c o u s

which c o n t r o l t h e c i r c u l a t i o n on t h e duct,cannot
by t h e c l a s s i c a l
in this
blunt

Chapter

trailing

effects,

be a d e q u a t e l y

represented

Kutta-Joukowsky c o n d i t i o n . T h i s f a c t has been

illustrated

f o r axisymmetric

steady

flow past p r o p e l l e r ducts

with

edges.

When t h e p r o p e l l e r i s o p e r a t i n g i n s i d e t h e d u c t , t h e boundary
flow on t h e duct

i s a f f e c t e d by t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l and unsteady

layer

effects

which

a r i s e from t h e i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h t h e r o t a t i n g p r o p e l l e r b l a d e s . F o r most o f
the cases of p r a c t i c a l

interest

i n which t h e duct e x h i b i t s a form o f t r a i l i n g

edge s e p a r a t i o n , t h e q u e s t i o n r e g a r d i n g t h e p r e d i c t i o n o f t h e steady component

of c i r c u l a t i o n

and f o r c e s on t h e d u c t ,

the p r o p e l l e r i n d u c e d
overall

i s r e l a t e d t o t h e e x t e n t t o which

t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l and unsteady

separation p a t t e r n at the t r a i l i n g

o b s e r v e r f i x e d t o t h e d u c t , the o u t e r p o t e n t i a l

o s c i l l a t i n g disturbance
The

amplitude

i n f l u e n c e the

edge.

When c o n s i d e r i n g t h e boundary l a y e r f l o w from

composed o f a mean m e r i d i a n

effects

t h e p o i n t o f view o f an

f l o w may be r e g a r d e d as

flow w i t h a superimposed

three-dimensional

flow.

of the o s c i l l a t o r y

disturbance w i l l

s t r o n g l y depend on

the p r o x i m i t y t o t h e p r o p e l l e r .

On t h e o t h e r hand, on t h e d i f f u s e r p a r t o f t h e d u c t , t h e mean o u t e r
flow i n c l u d e s a c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l
by t h e p r o p e l l e r

t o the f l u i d

component r e s u l t i n g

from

the s w i r l

imparted

i n the s l i p s t r e a m .

A l s o , t h e f l o w around t h e p r o p e l l e r t i p s which i n t e r a c t s w i t h t h e
boundary l a y e r
mining

f l o w on t h e d u c t ' s

i n n e r w a l l , may be o f importance

i n deter-

t h e downstream development o f t h e boundary l a y e r i n t h e d i f f u s e r .

flows have been s t u d i e d by s e v e r a l a u t h o r s

Gearhart,

1966 , Lakshminarayna,

s i n g the correspondent

Such

( s e e f o r i n s t a n c e Hutton, 1958,

1970), i n view o f t h e i r

importance

i n asses-

t i p c l e a r a n c e l o s s e s o r i n r e l a t i o n t o the d e t e r m i n a -

t i o n of the blade t i p c a v i t a t i o n

performance.
49

Most o f t h e models proposed

are i n v i s c i d

flow models which n e g l e c t

the e x i s t e n c e o f t h e w a l l boundary l a y e r and a r e p r i m a r i l y concerned

the flow c o n d i t i o n s a t t h e gap and t h e i r i n f l u e n c e on b l a d e

The

response

o f a two-dimensional

with

performance.

boundary l a y e r t o u n s t e a d i n e s s

f r e e - s t r e a m has been s t u d i e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y and t h e o r e t i c a l l y

i n the

f o r both

l a m i n a r and t u r b u l e n t boundary l a y e r s . F o r a review we r e f e r t o t h e paper o f

T e l i o n i s , (1979).
In p a r t i c u l a r ,

the unsteady

s e p a r a t i o n o f an o s c i l l a t o r y

n a l boundary l a y e r from t h e t r a i l i n g

edge o f an a i r f o i l - l i k e

examined e x p e r i m e n t a l l y by Despard and M i l l e r ,

T h e i r r e s u l t s s u p p l i e d f u r t h e r evidence
that steady

separation c r i t e r i a

separation,cannot

such

p a r t o f t h e o s c i l l a t i n g c y c l e without
the w a l l at that

f o r a now commonly known f a c t

boundary l a y e r

flow.

o f r e v e r s e d f l o w a t a c e r t a i n downstream

on t h e boundary l a y e r c o u l d be o b s e r v e d

from

(1971).

as t h e v a n i s h i n g o f t h e w a l l shear a t

be a p p l i e d t o unsteady

In f a c t , o c c u r r e n c e

two-dimensio-

body has been

near

location

the w a l l during the g r e a t e s t

b e i n g a s s o c i a t e d w i t h flow breakdown

location.

In a d d i t i o n , t h e i r r e s u l t s

i n d i c a t e that the d e v i a t i o n o f the l o c a t i o n

flow s e p a r a t i o n from t h e w a l l , i m p l y i n g the f o r m a t i o n o f a wake i n t h e case o f

unsteady

flow, from

the l o c a t i o n of s e p a r a t i o n i n steady

mean p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t , d e c r e a s e s
quency o f t h e o s c i l l a t i o n , b e i n g

flow w i t h t h e same

w i t h i n c r e a s i n g Reynolds number and f r e -

i n f l u e n c e d t o a much l e s s degree by t h e am-

p l i t u d e of the o s c i l l a t i o n .

We n o t i c e ,

t h a t t h e mean p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t used

i n t h e i r experiments

a r e much weaker than t h e ones which can

on t h e i n n e r s u r f a c e o f a duct
light

i n the p r e s e n c e

l o a d i n g s , and t h e amplitude

differs

from

The

by Despard and M i l l e r
be e x p e c t e d

of a propeller,

d i s t r i b u t i o n being uniform

except

along the chord,

t h e one o c c u r r i n g on t h e duct s u r f a c e s .

range o f Reynolds numbers and f r e q u e n c y

parameter i n v e s t i g a t e d can

y e t be c o n s i d e r e d as r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e f l o w on t h e duct a t model

The

at v e r y

p r e v i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n s suggest

three-dimensional e f f e c t s

as a f i r s t

t h a t by n e g l e c t i n g unsteady

scale.

and

a p p r o x i m a t i o n , one may o b t a i n an e s t i -

mate o f t h e steady component o f c i r c u l a t i o n

c o n s i d e r i n g the steady

boundary

50

l a y e r f l o w s u b j e c t t o the time-mean

The method
to

f o r steady

pressure

distribution.

flows d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n 2.3 has been a p p l i e d

t h e ducted p r o p e l l e r case making use o f a p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n

by t h e method
presented

obtained

o f t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n . The r e s u l t s o f t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e

i n t h e next

section.

2.7. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENT

In

order t o v e r i f y

e x p e r i m e n t a l l y t h e v a r i o u s t h e o r e t i c a l models which

have been employed i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e duct steady performance and, i n

p a r t i c u l a r , to assess the accuracy
actuator d i s k theory presented
ducted p r o p e l l e r s has
The experiments

i n t h i s c h a p t e r , a s e t o f experiments

been c a r r i e d out i n u n i f o r m

i n f o r m a t i o n on

propeller.

i n c l u d e d the o v e r a l l

f o r c e s a c t i n g on duct and

p r o p e l l e r , p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h e i n n e r s i d e o f t h e duct
and
of

radial velocity

with

flow.

i n the c a l c u l a t i o n s , d e t a i l e d

around t h e ducted

The measurements

on t h e

have been s e l e c t e d t o p r o v i d e , t o t h e degree r e q u i r e d

by the t h e o r e t i c a l models used

the f l o w f i e l d

o f t h e n o n - i t e r a t i v e method based

components o f t h e v e l o c i t y

field

and t h e a x i a l

upstream and downstream

t h e d u c t e d p r o p e l l e r , i n c l u d i n g the p r o p e l l e r S l i p s t r e a m . In this i n v e s t i g a t i o n

the measurements

were

been made t o g a t h e r
the duct

f o c u s s e d on t h e time-mean

v a l u e s and no attempt has

i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e t u r b u l e n t s t r u c t u r e o f t h e f l o w s i n

and p r o p e l l e r wakes. A l s o t h e d e t a i l s o f t h e boundary l a y e r f l o w on

the duct have n o t been c o n s i d e r e d .

The f o l l o w i n g d u c t e d

p r o p e l l e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n s have been c o n s i d e r e d :

- Duct NSMB 19A w i t h a p r o p e l l e r o f t h e KA-4-70 s e r i e s . Open-water

ristics

and the r a d i a l

f o r c e component

the measurement

a c t i n g on t h e duct

ble

from

nal

c u t , have been measured i n t h e Deep Water

characte-

section,

o f t h e t a n g e n t i a l f o r c e a c t i n g on a duct

derivameridio-

Basin.

- Duct NSMB 37 w i t h a f o u r - b l a d e d c o n t r o l l a b l e p i t c h p r o p e l l e r o f Kaplan

type denoted

here

by p r o p e l l e r A. Open-water

d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h e i n n e r s i d e o f t h e duct

characteristics

at t h r e e d i f f e r e n t

l o a d i n g s have been measured i n t h e D e p r e s s u r i z e d Towing Tank

and p r e s s u r e
propeller
( i n atmospheric

condition).
51

- Duct NSMB 37 w i t h a f i v e - b l a d e d
water c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , r a d i a l
velocjty

p r o p e l l e r denoted by p r o p e l l e r B: open-

f o r c e measurements on t h e d u c t

s e c t i o n and

f i e l d measurements w i t h L a s e r - D o p p l e r v e l o c i m e t e r a t v a r i o u s

l o c a t i o n s upstream and downstream o f t h e duct w i t h o p e r a t i n g

propeller

were c a r r i e d out i n t h e L a r g e C a v i t a t i o n T u n n e l at t h r e e d i f f e r e n t p r o p e l l e r
loadings.
The

p a r t i c u l a r s o f t h e p r o p e l l e r o f t h e K A - s e r i e s can be found i n

O o s t e r v e l d , ( 1 9 7 1 ) . The geometry o f t h e p r o p e l l e r s A and B a r e g i v e n i n t h e

Appendix

2.

In a d d i t i o n ,

the character

o f t h e boundary l a y e r on t h e duct NSMB 37

w i t h t h e p r o p e l l e r B has been i n v e s t i g a t e d
of

a paint

The
present

test

i n t h e Deep Water B a s i n by means

technique.

r e s u l t s o f t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s with the a c t u a t o r

chapter f o r the forces

disk

analysis of the

a c t i n g on t h e duct NSMB 19A w i t h t h e KA-4-70

s e r i e s p r o p e l l e r model a r e compared w i t h t h e measurements i n F i g . 2-20. The

results

are presented

i n terms o f a K - J diagram. In o r d e r t o e n a b l e an
T

immediate comparison o f t h e magnitude o f t h e r a d i a l

nent
the

a c t i n g on a d u c t ' s s e c t i o n ,
thrust

c o e f f i c i e n t K
d
2TT F

a radial

force

and a x i a l f o r c e

compo-

coefficient K , similar to
R

has been d e f i n e d as

274
pn D

where F i s t h e r a d i a l
R

The
the

disk

acting

on t h e d u c t .

g i v e n by Gco=K(r-r

and t h e d u c t ' s s u r f a c e

) / l - r and a c l e a r a n c e

d i s t r i b u t i o n on
between t h e edge

o f 0.5%. The p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t

t a k e n i d e n t i c a l t o t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l one.

V i s c o u s e f f e c t s were n e g l e c t e d
i n the conventional
the

radian,

c a l c u l a t i o n s were performed w i t h an assumed l o a d

actuator

of t h e d i s k
was

force per unit

trailing

way by p l a c i n g

and t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n

the s t a g n a t i o n

point

was implemented

on t h e b i s e c t o r t o

edge a n g l e .

52

Fig.

2-20. Comparison

of duct force

with propeller

From F i g . 2-20
between c a l c u l a t i o n

i t can
and

KA 4-70,

coefficients

for duct NSMB 19A

P/D-1.0.

be seen t h a t the agreement i n duct

experiment

i s good except at h i g h advance

A l s o at h i g h p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g s a t r e n d f o r the t h e o r y
thrusts higher than the e x p e r i m e n t a l

At

low

p o s i t i v e duct

p r o p e l l e r loadings

ones can be

the

inviscid

to p r e d i c t

ratios.
duct

discerned.

theory

obviously predicts a

t h r u s t as l o n g as the p r o p e l l e r a l s o d e l i v e r s t h r u s t .

the d i s c r e p a n c i e s i n t h i s range o f l o a d i n g may

viscosity.

thrust

In p a r t i c u l a r the

be

l a r g e measured v a l u e s

buted to the o c c u r e n c e o f l a m i n a r

s e p a r a t i o n on

Therefore,

a s c r i b e d t o the e f f e c t s
o f duct

the o u t e r

drag

can be

s u r f a c e of

of

attri-

the

duct.
At h i g h p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g s n o n - l i n e a r e f f e c t s on

the p r o p e l l e r

slip-

53

Fig.

2-21. Calculated
propeller

stream become important

propeller

induced

pressure

distributions

on duct NSMB 19A with

KA 4-70. P/D=1.0 at various

and may

loadings.

be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e o v e r e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e

velocities.

With r e g a r d t o the r a d i a l

f o r c e the c a l c u l a t i o n s c o n s i s t e n t l y u n d e r e s t i -

mate the measured v a l u e s . We n o t e t h a t t h e t h e o r e t i c a l

corrected

propeller

v a l u e s have been

f o r the p r e s s u r e f o r c e a c t i n g on the duct m e r i d i o n a l c u t assuming,

as i n t h e case o f u n i f o r m

flow t r e a t e d before, a l i n e a r pressure

between t h e o u t e r and i n n e r s u r f a c e s . The c o r r e c t e d c o e f f i c i e n t

compared w i t h the e x p e r i m e n t a l

coefficient

i s t o be

K^.

C o n s i d e r i n g the good c o r r e l a t i o n on the duct

i s expected

variation

t h r u s t , the discrepancy

t o be caused by t h e p r e d i c t i o n o f the p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n

on

the i n n e r s i d e o f t h e d u c t , downstream o f t h e p r o p e l l e r .

54

Fig.

2-22. Effect

of tip clearance

on the pressure

duct NSMB 19A. J=0.60,

The
from

distribution

on

=1.245.
V

c a l c u l a t e d pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n s

a r e g i v e n i n F i g . 2-21. Apart

t h e sudden p r e s s u r e r i s e due t o t h e v a n i s h i n g c h o r d a c t u a t o r d i s k

m o d e l l i n g , t h e p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s on t h e d i f f u s e r a r e independent
propeller
The

of the

l o a d i n g which i s r a t h e r unexpected.
e f f e c t s o f t i p c l e a r a n c e and l o c a t i o n o f p r o p e l l e r p l a n e on t h e

calculated pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n s

a r e shown i n F i g s . 2-22 and 2-23, r e s p e c t i v e -

ly.

The

r e s u l t s f o r the duct, p r o p e l l e r

and t o t a l

t h r u s t on t h e duct NSMB

37 w i t h t h e p r o p e l l e r A are g i v e n i n F i g . 2-24.
The

c o r r e l a t i o n on duct t h r u s t o f t h e i n v i s c i d

calculation i s consider-

a b l y worse than f o r t h e duct NSMB 19A. The d i s c r e p a n c i e s a r e r e l a t e d

difficulties

encountered

c a t i o n o f a steady

i n p r e d i c t i n g t h e duct

circulation

from t h e a p p l i -

form o f t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n t o t h i s d u c t . The i n v i s c i d

c a l c u l a t i o n s have been c a r r i e d out u s i n g t h e c o n d i t i o n o f e q u a l

at

the p o i n t s on the t r a i l i n g

criterion

has proved

duct 37 i n u n i f o r m

t o the

pressure

edge where t h e p r e s s u r e minima o c c u r .

t o give a reasonable

flow without

Such

e s t i m a t e o f t h e c i r c u l a t i o n on t h e

propeller.

55

-30

Fig.

2-23. Effect

of location

distribution
Contrary

t o the case o f duct

p e l l e r l o a d i n g s and

plane

19A

and

pressure

the I n v i s c i d c a l c u l a t i o n

than the e x p e r i m e n t a l

the c o r r e s p o n d e n t

tends

circulation

can be r e l a t e d t o the i n a c c u r a c i e s i n the p r e s s u r e

is illustrated

i n F i g s . 2-25

measured p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s on

t o 2-27

where the

calculated

the i n n e r s i d e o f the duct

by the l i n e a r i z e d

distribu-

propeller.

shown. S i n c e , at i n c r e a s i n g p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g , the l e v e l o f the

minimum i s u n d e r e s t i m a t e d

to

ones at h i g h e r p r o -

u n d e r e s t i m a t i o n o f the

t i o n on the i n n e r s i d e of the duct downstream of the

This fact

on the

on duct NSMB 19A. J=0.50, Cm =1.245.

J-p

g i v e s m a l l e r t h r u s t s on the duct

around the duct

of propeller

are

pressure

t h e o r y , the c i r c u l a t i o n

i s also

underestimated.
F o r the h i g h e s t p r o p e l l e r
trailing

o f the a p p l i c a t i o n o f a

edge c o n d i t i o n on the p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n a r e shown f o r c a l c u l a -

t i o n s performed

The

l o a d i n g the e f f e c t

w i t h the l i n e a r i z e d

n o n - l i n e a r t h e o r y used

t i o n s o f motion f o r axisymmetric
c o n d i t i o n s on the duct and hub

and n o n - l i n e a r t h e o r i e s .

i n the c a l c u l a t i o n s s o l v e s the e x a c t
inviscid

equa-

f l o w s u b j e c t t o the boundary

by a d i s c r e t e v o r t e x method and

i s considered

56

Fig.

2-24. Correlation
the thrust

i n C h a p t e r 3.

vortex

acting

In comparison w i t h

Chapter, i t can be
and

for the invisoid

s a i d t h a t the

p i t c h deformation

o f the duct-hub induced

and viscous

on the duct 37 with propeller

the

e f f e c t s o f c o n t r a c t i o n o f the

c a l c u l a t e d with
distribution
values

vicinity

the

trailing

o f the measured p r e s s u r e

occurrence

surfaces

influence

a r e the d i f f e r e n c e s between

linearized

and

non-linear

Except near the l e a d i n g edge

o f the p r o p e l l e r p l a n e ,

the n o n - l i n e a r t h e o r y

i f a proper

stream

v e l o c i t i e s are taken i n t o a c c o u n t .

d i s t r i b u t i o n c a l c u l a t e d by

i n the v e r y

in this

i n the p r o p e l l e r s l i p s t r e a m under the

t h e o r i e s downstream of the p r o p e l l e r p l a n e .
and

of

A.

l i n e a r i z e d model p r e s e n t e d

Note worthy i n the r e s u l t s o f F i g . 2-27

the p r e s s u r e

calculations

the p r e s s u r e

agrees w e l l w i t h

distribution

the measured

edge c o n d i t i o n i s chosen. The

at the

l e a d i n g edge might be

o f a s e p a r a t i o n bubble on the

i n n e r s u r f a c e and

pressure

smaller

r e l a t e d to

are

the

responsible

57

Fig.

2-26.

Pressure
C

distribution

=3.50.
V

on duct 37 with

propeller

A. J=0.40

LINEARIZED THEORY
LINEARIZED THEORY
STAGNATION POINT x / C . 9 0 . 9 V . OUTER SIDE

0.2

Fig.

2-27.

0.4

Pressure

0.6

0.8

distribution

J=0.20. C

1.0

on duct

37 with propeller

A.

=16.36.

P
for

the

differences

between the

measured and

the

c a l c u l a t e d values of

duct

thrust c o e f f i c i e n t .

The

s t e a d y v i s c o u s - i n v i s c i d i n t e r a c t i o n model has

c a l c u l a t e the
the

l i n e a r i z e d actuator

velocity
due

field.

t o the

loading

influence

d i s k model t o compute the

c a l c u l a t i o n s were o n l y

propeller

loading.

This

been a p p l i e d

of the

to

propeller, using

propeller

steady

induced

performed at the

lowest

loadings,

n e a r the

f a c t might be

p r o p e l l e r plane

r e l a t e d to the

use

of

d i s k model and, presumably,a model which a c c o u n t s f o r f i n i t e

at
an

chord

e f f e c t s would l e a d t o d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t s .

The

Fig.

The

duct under the

i n v a r i a b l e p r e d i c t i o n of separation

increasing
actuator

the

f l o w p a s t the

r e s u l t s are

condition
2-25.

circulation

shown i n F i g . 2-24

J=0.60, C

A l t h o u g h the

and

the

pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n for

=1.10
i s compared w i t h the i n v i s c i d c a l c u l a t i o n i n
p
v i s c o u s c a l c u l a t i o n l e a d s to a s m a l l e r v a l u e f o r the

f o r J=0.60, C

=1.10

the

c a l c u l a t e d duct t h r u s t

i s c o r r e c t . As i t

P
can

be

leading

seen from F i g . 2-25

edge s e p a r a t i o n

a considerable

bubble on

the

l o s s of thrust

outer

i s caused by

the

surface.

59

The

r e s u l t s o f the p a i n t t e s t s c a r r i e d out

i n the Deep Water B a s i n are shown from F i g . 2-28

on duct 37 w i t h
t o F i g . 2-39.

propeller B

In t h e s e F i g u r e s

the d i r e c t i o n o f the u n d i s t u r b e d stream i s from l e f t to r i g h t . C o n c e r n i n g the i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f the p a i n t p a t t e r n s o b t a i n e d , t h e

- At the

f o l l o w i n g remarks can be made:

s m a l l e s t p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g J=0.625 t h e r e

b u b b l e on the o u t e r

s u r f a c e o f the duct

separation point l i e s
reattachment

i s a laminar

shown i n F i g . 2-28

at about x/c=0.02 and

to occur

l o c a t i o n i s at about x/c=0.10 ( i d e n t i f i e d by

The

paint patterns

on

apparently

d i d not

edge i s seen

x/c=0.96.

the i n n e r s u r f a c e ,

( F i g . 2-30), r e v e a l an

stream, presumably due

average s k i n f r i c t i o n n e a r the
rather irregular
with

without

reversed

l i n e o f attachment o f the

F i g . 2-31
lies

and

time

edge. Comparison
flow
stream

i n d i c a t e s the p o s s i b l e

flow.

p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g J=0.417, the boundary l a y e r on the outer

s u r f a c e remains a t t a c h e d up t o the t r a i l i n g
The

the

same Reynolds number based on the u n d i s t u r b e d

which shows a c l e a r s e p a r a t i o n l i n e ,

the i n t e r m e d i a t e

attached

o f the

edge s e p a r a t i o n p a t t e r n i n u n i f o r m

presence of a r e g i o n of o s c i l l a t i n g
- At

value

l o c a t i o n o f the p r o p e l l e r p l a n e ,

trailing

p r o p e l l e r at the

i n F i g . 2-11,

t o a low

" s e p a r a t i o n r e g i o n " n e a r the t r a i l i n g

the c o r r e s p o n d e n t

between

gravity).

boundary l a y e r from the l e a d i n g edge, a r e g i o n at mid-chord where

paint

The

the angle

o f the t u r b u l e n t boundary l a y e r from the t r a i l i n g

between x/c=0.92 and

2-29.

the t u r b u l e n t boundary l a y e r

the p a i n t s t r e a k s at r e a t t a c h m e n t caused by t h e e f f e c t s o f
Separation

separation

and

f l o w to duct

at about x/c=0.03 and

at about x/c=0.98. The

f a c e i s shown i n F i g . 2-33

edge as shown i n F i g . 2-31

the

s u r f a c e can

and

2-32.

be d i s c e r n e d i n

l i n e o f s e p a r a t i o n at the t r a i l i n g

and 2-34.

The l e a d i n g edge p a t t e r n shows an a t t a c h e d

boundary l a y e r and the mid-chord t h i n p a t t e r n seems t o i n d i c a t e a removal o f

p a i n t by
again

the

a c t i o n of p r o p e l l e r blades.

an i r r e g u l a r

- The
The

test

at t h e h i g h e s t

paint patterns

I t may

be

concluded

paint pattern with

The

"separation region" with

o f the p a i n t which has

streamed under the

trailing

edge p a t t e r n shows

an apparent t h i n i n g e f f e c t

been performed at J=0.22.

on the o u t e r s u r f a c e are shown i n F i g . 2-35

t h a t the v e l o c i t y
the p r e s e n t

i s too

technique.

the

a c t i o n of g r a v i t y .

p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g has

i n d i c a t e s attachment o f t h e

edge

c h a r a c t e r o f the boundary l a y e r on the i n n e r s u r -

The

low

to o b t a i n a

p a t t e r n on

f l o w w e l l on the o u t e r

the

and

2-36.

reasonable
l e a d i n g edge

s u r f a c e . The

paint
60

Fig.

2-28. Outer

Fig.

surface.

2-29. Outer
leading

Fig.

Figs.

2-30. Inner

2-28 - 2-30. Paint

patterns
U

surface,
edge

region.

surface.

on duct 37 with

propeller

B.

J=0.625, -! = 3. 29x1 0 .

61

Fig.

2-31. Outer
leading

Fig.

surface,
edge

region.

2-32. Outer

edge

Fig.

2-33. Inner
leading
midchord

Figs.

surface,

surface,

mid-chord

Fig.

edge and

2-34. Inner

and

trailing

regions.

surface,

trailing

edge

region.

regions.

2-31 - 2-34. Paint

patterns

J=0.417,

on duct 37 with

propeller

B.

2.19x10"

62

leading
mid-chord

edge and

edge

region,

regions.

Fig.
Figs.

trailing

2-35 - 2-39. Paint

2-39. Leading
patterns

J=0.22 ,

edge (front

on duct 37 with
=

view).
propeller

B.

l.lOxlO .

63

patterns obtained

on t h e i n n e r s u r f a c e a r e f a r more r e v e a l i n g and they

are shown i n F i g . 2-37 t o F i g . 2-39. No i n d i c a t i o n

o f s e p a r a t i o n a t the

l e a d i n g edge i s t o be seen i n F i g . 2-37 and 2-38. A r e g i o n o f r e v e r s e d

paint

f l o w has been o b s e r v e d e x t e n d i n g

A s i m i l a r p a i n t p a t t e r n on the t r a i l i n g
been

from about x/c=0.60 t o x/c=0.33.

edge as i n t h e case J=0.417 has

obtained.

The

r e s u l t s o f the i n v i s c i d

d i s k model and u s i n g a t r a i l i n g
pressure

c a l c u l a t i o n s with

the l i n e a r i z e d

actuator

edge c o n d i t i o n based on the e q u a l i t y o f

at the l o c a t i o n o f s e p a r a t i o n p o i n t s which c o u l d be i n f e r r e d

from

the p a i n t t e s t s , a r e shown i n F i g . 2-40.

The

assumed l o c a t i o n s a r e : x/c=0.973 on t h e o u t e r

s u r f a c e and

x/c=0.901 on t h e i n n e r s u r f a c e f o r J=0.625; x/c=0.981 on the o u t e r

and

surface

x/c=0.871 on the i n n e r s u r f a c e f o r J=0.417; x/c=0.973 on t h e o u t e r

s u r f a c e and x/c=0.822 on t h e i n n e r s u r f a c e f o r J=0.208.

The c o r r e l a t i o n on duct t h r u s t
loading.

The i n c l u s i o n o f v i s c o u s

i s r e a s o n a b l e except at lowest

e f f e c t s i n the c a l c u l a t i o n s

improves t h e c o r r e l a t i o n b o t h on t h r u s t

and on s e c t i o n

propeller

considerably

r a d i a l force

coeffi-

cient .

The a x i a l and r a d i a l v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s measured upstream and

downstream o f t h e d u c t e d p r o p e l l e r x/R=-0.80, -0.53, 0.53 and 0.90 w i t h

res-

p e c t t o the p r o p e l l e r p l a n e are shown i n F i g . 2-41 t o F i g . 2-48 and compared

w i t h c a l c u l a t i o n s by l i n e a r i z e d and n o n - l i n e a r

theories

f o r J=0.417 and

J=0.202.
The c a l c u l a t i o n s have been p e r f o r m e d w i t h t h e same t r a i l i n g edge
tions

f o r the i n v i s c i d

l i n e a r i z e d and n o n - l i n e a r

condi-

models i n c o r r e s p o n d e n c e

w i t h t h e r e s u l t s o f F i g . 2-40.

Fig.

2-41. Axial

velocity

profiles

upstream

x/R=-0.80. Duct Z7 with propeller

of the propeller

at

B.
65

Fig.

2-42. Axial

velocity

profiles

x/R=-0.53. Duct 37 with

At the lowest
with l i n e a r i z e d

upstream
propeller

of the

propeller

B.

l o a d i n g , J=0.635 t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s have been c a r r i e d out

t h e o r y w i t h and without

c o n s i d e r i n g v i s c o u s e f f e c t s on t h e

duct.

66

EXPERIMENT

J 10.625

J =0.417

J : 0.208

LMEARIZED

THEORY

WITH DUCT VISCOUS E F F E C T S

NONLINEAR THEORY

Aj
/>/

I
O

i1

i1

1.0

20

3.0

*0

SO
Ui

Fig.

2-43. Axial

velocity

profiles

x/R=0.S3. Duct 37 with

downstream
propeller

B.

of the propeller

at

r/R

EXPERIMENT

JLINEARIZED

20

J s 0.625
J s 0.417

WITH

0.208

THEORY

DUCT VISCOUS E F F E C T S

WUo

Fig.

2-45. Radial

velocity

profiles

x/R=-0.80. Duct 37 with

Fig.

2-46. Radial

velocity

x/R=-0.53.

profiles

Duct 37 with

upstream
propeller

upstream
propeller

of the propeller

at

B.

of the propeller

at

B.
68

EXPERIMENT

LINEARIZED
WITH

Fig.

2-47. Radial

velocity

x/R=0.53.

J : 0.625
J : 0.417
J : 0.208
THEORY

DUCT VISCOUS

p r o f i l e s downstream

Duct 37 with

propeller

EFFECTS

of the propeller

at

B.

EXPERIMENT

J : 0.625
J :

0.417

J sO. 200
LINEARIZED
WITH

THEORY

DUCT VISCOUS

EFFECTS

1.5

Fig.

2-48. Radial

velocity

profiles

x/R=0.90. Duct 37 with

downstream
propeller

of the propeller

at

B.

89

3.

Ducted

propeller

3.1.

INTRODUCTION

In g e n e r a l , ducted

in a x i s y m m e t r i c

p r o p e l l e r s work i n

shear

flow

h i g h l y non-uniform f l o w

field

i n the s h i p ' s wake. When p l a c e d i n a non-uniform f l o w , away from

additional

d i s t u r b a n c e s such

the

as the one

p r o p e l l e r performance may
uniform

f l o w . The

caused

considerably d i f f e r

presence

of v o r t i c i t y

a c t i o n w i t h the p r o p e l l e r and
t u r e s o f the b e h a v i o u r
The

by the p r e s e n c e

duct

o f the h u l l ,

from the one

i n the incoming

obtained

flow and

ducted
in a

i t s inter-

v o r t e x systems, are the d i s t i n c t i v e

o f the d u c t e d

propeller in

study o f the r a d i a l n o n - u n i f o r m i t y

non-uniform

fea-

flow.

o f the inflow,assumed t o have

o n l y a x i a l v e l o c i t y component, i s o f importance when d e s i g n i n g wake-adapted

p r o p e l l e r s . For ducted
which duct

the e f f e c t o f incoming
It

propellers,

and p r o p e l l e r o p e r a t e ,
flow

i n a d d i t i o n t o the d i f f e r e n t
i t s i n t e r a c t i o n may

conditions i n

further modified

g e n e r a l assumption, i s the p r i n c i p a l

The

study

aim o f t h i s

study o f the flow d i s t u r b a n c e s t o p a r a l l e l

o f such e f f e c t s

be

under

chapter.

shear

flows has

been

c o n s i d e r e d by many i n v e s t i g a t o r s . E a r l y work on a e r o f o i l and wing t h e o r y

been done by T s i e n , (1943), who
Joukowsky a e r o f o i l p l a c e d i n a
Tsien

(1945),

a lightly

To

developed

loaded

simplify

the g e n e r a l l y d i f f i c u l t

l i n e a r Euler equations

relatively

u n i f o r m l y sheared

o f motion, two

stream

stream.

has

symmetrical
Von

Karman

and

f o r s m a l l d i s t u r b a n c e s caused

l i n e i n a non-uniform

d e s c r i b e d by Hawthorne (1966).
undisturbed

c o n s i d e r e d the f l o w p a s t a

a l i n e a r i z e d theory

lifting

by

vorticity.

i s , i n g e n e r a l , assumed t h a t the main e f f e c t s o f v o r t i c i t y may

p r o p e r l y d e s c r i b e d by i n v i s c i d f l o w t h e o r y . The
this

be

flow.

t a s k o f s o l v i n g the i n v i s c i d

b a s i c approaches can be used,

In many c a s e s , the v o r t i c i t y

non-

as

t r a n s p o r t e d by

i s l a r g e w h i l e the d i s t u r b a n c e s produced t o the stream

s m a l l . T h i s assumption a l l o w s a treatment

form o f t h e E u l e r e q u a t i o n s

by

based on

linearized

o f motion, o b t a i n e d by n e g l e c t i n g second

order

70

the
are

terms i n t h e p e r t u r b a t i o n v e l o c i t i e s .
On

t h e o t h e r hand, i n many c a s e s , t h e v o r t i c i t y

may be c o n s i d e r e d s m a l l , a l t h o u g h
bances. The t h e o r y based
d e r s t h a t the secondary
the u n d i s t u r b e d stream

on t h i s

vorticity.

The

approach,

is

first

o r secondary

f l o w which i s determined

uniform

and secondary

the secondary

f l o w . The t o t a l

Lighthill

flow theory,

consi-

trans-

by assuming a p o t e n -

flow i s the s u p e r p o s i t i o n

f l o w s , t h e l a t t e r b e i n g t h e one a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

based

on t h e l a r g e s h e a r ,

small disturbance theory

s u i t e d f o r s t u d y i n g d i s t u r b a n c e s i n t r o d u c e d t o shear

forms o f aerodynamic

stream

i s o b t a i n e d by a l l o w i n g t h e v o r t i c i t y o f

t o be t r a n s p o r t e d , a c c o r d i n g t o the v o r t i c i t y

flow d i s t u r b a n c e to a

of t h e p r i m a r y

i n the undisturbed

may be s u b j e c t t o l a r g e d i s t u r -

assumption,

vorticity

p o r t e q u a t i o n , by the p r i m a r y
tial

t h e stream

f l o w s by b o d i e s

with

interest.

(1957),

s t u d i e d the t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l

s o u r c e s e t i n a two-dimensional

parallel

shear

flow produced

by a p o i n t

f l o w . The c o r r e s p o n d e n t

funda-

mental s o l u t i o n i s found by r e d u c i n g , w i t h F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m t e c h n i q u e s , t h e
two-dimensional
differential
Using
linearized

boundary v a l u e problem t o a problem i n v o l v i n g an o r d i n a r y

equation.

similar

a n a l y t i c a l methods, W e i s s i n g e r

two-dimensional

theory f o r p r o f i l e s

(1970),

(1972) d e v e l o p e d

i n shear f l o w which i n c l u d e s

e f f e c t s o f camber and a n g l e o f a t t a c k (1970) and t h e a d d i t i o n a l

e f f e c t s of thickness
Overlach
shear

(1974),

The

airfoils

combined

(1972).
extended

t h i s work t o a n n u l a r a e r o f o i l s

f l o w s , and o b t a i n e d n u m e r i c a l

thin ring

results

from

the theory f o r i n f i n i t e l y

i n v a r i o u s types o f axisymmetric

problem o f a two-dimensional

airfoil

i n axisymmetric

shear

flows.

i n non-uniform

flow has a l s o

r e c e n t l y been a t t a c k e d w i t h n u m e r i c a l methods, u s i n g f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e s by
Chow e t a l (1970),

finite

elements by Van d e r Vooren and Labrujre

and d i s c r e t e v o r t e x methods as t h e v o r t e x sheet method o f G l i i c k

These l a s t methods attempt
equations

t a k i n g i n t o account

(1973)

(1979).

the s o l u t i o n of the f u l l y non-linear Euler

t h e e x a c t shape o f t h e a i r f o i l

and a r e

i t e r a t i v e by n a t u r e .

In c o n t r a s t w i t h t h e a i r f o i l
propeller

problem,the d i s t u r b a n c e f l o w due t o a

i n a shear f l o w has n o t been s t u d i e d so e x t e n s i v e l y .

In a r a d i a l l y non-uniform

f l o w , t h e model o f an i n f i n i t e l y

bladed

71

p r o p e l l e r , o r a c t u a t o r d i s k , h a s been i n v e s t i g a t e d by Goodman (1979),

assuming

l a r g e shear, s m a l l d i s t u r b a n c e .
For the h e a v i l y loaded ducted p r o p e l l e r t h i s l a s t
not l i k e l y t o h o l d w i t h a r e a s o n a b l e
fold

i n t e r a c t i o n between t h e p r o p e l l e r ,

In a d d i t i o n , even a t l i g h t

type o f assumption i s

a p p r o x i m a t i o n , when d e a l i n g w i t h t h e t h r e e t h e duct and t h e non-uniform

t o moderate l o a d s , t h e duct

stream.

thickness i s l i k e l y

t o have s t r o n g n o n - l i n e a r i n t e r a c t i o n e f f e c t s w i t h t h e incoming

vorticity i f

the duct i s p l a c e d in a r e g i o n o f s t r o n g s h e a r . N o n - l i n e a r a c t u a t o r d i s k t h e o r y
f o r p r o p e l l e r s has been d e a l t w i t h by Wu
(1976) and C o e s e l
The

present

(1962), Greenberg

(1972) , Van Gent

(1979).
n o n - l i n e a r approach i s concerned

w i t h an e x t e n s i o n o f t h e

p r e v i o u s methods t o c o n s i d e r the combined e f f e c t s o f t h e duct and an

t o r d i s k r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e p r o p e l l e r p l a c e d i n a non-uniform

A vorticity

stream

The

into a f i n i t e

stream.

f u n c t i o n f o r m u l a t i o n i s employed and t h e v o r t i c i t y

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e non-uniform
cretized

i n f l o w and shed

set of vortex

by t h e a c t u a t o r d i s k i s d i s -

sheets.

boundary c o n d i t i o n s on t h e duct

and hub s u r f a c e s a r e s a t i s f i e d by

i n t r o d u c i n g s u r f a c e v o r t e x s h e e t s and s o l v i n g t h e c o r r e s p o n d e n t
tial

inner

poten-

f l o w problems.
In o r d e r t o determine

t h e l o c a t i o n and s t r e n g t h o f t h e v o r t e x

r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e two v o r t i c i t y
and

actua-

fields

sheets

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e non-uniform

the a c t u a t o r d i s k , a r e l a x a t i o n procedure

i s used,

stream

i n which from an

estimate of the l o c a t i o n of the vortex sheets,the corresponding s t r e n g t h i s

o b t a i n e d from

the v o r t i c i t y

t r a n s p o r t e q u a t i o n . The l o c a t i o n s o f t h e stream

s u r f a c e s are obtained with a s t r e a m l i n e t r a c i n g procedure,based

stream

f u n c t i o n induced by t h e v o r t i c i t y

Provision

The

on t h e
iteration.

and hub a r e p r o p e r l y s a t i s f i e d .

b a s i c f o r m u l a t i o n and t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e n u m e r i c a l
a r e g i v e n i n s e c t i o n s 3.2 and 3.3. N u m e r i c a l

the convergence and a c c u r a c y

f e c t o f incoming

solution

r e s u l t s which show

o f t h e n u m e r i c a l method and i l l u s t r a t e

the e f -

v o r t i c i t y on t h e ducted p r o p e l l e r performance a r e r e p o r t e d

i n s e c t i o n 3.4. F i n a l l y
propeller

of the previous

i s made t h a t , p r i o r t o t r a c i n g t h e stream-surfaces, the boundary

c o n d i t i o n s on duct

procedure

field

the experimental

i n a r a d i a l l y non-uniform

i n v e s t i g a t i o n s with a ducted

flow t o g e t h e r w i t h a comparison w i t h the

t h e o r e t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s are presented.

72

3.2. GOVERNING EQUATIONS

C o n s i d e r t h e f l o w o f an i n v i s c i d

and i n c o m p r e s s i b l e f l u i d

ducted p r o p e l l e r system m o d e l l e d

as f o l l o w s :

- An axisymmetric
an axisymmetric

through a

duct w i t h an a r b i t r a r y m e r i d i o n a l s e c t i o n o f c o n t o u r D and
c e n t r a l body o f m e r i d i o n a l c o n t o u r H r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e

p r o p e l l e r hub.
- An a c t u a t o r d i s k o f n e g l i g i b l e t h i c k n e s s e x e r t i n g a x i a l and t a n g e n t i a l
f o r c e s on t h e f l u i d .
The ducted

a c t u a t o r d i s k system i s p l a c e d i n a r a d i a l l y v a r i a b l e a x i a l

stream

with a x i a l v e l o c i t y U ( r ) .
The E u l e r e q u a t i o n s

(u.Vu)

o f motion a r e

= -V()+F

(3-1)

where u i s t h e v e l o c i t y v e c t o r , p t h e p r e s s u r e and IF t h e e x t e r n a l body f o r c e

per u n i t

mass.

The e q u a t i o n o f c o n t i n u i t y i n t h e absence o f s o u r c e s o r s i n k s

V.u

= 0

(3-2)

can be i d e n t i c a l l y s a t i s f i e d

i n axisymmetric

f l o w , by i n t r o d u c i n g t h e S t o k e s '

stream f u n c t i o n V ^ r ) which p e r d e f i n i t i o n i s r e l a t e d t o t h e v e l o c i t y by

where
(x,

1 3f
r dr"

'

1 3 ?
" F 3 x

, ,
< "
3

'

(u,v,w) a r e t h e v e l o c i t y components i n a c y l i n d r i c a l

3 )

c o o r d i n a t e system

r, 6 ) .
The v o r t i c i t y v e c t o r t=V x u has components

3(rw)

3w

l.S *
DX

We i n t r o d u c e a c u r v i l i n e a r
along the stream-surfaces

1 9H'

2 ,

r\

D 17

c o o r d i n a t e system ( s , n, 9 ) , s b e i n g measured
on a m e r i d i o n a l p l a n e and n b e i n g measured a l o n g

the normal t o t h e s t r e a m - s u r f a c e s .

73

In t h i s

c o o r d i n a t e system,the v o r t i c i t y

,1

In

components

3w

3(rw)

v e c t o r has

the absence o f e x t e r n a l f o r c e s the e q u a t i o n o f motion

(3-1)

writes

x u = VH

(3-6)

where

i s the t o t a l
The

i f

(3-7)

head.

dot p r o d u c t

of

(3-6) by u

yields

( 3

'

which means t h a t i n the absence o f e x t e r n a l f o r c e s the t o t a l

a l o n g the s t r e a m - s u r f a c e s . T h e r e f o r e , we

may

write

(3-9)

A l s o the dot p r o d u c t

of (3-6) w i t h (o shows t h a t t h e streamtubes

the v o r t e x tubes

from

and

(3-5) we

conclude

c o i n c i d e with

that

^H^=0,

(3-10)

which means t h a t the a n g u l a r momentum i s c o n s e r v e d

8 )

head i s c o n s t a n t

H = H()

rw

"

f()

a l o n g the

stream-surfaces

Using equations

(3-11)

(3-8)

and

(3-10), t h e e q u a t i o n

(3-6)

i n the

curvilinear

c o o r d i n a t e system i s w r i t t e n

3n

(rw)-u

W f l

(3-12)

3n

74

2
) i s the m e r i d i o n a l v e l o c i t y .
d
1
8
U s i n g the r e l a t i o n =
TT the e q u a t i o n
ru
3n

where u =(u

+v

(3-12) becomes

dH
dT

9
=

"

and w i t h

(rw)
d ,
:T~ d T
r
(

.
w

,
"

( 3 - 4 ) , (3-13) becomes

2,

1 ,9 r

r
3x
The

^
+

1
?

3?

3 ?,

dH
(rw)
df r
r

3r

previous equation governing

external

forces,

f u n c t i o n . The

d,
d

inviscid

i s an e l l i p t i c p a r t i a l

.
(

,,,
- >

( 3

axisymmetric
differential

1 4

f l o w i n the absence o f
e q u a t i o n f o r the

stream

o p e r a t o r i n the l e f t - h a n d s i d e i s l i n e a r w h i l e , i n g e n e r a l ,

the r i g h t - h a n d s i d e i s a n o n - l i n e a r f u n c t i o n o f .
In

the absence o f s w i r l , w=0,

showing t h a t the q u a n t i t y

Equation

equation

i s constant

(3-14) t a k e s the

a l o n g the

If
of

the u n d i s t u r b e d stream

the e q u a t i o n

disk i t s e l f

and

i s f r e e of s w i r l ,

except

at

the

fluid.
the p a r t i c u l a r

(3-14) h o l d s everywhere i n the f l o w f i e l d ,

form

except

at

(3-15)
the

the s l i p s t r e a m c o n s i s t i n g o f the f l o w r e g i o n downstream o f

the d i s k comprising
In

stream-surfaces.

(3-14) i s v a l i d everywhere i n the f l o w f i e l d

a c t u a t o r d i s k where e x t e r n a l f o r c e s a c t upon the

form

a l l the streamtubes

o r d e r t o determine

d i s k s l i p s t r e a m , one

has

which have c r o s s e d the d i s k .

the r i g h t - h a n d s i d e o f e q u a t i o n

(3-14) i n the

t o c o n s i d e r the form which the f o r c e f i e l d

t a k e s at

the d i s k .
From the e q u a t i o n o f motion, r e t a i n i n g

By

have

VH-F.

t a k i n g the dot p r o d u c t

the body f o r c e term, we

(3-16)

of

(3-16) by u we

get

(U.F)

(3-17)

75

and the 8 component o f (3-16) i s

( r w !

18

<" >

s
The body f o r c e f i e l d F b e i n g c o n c e n t r a t e d a t t h e d i s k , has a D i r a c d e l t a
f u n c t i o n behaviour.

( f

In the s t r e a m l i n e c o o r d i n a t e system

m 6 ( s ) , 0 , f m<$

(s)),

i t t a k e s the form

<<P(R)

(3-19)

where R i s t h e d i s k r a d i u s , s=0 d e n o t i n g the p o i n t where the streamtube i n t e r s e c t s the d i s k .

Using

(3-19) and i n t e g r a t i n g

rw

rw

(3-17) between

- and s>0, we o b t a i n

s<0

f ()
Q

s>0,

(3-20)

s
f

which i m p l i e s t h a t the c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l v e l o c i t y has a jump

s

at the d i s k .

The jump i n t o t a l head at t h e d i s k can be found

from

a matching

condi-

t i o n w i t h the f l o w i n s i d e t h e b l a d e row at the d i s k .

Assuming an i n f i n i t e number o f b l a d e s r o t a t i n g w i t h a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y
fi =Qi , t h e c o n d i t i o n e x p r e s s i n g the n o r m a l i t y between t h e f o r c e a c t i n g on

the f l u i d

(u

and t h e r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y

and from

i g f i r ) .F

reads

(3-21)

(3-17) and (3-18), we o b t a i n

F

IS = !r e = ^

( r w

(3

>

22

" >

Integrating

(3-22) from s=- t o s=s we

Hen

for

s<o

H ()

H ei')+f2rw, for

s>0

e n

have

and

y ^ t o ^ )

(0,R) ,

(3-23)

76

where H g C f ) , b e i n g t h e t o t a l
the

conditions
Using

the

at i n f i n i t y

head b e f o r e the d i s k , h a s t o be d e t e r m i n e d from

upstream.

(3-23) i n (3-14) we

finally,

equation

1 ,3
{

1 3Y . 3 ,
T 2 - r ^
-2
=
3x
3r
+

which i s a g e n e r a l i z a t i o n
o b t a i n e d by Wu

d H

0 ^ ,

-dT

+ ( f i

3T ,

3x

(3-24) and

boundary c o n d i t i o n s
At i n f i n i t y

( 3

'

'

2 4 )

inflow.

(3-15) w r i t e s

...

3r

Equations

( r w )

t o the non-uniform i n f l o w case of the equation

(1962) f o r t h e u n i f o r m

1 ,3 V

rw. d ,

2r> d ?

O u t s i d e the s l i p s t r e a m , e q u a t i o n

o b t a i n , f o r t h e f l o w i n the s l i p s t r e a m ,

(3-25) have t o be s o l v e d

f o r the present
have P = P Q

upstream we

P()

= -j- +

|U

subject

t o the p a r t i c u l a r

problem, namely:
and u = U ( r ) i ^ . The t o t a l

head i s

(3-26)

and t h e stream f u n c t i o n i s
V

U ( r ') r ' d r '

The v o r t i c i t y

(3-27)

v e c t o r has o n l y c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l

IF

and the boundary c o n d i t i o n

At

\JJ

infinity

P3x

-> 0

component

as

at i n f i n i t y

"

upstream w r i t e s

> -oo

(3-29)

as x-M- and r-*, we

have

r - + o o .

(3-30)

77

- On t h e d u c t ' s

4f = C

s u r f a c e t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n i s s i m p l y

on

D,

(3-31)

where C i s an unknown c o n s t a n t
the d u c t ' s t r a i l i n g

t o be determined

from

the Kutta c o n d i t i o n at

edge.

- At t h e hub t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n i s

= 0

on

H.

(3-32)

If the r a d i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of c i r c u l a t i o n

r (r)
m

= 2-rrrwQ = 2nrw(s=0 + )

i s known a t the d i s k , t h e r o t a t i o n a l momentum becomes known and t h e f o r c e s

a c t i n g on t h e f l u i d
In

are determined

shape o f t h e duct

(3-20).

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f c i r c u l a t i o n and t h e

and hub a r e assumed t o be known.

The main d i f f i c u l t y
fact

from e q u a t i o n

t h e p r e s e n t problem, t h e r a d i a l

i n s o l v i n g equations

(3-24) t o (3-32) l i e s i n t h e

t h a t , t h e r i g h t - h a n d s i d e s o f (3-24) and (3-25) b e i n g n o n - l i n e a r f u n c -

tions

o f a r e not known a t t h e o u t s e t i n t h e whole f l o w f i e l d , but o n l y a t

p a r t i c u l a r s u r f aces, namely, a t i n f i n i t y

By

upstream s=- and at t h e d i s k s=0.

a p p l i c a t i o n o f Green's theorem, t h e p r e v i o u s boundary-value

c o n s i s t i n g of equations

(3-24) t o (3-32) , can be t r a n s f o r m e d

coupled n o n - l i n e a r i n t e g r a l
e x t e r i o r t o t h e duct

e q u a t i o n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , on t h e f l o w domain

themselves.

t h e t h e o r y may be a p p l i e d t o t h e d u c t e d

g e n e r a l non-uniform

problem,
a set of

and hub s u r f a c e s , and on i t s boundary, c o n s i s t i n g o f

the duct and hub s u r f a c e s

Although

into

stream,

we w i l l

limit

propeller placed i n a

o u r s e l v e s t o ducted p r o p e l l e r s i n

wake f l o w s .
In

such

case we are d e a l i n g w i t h , o f a d u c t e d p r o p e l l e r

t r i c wake f i e l d , t h e n o n - u n i f o r m i t y o f t h e incoming
e x t e n t and we may t h e r e f o r e assume t h a t , at r a d i i

i n an axisymme-

flow i s o f l i m i t e d

radial

g r e a t e r than t h e r a d i u s R ,

78

the i n f l o w i s u n i f o r m w i t h v e l o c i t y U^.
We make the f l o w q u a n t i t i e s n o n - d i m e n s i o n a l

u s i n g t h e d i s k r a d i u s R and

the v e l o c i t y U , as f o l l o w s : r*=r/R, x*=x/R, u*=u/U , U*=U/U

Q

^ /(U R ),
0

^=R<, /U , 03*

With t h e a s t e r i s c o m i t t e d ,

1 ,3
=(
7T
r 2 3
. x2

1 3Y . 8 ,
H
X-) =
r 9r 3r2

S V 0U

equations

/ f l R
0

r=V/iV H

),

Q>

(3-25) and (3-24) become:

, ,.
-,. ,
o u t s i d e the s l i p s t r e a m

df

(3-33)

and
2

1 ,Z V

1 3 ^ d V>

- j l
J
r
3x

gT7 +

(rw) . d ,

0 . /TT
(

!W

3r

We may c o n t i n u e t h e f l o w f i e l d

2~ df
r
)

.
'

..
n

..
h

slipstream.
_
(

i n t o the r e g i o n e x t e r n a l l y bounded by t h e

duct and hub s u r f a c e s i n an a r b i t r a r y way, p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e s e s u r f a c e s

remain

stream-surfaces

identically

o f t h e f l o w . I f we assume t h a t t h e v e l o c i t y

i n that r e g i o n , the v e l o c i t y

tangential

to the s u r f a c e

vanishes
will

become d i s c o n t i n u o u s .
Denoting

by V

and

t h e stream

f u n c t i o n o f t h e e x t e r n a l and i n t e r n a l

f l o w s r e s p e c t i v e l y , we have

- ? [ ^ - ^ ]

=-

v ( s )

o n

a n d H

'

( 3

3 5 )

where V ( s ) i s t h e o u t e r m e r i d i o n a l v e l o c i t y on D and H.
In

t h i s way, t h e common r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e duct and hub s u r f a c e s by

v o r t e x s h e e t s w i t h s t r e n g t h y ( s ) = V ( s ) , as r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e p r e v i o u s
is

Chapter

obtained.

The
vorticity

r e l a t i o n between t h e stream

f u n c t i o n V ( x , r ) i n d u c e d by a g i v e n

f i e l d U)g(x,r) i s

V(x,r)

= If

G ( x - x \ r , r ' )

(X ' , r ' ) d x ' d r '

(3-36)

K
i n which t h e i n t e g r a t i o n i s performed
The

over t h e r e g i o n K f o r which 0 ) g ( x , r ) ^ 0 .

f u n c t i o n o f Green G ( x - x , r , r ' ) , a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e o p e r a t o r

79

1 3
(
r ~ A
ox

1 3
3
TT- + ; r ) a p p e a r i n g i n (3-33) and
r or
~
9r

(3-34), r e p r e s e n t s the

f u n c t i o n i n d u c e d by a r i n g v o r t e x w i t h u n i t c i r c u l a t i o n .

I t has been g i v e n

i n v a r i o u s ways by s e v e r a l a u t h o r s (Lamb (1952), Greenberg

p r e s e n t a t i o n i n terms o f e l l i p t i c
Weber (1953), i s used
G(x-x',r,r')

total

and

/ ( x - x ' ) + ( r + r ' ) '[( 1-^-)

K ( k ) -E ( k ) ]

(3-37)

i n t e g r a l s K(k) and E ( k ) i s

4rr '

~~

The

(1932)). The r e -

as d e r i v e d by Kiicheman

here:

The modulus o f the e l l i p t i c

,2

integrals,

stream

(x-x')
stream

+(r+r')

(3-38)

2 *

f u n c t i o n can be w r i t t e n as the sum

o f the t h r e e c o n t r i b u -

tions :

Y(x,r)

* (x,r)
w

<p ( x , r ) i s the stream

w

(x,r)

+4> ( x , r )

(3-39)

f u n c t i o n i n d u c e d by the v o r t i c i t y

field

dH
w

" "dT

'

w
l|Jp(x,r) i s the stream f u n c t i o n induced by the v o r t i c i t y

,rTr
.d(rw)
= - ( - w)

and <i> i s the stream

d
Y(s) .
We

field

(3-41)

f u n c t i o n induced by the duct and hub

surface v o r t i c i t y

note t h a t co

i s d i f f e r e n t from z e r o i n the f l o w r e g i o n e x t e r n a l t o
w
the duct and hub s u r f aces, s a t i s f y i n g i'(x,r)< r'(x,R) , w h i l e w
i s different
0
o
from z e r o i n s i d e the d i s k s l i p s t r e a m (x,r)< i'(x, 1) w i t h x>0.
It should also
l

be noted t h a t , though one c o u l d i n t e r p r e t e 10. as the v o r t i c i t y r e s u l t i n g

w
from the t r a n s p o r t o f the v o r t i c i t y o f the incoming stream and 0 )
the v o r t i p
Q

c i t y shed

from the a c t u a t o r d i s k , t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n i s not an e s s e n t i a l

when s o l v i n g the n o n - l i n e a r problem,

because the two

c o u p l e d through the dependence on the t o t a l stream

vorticity

function

fields

one
are

V.

80

When t a k i n g i n t o account
in equation

the v a r i o u s components t o the stream f u n c t i o n

(3-35) e x p r e s s i n g the boundary c o n d i t i o n on the duct

s u r f a c e s , one

and

hub

o b t a i n s the i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n on the s u r f a c e v o r t i c i t y

strength:

-4Y(S)+

y (s )k(s,s' )ds'
D+H

s i n c e ill and Ui are c o n t i n u o u s

w
p
The
tion

c o n s t a n t C,

+
r

on D and

(3-42)

H.

appearing i n equation

(3-31),

(3-42). However, as d i s c u s s e d i n Chapter

i s not

2, e q u a t i o n

i n v o l v e d i n equa(3-42) i s s a t i s -

f i e d by an i n f i n i t e number o f s o l u t i o n s , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o each p o s s i b l e
v a l u e o f the c o n s t a n t C. The

K u t t a c o n d i t i o n has

t o be added t o s p e c i f y

the

solution.
S u b s t i t u t i o n o f (3-39),
g r a l e q u a t i o n on the stream
the i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n

The
and

f u n c t i o n which has

n o n - l i n e a r c h a r a c t e r o f the problem asks

d e p a r t , as a f i r s t

approximation,

large disturbance approximation

stream-surfaces

of a primary

stream-surfaces

approximation

inte-

t o be s o l v e d t o g e t h e r w i t h

approach,

a s o l u t i o n based

i s convected

i . e . we

on s m a l l

shear,

assume t h a t the

a l o n g the p o t e n t i a l

flow

f l o w are o b t a i n e d from
from

linear

the a c t u a t o r d i s k i n the

presence

t o g e t h e r w i t h the v o r t e x sheet s t r e n g t h

the duct

l i n e a r approximation

from

flow.

o f such p r i m a r y

r e q u i r e d t o make from

f o r an i t e r a t i v e

t o the f l o w f i e l d ,

t o the v o r t i c i t y shed

o f the u n d i s t u r b e d stream,

The

(3-36) y i e l d s an

adopted:

v o r t i c i t y o f the u n d i s t u r b e d stream

The

(3-41) i n t o

(3-42).

the f o l l o w i n g has been

1. We

(3-40) and

and hub

stream-surfaces

t o the v o r t i c i t y

shed

from

o f the

flow.

the a c t u a t o r d i s k i s

dr
1
w

( r )

T7T

co

"-af^T-Vutri+u
J

(r)

( 3

-&F

"

4 3 )

Poo

where u

i s the a x i a l v e l o c i t y i n d u c e d f a r downstream by the shed v o r t i c i t y

Poo
U) ( r ) . T h i s a p p r o x i m a t i o n c o r r e s p o n d s t o the v o r t e x system o f a moderateP
9

l y loaded a c t u a t o r d i s k with continuous

the p i t c h o f the v o r t e x l i n e s determined

d i s t r i b u t i o n of c i r c u l a t i o n
i n the u l t i m a t e wake

and

and

81

i n Chapter 2 .

has been i n v e s t i g a t e d
2.

The stream

3.

With t h e t o t a l

function

i s computed from e q u a t i o n s

stream

4.

f o l l o w from

Steps 2 . t o 4 . a r e r e p e a t e d u n t i l
The

3.3.

( 3 - 4 0 ) and

equations

The s o l u t i o n o f t h e i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n

(3-42)

yields Y ( )
s

convergence i s a c h i e v e d .

various steps of the i t e r a t i v e

method w i l l

and ( 3 - 3 7 ) .

f u n c t i o n known, new e s t i m a t e s f o r t h e v o r t i c i t y

d i s t r i b u t i o n s OJg ( x , r ) and U) ( x , r ) ,
(3-41).

(3-36)

s o l u t i o n using a d i s c r e t e vortex

be examined i n t h e next

sheet

section.

ITERATIVE SOLUTION BY A DISCRETE VORTEX SHEET METHOD

3.3.1.

Vortex

sheet

approximation

In t h e p r e s e n t

to the v o r t i c i t y

approximate n u m e r i c a l

i n t h e flow

s o l u t i o n to the

problem d e s c r i b e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n , we assume t h e u n d i s t u r b e d
t o be approximated

sequence, the v o r t i c i t y o f t h e incoming

the inflow

U(r)

= U

f l o w i s d i s t r i b u t e d i n a f i n i t e num-

(Fig. 3 . 1 ) .

ber o f v o r t e x s h e e t s
Let

stream

by a p i e c e w i s e c o n s t a n t v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n . As a con-

v e l o c i t y be p i e c e w i s e c o n s t a n t , g i v e n by

for

<r<r

(3-44)

m=l(l),N,

m+1

w i t h rQ =0,r
=R
and U ..=U b e i n g t h e c o n s t a n t v e l o c i t y o u t s i d e t h e wake.
1
N+l 0
N+l
The stream f u n c t i o n at i n f i n i t y upstream i s
u n

V >

1=1

At the d i s c r e t e r a d i i

r
u

= i> ( r

T * 0 i+l
- 0 I, V

W^l

) U

f o r

0 m
^

(3-45)

, we have

m-1
z

j(r

- r

)U

, m=l, (1),N

At i n f i n i t y upstream, t h e v o r t i c i t y v a n i s h e s everywhere, except

crete r a d i i

m+1

r ^ , m=l,(l),N,

(3-46)

at the d i s -

where i t has a D i r a c d e l t a f u n c t i o n type behav-

m
iour.

82

The

f u n c t i o n H^CV), which c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e t o t a l head o f t h e f l o w

o u t s i d e the s l i p s t r e a m , (see eq.

3-23), i s c o n s t a n t between t h e v o r t e x

s h e e t s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e stream

surfaces

, m=l,(l),N.

At t h e v o r t e x

m
sheets themselves,

the f u n c t i o n

has a jump a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e d i s c o n t i -

nuity of v e l o c i t y

across the sheet.

th
jump a t t h e m
v o r t e x sheet i s

The
AH

= H
m

- H

m+1

|<U

-U

= U Y

= U

'0

(3-47)

at the sheet, at i n f i n i t y

upstream,

,.-0
m

(3-48)

m+1

i s t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e v o r t e x sheet a t i n f i n i t y
The

where U = i ( U _+U ) i s t h e mean v e l o c i t y

m
m+1
m
and

, m = l , ( l ) , N ,

upstream.

f u n c t i o n dH^/d^, becomes

dH
-gf

N
E AH
fi(-F )
m=l
m
Q

(3-49)

where 6 i s t h e d e l t a f u n c t i o n o f D i r a c .
The

s t r e n g t h of the correspondent

v o r t e x sheet can be deduced by i n t e -

g r a t i n g t h e t a n g e n t i a l component o f v o r t l c i t y on a s m a l l a r e a element
t h i c k n e s s 2e normal t o t h e s h e e t , e n c l o s i n g a v o r t e x sheet

element

with

with

l e n g t h ds, and l e t t i n g approach z e r o . In such c a s e , we get

y(s)

+e
= l i m di.dn
e^O - e
0

+c
= l i m

d H
(-r -,, ) d n
Q

(3-50)

+0 -

Using

(3-49), and c h a n g i n g t h e i n t e g r a t i o n v a r i a b l e t o f , t h e s t r e n g t h o f
th
the m
v o r t e x sheet becomes

A ^ O

f - A f

m
(3-51)

Using
1

(3-47) and n o t i n g t h a t t h e m e r i d i o n a l mean v e l o c i t y

.1(31)
s -7 8n" ^
m
=

'
m

at the vortex

83

sheet

The

( s ) = 5i- Y

s
m
m

(3-52)

same e q u a t i o n c o u l d be o b t a i n e d by a p p l y i n g B e r n o u l l i e q u a t i o n at b o t h

s i d e s o f t h e v o r t e x sheet and u s i n g t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f c o n t i n u i t y o f t h e
pressure across the sheet.
As remarked b e f o r e , t h e N v o r t e x s h e e t s w i t h s t r e n g t h g i v e n by e q u a t i o n
(3-52), do not r e p r e s e n t t h e t o t a l v o r t i c i t y
t i o n a l c o n t r i b u t i o n of the v o r t i c i t y
equation

from

i n s i d e t h e s l i p s t r e a m . The a d d i -

t h e a c t u a t o r d i s k and g i v e n by

(3-41) has t o be a c c o u n t e d f o r .

L e t the c i r c u l a t i o n a t the d i s k be approximated

function,

so t h a t t h e c o r r e s p o n d e n t

shed v o r t i c i t y

o f v o r t e x s h e e t s . The i n n e r v o r t e x sheet
and
shed

the outer vortex sheet, forming

by a p i e c e w i s e

constant

i s d i s t r i b u t e d on a number

i s assumed t o be bound t o t h e hub

t h e o u t e r boundary o f t h e s l i p s t r e a m , i s

from t h e d i s k ' s edge ( F i g . 3-1).

Fig.

3-1. Schematic

representation

a ducted propeller

of the discrete

in non-uniform

vortex

model for

wake flow.

84

We have

r j r )

= r

for

r <r<r
k

k=l,(l),N .

(3-53)

w i t h r = r , b e i n g t h e hub r a d i u s a t t h e d i s k and r
=1.
1 h

Np+1
I f Ar =r, -T , w i t h r
=0, we have
k k+1 k'
'
N

and

-g^-

r
Z
k=l

= 27

integrating

Ar 6(- )
k

(3-41) w i t h

k t h o r t e x sheet

shed

(s) =

k = l , (1) ,N

(3-54)

(3-54) we o b t a i n f o r t h e v o r t e x s t r e n g t h o f t h e

from t h e a c t u a t o r d i s k , t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t :
A

V
y

l i m

Ar

[-

) d,

(3-55)

i
V

where U

=
g

2J

1 3f
~ " ~ ( ' g ^

8TT

the m e r i d i o n a l v e l o c i t y
Equation

A T ,

r,+r,
2 2

s,

k
1
Crw>u;tj/ ~4TI^

< "

5 6 )

values f o r

and t h e r o t a t i o n a l momentum a t t h e v o r t e x

sheet.

(3-56) agrees w i t h t h e e q u a t i o n g i v e n by Greenberg (1972) f o r t h e

vortex s t r e n g t h of the s l i p s t r e a m of a h e a v i l y loaded actuator disk i n u n i form f l o w .

Comparison o f e q u a t i o n

(3-56) w i t h

(3-52) e v i d e n c e s

s w i r l i n t h e s l i p s t r e a m r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e second

the r o l e of

term between b r a c k e t s i n

(3-56).

3.3.2. F i r s t

approximation

stream

t o t h e a c t u a t o r d i s k v o r t e x s h e e t s and t h e f l o w

surfaces.

Using the previous r e s u l t s

to t h e v o r t i c i t y
The r e s u l t ,

shed

the l i n e a r approximation

(3-43)

from t h e a c t u a t o r d i s k can be d e r i v e d .

f o r the strength Y
k

c y l i n d e r s shed

of equation

from t h e d i s k r a d i i

o f the s e m i - i n f i n i t e r i n g vortex
(l)
r, , a f t e r some c a l c u l a t i o n , i s
k

85

(1)

k+l

1, (1) , N

The v e l o c i t y

(l)

=k+l

(1)

J 4TT

(3-57)

field

been g i v e n i n Chapter

i n d u c e d by a s e m i - i n f i n i t e r i n g v o r t e x c y l i n d e r has

2. The r e s u l t

f o r the corresponding induced

f u n c t i o n i s deduced by i n t e g r a t i o n o f the Green's f u n c t i o n ,

(3-37), from x'=0

t o t o x'=,

stream

equation

( C o e s e l , 1979):

2
l C5*n,,,r)
oB

-(A(n)+

4 1 T

z
S

[c +(n+D ]

{ (n-i) [K(k

)-n(a^k

)] +

+(n+D

[K(k )-E(k )]})

(3-58)

where

2
A(n)

for

n<i

(3-59)

for

T1>1

(3-60)

7T

"

r+(n+D
4n

2 _
a

= wn

(3-61)

'

(3-62)

(Tl + 1)'

5r = r -'
X

1
r
and
n=r

r'
1

U s i n g the a x i a l and r a d i a l v e l o c i t i e s
(3-57), the i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n

i n d u c e d by t h e v o r t e x

(3-42) f o r t h e f i r s t

i t e r a t e on t h e s u r f a c e

v o r t i c i t y y ^ ( s ) on the duct and hub i s s o l v e d and a f i r s t

the stream

system

approximation

s u r f a c e s o f t h e f l o w f o l l o w s . -The c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t a l

stream

function i s

86

to

f,
U

. ( x , r ) = i> ( r ) + i K
(x,r)+Z
y
(l)
k = l CL)
n

where 0

i s t h e stream

*(5,n,

(3-63)

f u n c t i o n i n d u c e d by t h e duct and hub v o r t i c i t y y .j,,

(1)
3.3.3. C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e f l o w stream
vortex

s u r f a c e s and d i s c r e t i z a t i o n o f t h e

sheets.

In t h e i t e r a t i o n p r o c e s s , t h e p o s i t i o n s o f t h e v o r t e x s h e e t s ,
t i n g e i t h e r t h e wake v o r t i c i t y o r t h e s l i p s t r e a m v o r t i c i t y ,
t r a c i n g on an E u l e r i a n g r i d t h e s t r e a m - s u r f a c e s

represen-

a r e o b t a i n e d by

V= , m = l , ( l ) , N
m

and

,
k

k = l , (1) ,N
The

g r i d has c o n s t a n t

s t e p s i z e i n t h e r a d i a l d i r e c t i o n and v a r i a b l e

s t e p s i z e i n the a x i a l d i r e c t i o n ,

( s e e F i g . 3-2). The c o n s t a n t

s i z e i s introduced f o r o b t a i n i n g higher accuracy

velocity profiles
tiation,
to

from t h e stream

f u n c t i o n knot

radial

i n t h e computation
v a l u e s by n u m e r i c a l

and t h e v a r i a b l e s t e p s i z e i n t h e a x i a l d i r e c t i o n t o permit

t h e decay r a t e o f t h e v o r t i c i t y

stepof axial
differenadaption

d i s t u r b a n c e s w i t h t h e d i s t a n c e from t h e

duct and a c t u a t o r d i s k .
On each r a d i a l

s t a t i o n x=x^, i = l , ( l ) , M , t h r e e p o i n t Lagrange

t i o n i s used
stream

to obtain the radius r . of the m

lm
f u n c t i o n knot v a l u e s f , ..

The

same s e t o f p o i n t s (x , r

v o r t e x sheet

th

interpola-

v o r t e x sheet f ^ f from t h e
m

) i s used

i n t o p a r a b o l i c elements.
th
element on t h e m
v o r t e x sheet a r e

t o d i s c r e t i z e the corresponding
th
The p a r a m e t r i c e q u a t i o n s o f t h e I

2
-

x . () = x . + c o s a . 5 c . s i n a . 5
lm
lm
i n
lm
lm
r . (5) = r . + s i n a . 5+c. c o s a ,
lm
lm
lm
lm
lm

i=l,(l),M-l

(3-64)

with

(x , r ) as t h e o r d i n a t e s o f t h e p a r a b o l a v e r t e x , a. t h e angle made
im
lm
lm
by t h e element chord w i t h the x - a x i s , c
t h e element c u r v a t u r e and 5 t h e
im

a r c - l e n g t h measured from t h e p o i n t (x. , r . ).

"
im im

87

UPSTREAM BOUNDARY

CONDITION
DOWNSTREAM BOUNDARY CONDITION

L
L

-1

VORTEX SHEET,

Fig.

3-2. Computational

grid,

x, for streamline

We

equispaced

tracing

in v with

and discretization

f u r t h e r assume t h a t , a t s u f f i c i e n t l y

say f o r x<x, and x>x , the v o r t e x sheet has

= 1
m

ingly,

i n the i n t e r v a l s

(-,x^) and

step

in

of vortex

l a r g e d i s t a n c e s from

origin,

domain, i t may

variable

sheets

the

constant r a d i u s . Accord

(x ,+<) , o u t s i d e o f the

computational

be r e p l a c e d by s e m i - i n f i n i t e r i n g v o r t e x c y l i n d e r s w i t h

con-

stant strength.
In

the c o m p u t a t i o n a l

assumed t o v a r y

The

domain and on each element the v o r t e x s t r e n g t h i s

linearly.

b a s i c procedure

f o r the c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e stream

k n o t s o f the c o m p u t a t i o n a l

grid

i n d u c e d by a v o r t e x sheet element,
strength.

I f Y. ' and Y 5 ^
km
km

f u n c t i o n on

the

i s the e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e stream f u n c t i o n
(3-64), w i t h a l i n e a r l y v a r y i n g v o r t e x

are, r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

the v a l u e s o f the

vortex

88

s t r e n g t h and

tain,

its first

f o r the

stream f u n c t i o n i n d u c e d
i
(0)'
5 if
km
_

1 j km

d e r i v a t i v e at the p a r a b o l a

=Tu

by

vertex

(x, ,r, ), we
km
km

the element on t h e g r i d

ob-

point

,G(x.-x,
(5),r.,r.
'
I
km
' j
km
^km

())d?+
^'

65

< " >

^km
where ,
d e n o t e s h a l f t h e a r c l e n g t h o f the element,
km
The i n t e g r a l s i n e q u a t i o n (3-65) are r e g u l a r s i n c e r ?T , and
km
j
ated n u m e r i c a l l y
ent

t o any

degree o f a c c u r a c y

a p p l i c a t i o n , a 10 p o i n t G a u s s i a n and

applied

for that

can be

without d i f f i c u l t i e s .

evalu-

In the

a 21 p o i n t Kronrod f o r m u l a has

presbeen

purpose.

However, i f the d i s t a n c e o f t h e
l a r g e compared w i t h

the

f i e l d point

characteristic

t o the element v e r t e x

arc l e n g t h

is

of the element, m u l t i -

p o l e e x p a n s i o n s of the Green's f u n c t i o n about the v e r t e x

(x, , r, ), can
km
km

be

used.
A T a y l o r e x p a n s i o n about the p o i n t

G(x.-x.
(E),r.,r.
l
km
' j' km
s

())

(x, , r
), y i e l d s
km
km

G(x.-x,
,r.,r.
)+
I
km'
j'
km

+G

,(x.-x,
,r.,r,
) Tx.
x'
I
km'
3 '
km
km

+G

,(x.-x.
,r.,r.
) fr,
r'
1
km
j ' km
km

( p - r , l
*
km-

1
2

()-x, 1 +
km-

+ T T { G

. ,(x.-x,
,r.,r,
) fx.
x'x'
1
km'
j'
km
km
L

()-x. 1
^
km

+G

, ,(x.-x.
,r.,r.
) fx,
x'r
1
km'
j ' km
km

(?)-x, 1 fr,
^
km
km

+G

. ,(x.-x,
,r . , r .
) fr.
r'r'
1
km'
3'
km
km

(5)-r,
^
km

()-r. 1 +
km
J

2
L

(3-66)

where

89

G ,(x-x',r,r')
x

- -

^ '
K(k)
/(x-x') +(r+r')
{

[1+

-]E(k)},
2

(x-x*) +(r-r')

,(x-x' , r , r ' ) =

,
f
/(x-x') +(r+r')
2

'
'
=-]E(k)},
(x-x') + ( r - r ' )

2 T r

' '

(3-67)

,{K(k)

[1

[(x-x') +(r+r') ]

3 / 2

(3-68)

[(x-x') +(r-r') ]

([(x-x")

( r + r ' ) + (r - r
2
2 1 +k

K ( k ) + { 2 r r ' (x-x')
-

G
x

, ,
r

+
1-k
(r+r') [(x-x') +(r +r' )]}E(k)),
2

(x-x' r r') =
X X ,r,r

(x-x' )
2 j 3 / 2 ^

{[(x-x') -(r -r' )]K(k)

[2r(r-r')

(3-69)

2 j

(El+^_) +
1-k

(x-x') +(r -r' )]

E(k)},

(3-70)

1
G

r'r'

( X

~ '' ' '

)
2 T r

[ (x-x' ) + (r+r ' ) ]

2

{(x-x') [(x-x') +(r +r' )]

[ (x-x' ) + ( r - r ' ) ]
K(k)

-{ ( x - x ' ) [ ( x - x ' ) - ( r - r ' ) ] - 2 r ( r + r ' )

9

(r

-r

O r r

)+^ i [ ( x - x ' )
1-k
T

+ ( r - r ' ) ] E ( k ) }.(3-7l)
90

The modulus o f the e l l i p t i c

4 r r '

integrals i s

5(x-x')

(3-72)

+(r+r')

The

f u n c t i o n s G , and G , r e p r e s e n t the stream f u n c t i o n induced by r i n g

x
r
v o r t e x d i p o l e s o f u n i t s t r e n g t h , w i t h t h e i r axes d i r e c t e d i n t h e a x i a l and
r a d i a l d i r e c t i o n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The f u n c t i o n s G , ,, G , , and G , , a r e
x x ' r ' r '
x r'
the stream

f u n c t i o n s i n d u c e d by u n i t a r y r i n g v o r t e x q u a d r u p o l e s

p a i r o f axes, r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

with

a x i a l l y d i r e c t e d , r a d i a l l y d i r e c t e d and

their
orthogo-

nal

i n both a x i a l and r a d i a l d i r e c t i o n s . These f u n c t i o n s are g i v e n i n F i g s .

3-3

to

3-7.

When the m u l t i p o l e expansions

are used,

the stream

f u n c t i o n il. ., i n
l j k m

equation
*
y

(3-65), becomes
0 )

l3km

= < G > n ' ^

'km l j k m 'km

'
3 km

(3-73)

wit

G f

ljkm

= 2GE,' + [~c,
km

( c o s 2 a

km

sin a

+ 2 s i n a

G , ,]|43
r

G ,+cosa,

km x '

km x'x

(-sina,

km

G ,) +

km r '

C O S a

)+

k m x <r<

( 3

7 4 )

and

G..?

13km

( c o s a , G , + s i n a , G ,)^,
km X
km r
3 km
1

(3-75)

where the s h o r t - h a n d n o t a t i o n G stands f o r G(x.-x

1

the o t h e r
The
element

km

, r . , r , ) and s i m i l a r l y t o
j km

functions.
c r i t e r i o n used t o e s t a b l i s h i n which f l o w r e g i o n f a r from

multipole expansions

s h o u l d be used, depends on the a c c u r a c y

the
desired.

From n u m e r i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s i t t u r n e d out t h a t , f o r a wide range o f element

g e o m e t r i c parameters,

l i n e s o f e q u a l e r r o r i n the a p p r o x i m a t i o n

be r e a s o n a b l y approximated

(3-66), c o u l d

by s e m i - e l l i p s e s . T h e r e f o r e , m u l t i p o l e e x p a n s i o n s

91

'Fig. 3-3. Stream function

by an axially
ring

vortex

induced
directed
dipole.

Fig

3-4. Stream function

by a radially
ring

vortex

induced
directed
dipole.

Stream
a ring

function
vortex

Two axial

Fig.

induced

by

Fig.

a ring

quadrupole.

function

induced

Vortex

quadrupole.

One axial

axes.

3-7. Stream

3-6. Stream

function

quadrupole.

induced

Two radial

axis

radial

axis.

by a ring

vortex

and

one

axes.

93

by

were used when

1
/
2
-p-. / ( x . -x.
) +c . ( r . - r .
'
l
km
l
j
km

2
)

> c

for

'km

r ./r.
y
km

<1

and

1
/
2
2
p-. / ( x . - x ,
) +c
(r.-r,
) <c
l
km
e' j
km

The
and

v a l u e s o f the n u m e r i c a l

for

r . / r . >1
j ' km

c o n s t a n t s have been chosen as c =7.6,

l

=1.0
e

c=6.0.

By summing the c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f a l l v o r t e x s h e e t s , the t o t a l

f u n c t i o n s at the mesh knots
N+N^+l
r
f . . =

in
i
m=l

stream

writes

, ,
p (m)

ill . .. +R. .
l
, inkm
in
k=l

(3-76)

th
where p(m)

i s the number o f elements o f the m

over t h e v o r t e x s h e e t s i n e q u a t i o n
incoming
and hub

v o r t e x s h e e t . The

wake f l o w , the v o r t e x s h e e t s o f the d i s k s l i p s t r e a m and

boundary v o r t e x s h e e t . R

00

(5
CO

,n
' CO

CO

domain and

,n

,r

CO

CO

m m m

1 Y
'CO
k=l

with

0 0

m=l

the

duct

r e p r e s e n t s the c o n t r i b u t i o n s from the r e -

mainder o f the f l o w f i e l d o u t s i d e the c o m p u t a t i o n a l

N
R,.
=
I [y
(-.
,n
,r
)+y
(
jM
0
0
0
O
CO
CO
L

summation

(3-76) i n c l u d e s the v o r t e x s h e e t s o f t h e

,r
CO
k

i s given

by

)] +
-1

m m m

(3-77)

r =
, n =^ , C =-, n =^.
r
and r
are the a s y m p t o t i c
O r x.-Xj^
O r r.
r
r
m O
m O
m x.-x
_
m
m
k
m
r a d i i o f the wake v o r t e xm s h e e t s and s l i p s t r e a m v o r t e x s h e e t s , r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
and y

00

, y

the c o r r e s p o n d e n t

03

00

00

vortex strengths,

94

3.3,4. C a l c u l a t i o n

o f t h e s t r e n g t h o f the v o r t e x

In each i t e r a t i o n s t e p , when the l o c a t i o n

known from

the s t r e a m l i n e

vortex sheet i n t o

Concerning

(3-52) and

procedure

o f the v o r t e x sheet becomes

and

the d i s c r e t i z a t i o n o f

i t s v a r i o u s elements has been e f f e c t e d ,

on each element s t i l l

calculation

tracing

sheets

needs t o be

the

the v o r t e x s t r e n g t h

evaluated.

t h e wake v o r t e x s h e e t s and the s l i p s t r e a m v o r t e x s h e e t s ,

o f the v o r t e x s t r e n g t h can be,

e a s i l y , c a r r i e d out

from

(3-56), p r o v i d e d t h a t the mean m e r i d i o n a l v e l o c i t i e s u

the

equations
and

u^
s

are known.
F o r the computation
available:

o f the v e l o c i t y

Biot-Savart integration

ferentiation

o f the stream

tracing

procedure

methods a r e , i n p r i n c i p l e

over the v o r t e x s h e e t s o r n u m e r i c a l

e f f i c i e n c y , the second

though i t i s , c l e a r l y , o f l e s s

S i n c e the s l o p e o f the s t r e a m - s u r f a c e s
line

two

dif-

function.

With r e s p e c t t o c o m p u t a t i o n a l
p r e f e r r e d t o the f i r s t ,

field,

and

method i s t o

be

accuracy.

i s a l r e a d y known from

the

stream-

the d i s c r e t i z a t i o n o f the s t r e a m - s u r f a c e s ,

one

o n l y needs t o compute the a x i a l v e l o c i t i e s .

From t h e v a l u e s o f stream
profiles,

differentiation
The

f u n c t i o n at t h e g r i d k n o t s , a x i a l v e l o c i t y

at a l l the a x i a l s t a t i o n s ,
formula

(see, f o r example, I s a c s o n and K e l l e r ,

v a l u e s o f the a x i a l v e l o c i t y

the g r i d k n o t s

and,

radii.

that, f o r p a r t i c u l a r

We

note

direction,this

procedure

u.
i,m

t i e s o f the i

may

velocities

and u . .
i+l,m
B

are, i n the f i r s t

secondly, i n t e r p o l a t e d

by smoothing the v e l o c i t y

If

are d e r i v e d u s i n g a t h r e e - p o i n t Lagrange

lead to continuous

discontinuities

element o f the m

and v o r t e x sheet

axial velocity

vortex

s.

i + 1 ,m

distributions

extremi-

wake v o r t e x s h e e t , o b t a i n e d from

1
u

)
s.
I

sheet
radial

a c r o s s the v o r t e x s h e e t s .

s l o p e s at the same p o i n t s , we

(0)
u

t o the c o r r e s p o n d e n t

c h o i c e s o f the g r i d s p a c i n g i n the

denote the m e r i d i o n a l v e l o c i t i e s on the

^

im

1966).

p l a c e , e v a l u a t e d at

the

axial

get

(3-78)

,m

95

i V o

s. , .
1+1,m

f o r the wake v o r t i c i t y
if s ^

e x t r e m i t i e s o f the i * *

0)
l.
i k = 2
k

on the element.

Similarly,

a n t l
+

m e r i d i o n a l v e l o c i t i e s on

the

s l i p s t r e a m v o r t e x s h e e t , we

have

W
i,k
^r>

i+l,k

= i A r

a
i

element o f the k**

W
, i+l,k
u ^
s

The
equation
and hub

J -

i+l,k

<J

%
)

i , k

i , k

on the element, where

r +r
-

f o r the s l i p s t r e a m v o r t i c i t y

i,k

.
0

'

( ^ ^ - ^ - )

79

< " >

s.
i,m

BIT

duct and hub

2
r

( 3 - 88 2
i
2 )

< 3

"
i

vorticity

(3-42), when the a x i a l

i s found
and

from

the s o l u t i o n o f the

radial velocities

are known. S i n c e the n u m e r i c a l

l e s s a c c u r a t e near

the f l o w b o u n d a r i e s

Savart i n t e g r a t i o n

i s used

induced

on the

d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n procedure
i . e . the duct

and hub

integral'
duct

tends

t o be

surfaces, Biot-

t o compute the v e l o c i t i e s on the p i v o t a l p o i n t s

on t h e s e s u r f a c e s .
I t must be n o t e d
duct

and

hub

t h a t , the s t r e n g t h o f the boundary v o r t i c i t y on

the

s u r f a c e s has much s t e e p e r g r a d i e n t s than the wake and s l i p s t r e a m

v o r t e x sheet s t r e n g t h s , d u e

t o the p r e s e n c e

of s t a g n a t i o n p o i n t s on

the

boundary. T h e r e f o r e , the d i s c r e t i z a t i o n o f the boundary s u r f a c e s i s not

c o u p l e d t o the d i s c r e t i z a t i o n o f the o t h e r v o r t e x s h e e t s a n d , g e n e r a l l y , admits
a l a r g e r number o f elements c o n c e n t r a t e d near

the f o r e and

after stagnation

points.

The

axial

and

radial velocities

i n d u c e d by c o n s t a n t , l i n e a r and

b o l i c v o r t e x d i s t r i b u t i o n s on p a r a b o l i c elements and

semi-infinite

v o r t e x c y l i n d e r s , have been a l r e a d y d i s c u s s e d i n C h a p t e r

para-

ring

2 when d e a l i n g w i t h

the s u r f a c e v o r t i c i t y method f o r the duct as w e l l as the s o l u t i o n o f the c o r r e s pondent i n t e g r a l

e q u a t i o n , and t h e r e f o r e w i l l

not be

further considered

96

here.

3.3.5. I t e r a t i v e

The

procedure

i t e r a t i v e procedure

used

to calculate

t h e flow i n s i d e

the computa-

t i o n a l domain can now be summarized as f o l l o w s :

1. From t h e p a r t i c u l a r v o r t e x sheet d i s c r e t i z a t i o n
the upstream c o m p u t a t i o n a l

f o r t h e v o r t e x sheet s t r e a m - s u r f a c e s
stream

adopted

f o r the wake a t

boundary, t h e v a l u e s o f t h e stream f u n c t i o n
are determined.

On t h e hub t h e

function i s zero.

2. N e g l e c t i n g v o r t e x sheet d e f o r m a t i o n
the f i r s t

approximation

i n the computational

t o the a c t u a t o r d i s k vortex sheets, ( S e c t i o n

3.3.2), and c o r r e s p o n d i n g

induced

velocities,

v o r t e x sheet on t h e duct and hub i s determined

the i n n e r v e l o c i t y

tangent

the s t r e n g t h of the s u r f a c e
from

the c o n d i t i o n that

t o t h e s u r f a c e must v a n i s h , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e

K u t t a c o n d i t i o n on t h e duct t r a i l i n g

edge.

3. From t h e v a l u e s o f t h e s u r f a c e v o r t e x sheet on t h e duct

stream

f u n c t i o n induced

domain, and from

and hub, the

at the knots o f the computational

grid i s

computed.
4. The s t r e a m l i n e s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o the wake v o r t e x s h e e t s and the streaml i n e s corresponding
the c o m p u t a t i o n a l

t o the s l i p s t r e a m vortex sheets are t r a c e d i n s i d e

domain.

5. The s t r e n g t h o f t h e wake v o r t e x s h e e t s i s determined

by

the v o r t i c i t y

t r a n s p o r t e q u a t i o n f o r axisymmetric

from

t h e form

flow without

taken
swirl

(eq. 3-78 and 3-79), and t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e s l i p s t r e a m v o r t e x s h e e t s i s

determined

from

f o r axisymmetric
6. The stream
all

the p a r t i c u l a r

flow with s w i r l

f u n c t i o n induced

the vortex sheets

7. The a x i a l

form

o f the v o r t i c i t y

( e q . 3-80, 3-81 and 3-82).

a t t h e knots o f t h e c o m p u t a t i o n a l

g r i d by

i s computed.

and r a d i a l v e l o c i t i e s

i n d u c e d by a l l v o r t e x s h e e t s a t t h e

p i v o t a l p o i n t s on t h e duct and hub c o n t o u r

8. The boundary c o n d i t i o n on t h e duct

inner p o t e n t i a l

a r e computed.

and hub s u r f a c e s t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e

K u t t a c o n d i t i o n on t h e duct t r a i l i n g
correspondent

transport equation

edge i s s a t i s f i e d

s o l v i n g the

f l o w problems f o r the s u r f a c e v o r t e x

sheets.

Steps

3 to 8 are repeated u n t i l

convergence i s a t t a i n e d .

97

3.4.

NUMERICAL RESULTS AND

In

COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENT

order to a s c e r t a i n the e f f e c t

o f t h e wake v o r t i c i t y

on ducted

p e l l e r performance, a s e r i e s o f c a l c u l a t i o n s were c a r r i e d out

ducted p r o p e l l e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n duct
uniform

f o r the

37 w i t h p r o p e l l e r B i n u n i f o r m

and

non-

C a v i t a t i o n Tunnel

both

flow.

T h i s c o n f i g u r a t i o n was
in

pro-

uniform

and

non-uniform

available for detailed

t e s t e d i n the NSMB Large

f l o w c o n d i t i o n s and e x p e r i m e n t a l

comparison w i t h the t h e o r e t i c a l

Some of the r e s u l t s c o n c e r n i n g the u n i f o r m

t i o n have a l r e a d y been d i s c u s s e d i n C h a p t e r

2,

d a t a became

calculations.

f l o w case f o r t h i s c o n f i g u r a f o r the purpose o f

compari-

son w i t h the p r e d i c t i o n s of a l i n e a r i z e d model. F u r t h e r r e s u l t s r e g a r d i n g the

duct p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s
here

and

the f l o w s t r e a m - s u r f a c e s

as they are needed f o r a f u l l

will

be

a p p r e c i a t i o n o f the e f f e c t

introduced

o f the

wake v o r t i c i t y .
In

fact,

vorticity

and

due

t o the n o n - l i n e a r i n t e r a c t i o n between the incoming

s e p a r a t e the a s s o c i a t e d i n d u c e d
uniform

velocity

fields

f l o w case a t the same chosen o v e r a l l

poses o f

and

d i s c r e t i z e d . The

c a l c u l a t i o n s were performed

chosen w i t h 10 a x i a l

stations

0.754, 0.905, 1.307, 1.751, 3.00,

v o r t e x sheet

and

15 r a d i a l

pur-

The

computational

grid

at x/R=0.0, 0.231, 0.442, 0.533, 0.643,

i m p l y i n g 10 elements on each s l i p s t r e a m

s t a t i o n s w i t h 0.175

the s l i p s t r e a m v o r t i c i t y

t h a t u n d e r r e l a x a t i o n was
f a c t o r o f 0.5

was

f u n c t i o n on the knots
gence

the

at a l l p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g s w i t h

as c o n s t a n t

radial

has

been d i s c r e t i z e d

then w i t h 9 v o r t e x s h e e t s . From p r e l i m i n a r y c a l c u l a t i o n s

tion

to

stepslze.

o r d e r t o a s s e s s the e f f e c t o f the number o f v o r t e x s h e e t s on the

merical results,
and

must r e s o r t

case, o n l y the s l i p s t r e a m v o r t i c i t y needs t o be

48 elements on the duct and 21 elements on t h e hub.

In

we

l o a d i n g parameter, f o r the

comparison.

F o r the u n i f o r m - f l o w

was

wake

the s l i p s t r e a m and duct v o r t e x systems, i t i s not p o s s i b l e t o

r e q u i r e d t o ensure

used

convergence.

when computing new

of the computational

iterates

first

i t turned

A constant

g r i d . F o r such c a s e , the

out

relaxa-

f o r the t o t a l

p r o p e r t i e s o f the r e l a x a t i o n method a r e i l l u s t r a t e d

nu-

with 5

stream

conver-

i n F i g . 3-8,

98

in

40.0

A C

-5

T d

'

C R

'

C R

V O R T E X

S H E E T S

V O R T E X

S H E E T S

- . .
(

-9
-

30.0

20.0

10.0

ITERATION

Fig.

3-3. Convergence
forces,

N U M B E R

of i t e r a t i o n for the duct thrust

ducted

propeller

Cy =12.48. Relaxation
P
which the r e s u l t s f o r the a x i a l

in uniform
factor

and r a d i a l

flow

and

radial

J=0.208,

0.5.

f o r c e s a c t i n g on the duct i n each

i t e r a t i o n s t e p a r e shown f o r the p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g J=0.208, CXp=12.48.

seen t h a t 6 i t e r a t i o n s were s u f f i c i e n t

t o get converged

It i s

r e s u l t s w i t h an a c c u -

r a c y of 0.01. The e f f e c t o f number o f v o r t e x s h e e t s used t o d i s c r e t i z e

slipstream v o r t i c i t y

appears

t o be r a t h e r s m a l l i n what c o n c e r n s

the

the f o r c e s

on t h e d u c t . In f a c t , t h e change from 5 t o 9 v o r t e x s h e e t s i s r e s p o n s i b l e
for

v a r i a t i o n s of t h e r a d i a l f o r c e o f l e s s then 3% and o f the a x i a l f o r c e l e s s than 1%.

In

t h e non-uniform

f l o w case the c a l c u l a t i o n s were performed

f o r the

e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o the p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t s
Kj^=0.204, 0.171 and 0.101 r e s p e c t i v e l y . We note t h a t the c o n f i g u r a t i o n has
been i n v e s t i g a t e d
The

i n u n i f o r m f l o w at the same p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g s (see C h a p t e r 2).

axisymmetric

wake v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e i n f r o n t of t h e p r o p e l l e r

g e n e r a t e d by means o f w i r e meshes. In t h i s way a r e a s o n a b l e s t r o n g l y

was
sheared

wake v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e w i t h a r a d i a l e x t e n t o f 2.4 times t h e p r o p e l l e r r a d i u s

c o u l d be o b t a i n e d . I t was found t h a t the v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e was f a i r l y
b e h i n d the mesh s c r e e n f o r d i s t a n c e s o f about two p r o p e l l e r d i a m e t e r s

constant
and was

99

rlR

2 4

2 0

16

1.2

0 8

0 4

Fig.

0.2

3-9. Approximation

reasonably

0.4

0.8

1.0

of wake velocity

U/Uo

profile.

a x i s y m m e t r i c . The v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e d e r i v e d from t h e

measurements b e h i n d

the screen

This v e l o c i t y

Laser-Doppler

i s shown i n F i g . 3-9. In t h i s F i g u r e t h e wake

v e l o c i t i e s a r e made d i m e n s i o n l e s s
field.

0.6

by t h e measured v e l o c i t y o u t s i d e t h e wake

appeared t o be c o n s i d e r a b l y

l a r g e r than t h e t u n n e l

s p e e d , r e s p e c t i v e l y 4.13 m/s and 3.75 m/s. T h i s i n c r e a s e o f f r e e - s t r e a m

city

due t o d i s p l a c e m e n t

o f t h e wake s c r e e n

velo-

and t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e t u n n e l

w a l l s , was taken i n t o account i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s by r e f e r r i n g t h e d i s k ad_

2
2
vance r a t i o J=Up/nD and t h e d i s k t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t CXp=T^/(JpU^irR ) , t o the
measured v e l o c i t y o u t s i d e t h e wake i n s t e a d o f t h e t u n n e l
c o r r e c t i o n s due t o t h e t u n n e l

The

" w a l l e f f e c t " were

v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e was d i s c r e t i z e d

speed. No o t h e r

considered.

i n t o 10 o r 11 v o r t e x

sheets.

Differ-

ent d i s c r e t i z a t i o n s were employed f o r each p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g i n o r d e r t o

o b t a i n a h i g h number o f v o r t e x
s u r f a c e . As an i l l u s t r a t i o n ,
highest

sheets

i n the v i c i n i t y

of the duct's

stream-

F i g . 3-9, shows the d i s c r e t i z a t i o n used a t t h e

p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g , J=0.78, 0^=0.87, f o r which t h e r a d i u s a t i n f i n i -

t y upstream o f t h e d u c t ' s

stream s u r f a c e was about 1.70. The need f o r a f i n e

d i s c r e t i z a t i o n of the inflow v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e i n the v i c i n i t y

o f the duct's

100

stream-surface
expected,

r a d i u s at i n f i n i t y

upstream, a r i s e s from

the p r e d i c t i o n o f t h e f o r c e on t h e duct

the f a c t t h a t , as

appeared

t o be r a t h e r

s e n s i t i v e t o the p r e c i s e l o c a t i o n o f t h e v o r t e x s h e e t s nearby. Moreover,

situations

a r o s e , i n which the method f a i l e d

t o converge because the n e a r e s t

v o r t e x sheet t o the duct was a l t e r n a t i n g l y t r a c e d o u t s i d e and i n s i d e the

duct

from one i t e r a t i o n s t e p to the n e x t .

To

illustrate

typical

the e f f e c t o f p r o p e l l e r r a d i a l

d i s k c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n s were used

load d i s t r i b u t i o n s ,

i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s and

are shown i n F i g . 3-10 t o g e t h e r w i t h the c o r r e s p o n d i n g p i e c e w i s e

approximations
f i v e vortex

leading to d i s c r e t i z a t i o n s

ty

o f the s l i p s t r e a m v o r t i c i t y

radial

The f i r s t employed 24 a x i a l

s t a t i o n s with a t y p i c a l

highest p r o p e l l e r
spaced

designs

s t a t i o n s u n e q u a l l y spaced

and 15

s t e p s i z e o f 0.175 and i t was a p p l i e d at t h e

l o a d i n g s . The second

employed 15 a x i a l

stations

unequally

and 15 r a d i a l s t a t i o n s w i t h t h e same s t e p s i z e and i t was used

at t h e

r/r.

Fig.

into

i n the v i c i n i -

of t h e d u c t ' s nose depending on the p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g two g r i d

used.

constant

sheets.

Because o f the v a r i a b l e c u r v a t u r e o f t h e s t r e a m - s u r f a c e s

were

two

3-10. Discretization

of disk

circulation

distributions.

101

smallest loading.
With t h i s p a r t i c u l a r r a d i a l

s t e p s i z e , w h i c h i s o f t h e o r d e r o f t h e mag-

nitude of the duct's t h i c k n e s s , the rather steep v e l o c i t y

nose and t h e t r a i l i n g

edge cannot

be a c c u r a t e l y d e s c r i b e d . T h e r e f o r e ,

e r r o r s i n t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e v o r t e x sheet
sheet

g r a d i e n t s near t h e

i s traced i n the close v i c i n i t y

local

are introduced i f the vortex

o f t h e d u c t ' s s u r f a c e . The problem

c o u l d be p r o b a b l y o b v i a t e d by a r e f i n e m e n t

o f t h e r a d i a l s t e p s i z e which

s h o u l d be accompanied by an i n c r e a s e o f t h e number o f v o r t e x s h e e t s i n o r d e r
to keep t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e n u m e r i c a l

d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n scheme f o r t h e

a x i a l v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s . A n o t h e r way o f m i n i m i z i n g such e r r o r s i s through

refinement

o f t h e number o f v o r t e x s h e e t s p a s s i n g c l o s e t o t h e d u c t ' s

f a c e because o f t h e r e l a t i v e d e c r e a s e
s h e e t . The n u m e r i c a l

results

o f the s t r e n g t h of the nearest

survortex

f o r t h e f o r c e on t h e duct i n t h e v a r i o u s

itera-

t i o n steps r e v e a l e d that f o r a given d i s c r e t i z a t i o n o f the i n f l o w v e l o c i t y

profile

t h e f o r c e s a c t i n g on t h e duct were not p a r t i c u l a r l y s e n s i t i v e t o s m a l l

v a r i a t i o n s of the l o c a t i o n of the vortex sheets i n the v i c i n i t y

o f t h e nose,

p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e dynamic p r e s s u r e o f t h e d u c t ' s s t r e a m - s u r f a c e

d i d not

change. On t h e b a s i s o f t h e s e r e s u l t s
the duct

f o r c e was sought

no attempt

the e f f e c t o f t h e dynamic p r e s s u r e on

predominant t o t h e e f f e c t

of v o r t i c i t y .

has been made t o f u r t h e r r e f i n e t h e r a d i a l

sent i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

Therefore

s t e p s i z e i n the pre-

I t must be, however, r e c o g n i z e d t h a t s m a l l v a r i a t i o n s o f

c i r c u l a t i o n around t h e duct due t o s m a l l d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e

v o r t e x s h e e t s may cause l a r g e v a r i a t i o n s o f t h e f o r c e i f a s h i f t
to a d i f f e r e n t

dynamic p r e s s u r e i s i m p l i e d .

In a l l c a s e s t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s were performed
o f 0.5. The r e s u l t s
iteration

f o r t h e duct

and r a d i a l

t o o b t a i n converged

f o r c e and 1% f o r t h e duct

The

thrust

with a relaxation

factor

f o r c e o b t a i n e d on each

s t e p a r e shown i n F i g . 3-11. I t i s seen t h a t i n g e n e r a l , s i x i t e r a -

t i o n s were s u f f i c i e n t
radial

o f t h e duct

r e s u l t s w i t h i n 2% f o r t h e duct

thrust.

l o c a t i o n s o f t h e wake v o r t e x s h e e t s o b t a i n e d from t h e l a s t

iterates

at the v a r i o u s p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g s are shown i n F i g s . 3-12 t o 3.14. The c i r c u l a t i o n

distribution
be

1 has been assumed i n t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s . S m a l l i n a c c u r a c i e s can

found on the l o c a t i o n o f t h e v o r t e x s h e e t s c l o s e t o hub' s nose which can be

a s c r i b e d t o the s m a l l number o f elements used t o approximate i t .

102

Fig.

3-11.

Convergence
propeller

In o r d e r t o make
flow stream-surfaces,
v o r t e x s h e e t s shed

on duct
B in shear

thrust
flow

and

radial

force.

Duct 37

e v i d e n t the e f f e c t o f the wake v o r t i c i t y on

i n F i g . 3-15,

the s t r e a m - s u r f a c e s

are shown f o r b o t h u n i f o r m

and

the

c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o the

from the p r o p e l l e r d i s k , w i t h the e x c e p t i o n o f the

sheet bound t o the hub,

with

shear

flows at

vortex
the

same p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g . Both c a l c u l a t i o n s have been done w i t h the same K u t t a

c o n d i t i o n on the d u c t ' s t r a i l i n g

edge and

the same d i s k r a d i a l

distribution

103

Fig.

2-12. Location
in shear

of wake vortex
flow.

sheets.

Duct 37 with propeller

1=1.92, C =0.07.
T

r
-20

Fig.

3-13. Location
in shear

oi>

Fig.

-2 0

3-14. Location
in shear

-10

of wake vortex
flow.

-10

sheets.

2.0

i i

3.0

Duct 37 with propeller

1=1.29, C =0.26.
T

1.0

of wake vortex
flow.

10

1=0.78,

sheets.

20

3.0

Duct 37 with propeller

=0.87.
P

104

Fig.

3-15. Location

of slipstream

B. Comparison

of c i r c u l a t i o n .

vortex

between uniform

It i s interesting

t o note

the r a d i a l v e l o c i t i e s w i t h d i s t a n c e from
shear

flow

Duct 37 with

and shear

t h e much lower
the p r o p e l l e r

flow case i n comparison w i t h t h e u n i f o r m

The p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s
Fig.

sheets.

on t h e duct

may be c o n c l u d e d

loadings i n Figs.

that the e f f e c t

r a t i o between p r o p e l l e r

flow.

r a t e o f decay o f

plane obtained i n the

flow.

i n shear

flow are given i n

3-16 t o 3-18 and compared w i t h p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s

at t h e same p r o p e l l e r

propeller

i n uniform

flow

3-17 and 3-18. From t h e s e f i g u r e s i t

o f v o r t i c i t y tends

to decrease

and duct a t t h e same p r o p e l l e r

the thrust

r a d i a l load

distribu-

tion.

In o r d e r t o e s t i m a t e t h e e f f e c t

of the disk r a d i a l c i r c u l a t i o n

b u t i o n on the duct p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n ,
load d i s t r i b u t i o n

computations

b u t i o n on t h e computed duct

thrust

Cf,=0.51 and on the computed r a d i a l

d
respectively

with c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n
the c o r r e s p o n d i n g

distributions
distri-

amounted t o a change from C ^=0.59 t o

T

force c o e f f i c i e n t

C =0.87. F o r J=1.29, C =0.26, t h e duct

Tp

pressure

o f the r a d i a l c i r c u l a t i o n

f o r the c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n s

Tp

were made w i t h t h e

2 o f F i g . 3-10 and t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g

are shown i n F i g . 3-17 and 3-18. The e f f e c t

distri-

thrust

C from
R

1 and 2

with

coefficient

1.70 t o 1.43,
J=0.78,

changed from

0.16

l , t o 0.13 w i t h c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n 2 and

change o f the r a d i a l f o r c e c o e f f i c i e n t was from 5^=0.52 t o

C =0.45, ( s e e F i g . 3-11).
R

105

T p

=0.101

J =1.92

= C .07

-0 6

ft

-0.5

-0.4

-0.3

0 2

-0 1

0.1

0.2

0.3

T"

0.4

0 5

0.6

0.7

0.8

_^--T

0.9

x,C

0 1

0 2

Fig.

3-16. Pressure
shear

As

on duct

the

configuration

and

a c t i n g on

a s e t of mea-

duct 37 w i t h p r o p e l l e r B were p e r f o r m e d i n

r a d i a l v e l o c i t y components and

grated r a d i a l force

the

L a s e r - D o p p l e r measurements of

measurements o f the

thrust

and

the

inte-

duct.

These measurements have been r e p o r t e d

a b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n of t e s t equipment and
dix

B in

flow.

Large C a v i t a t i o n T u n n e l , which i n c l u d e d

axial

37 with propeller

mentioned b e f o r e , t o check the n u m e r i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s

surements on
the

distribution

by

Luttmer and

p r o c e d u r e can

be

J a n s s e n (1982)

and

found i n Appen-

1.

An

a n a l y s i s of the

showed a c l e a r s h i f t
uniform

v e l o c i t y measurements i n the

of the

f l o w to r/R=0.6, 0.5

loadings.

This

loci
and

propeller

slipstream

of maximum a x i a l v e l o c i t y from r/R=0.7 i n

0.4

fact i s illustrated

i n s h e a r f l o w at d e c r e a s i n g

i n F i g . 3-19

where the

propeller

perturbation

106

axial

Fig.

3-17. Pressure
uniform

v e l o c i t i e s derived
the

duct's t r a i l i n g

distributions
and shear

on duct 37 with propeller

from t h e L a s e r - D o p p l e r measurements a t 3 mm downstream o f

edge and a n a l y s e d

at the p r o p e l l e r t h r u s t i d e n t i t y are

shown f o r the u n i f o r m and non-uniform flow c a s e s . The s h i f t

the

point

o f maximum v e l o c i t y i s a s s o c i a t e d

distribution
The
smallest
the

i n t h e wake f i e l d

other

w i t h t h e change o f p r o p e l l e r

f o r the various

propeller

p r o p e l l e r loading could

partially

at t h i s p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g , being

i n u n i f o r m and non-uniform flow,

total

load

loadings.
velocities

at the

be due t o t h e way o f a n a l y s i n g

t h e measured duct t h r u s t s c o n s i d e r a b l y
respectively K
i<3

higher

towards t h e hub o f

d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e magnitude o f t h e p e r t u r b a t i o n

r e s u l t s . Since

B in

flow.

differ

from each

=0.043 and K =0.001

d
1

t h r u s t i d e n t i t y would l e a d t o a

effective velocity.

107

Fig.

3-18. Pressure

uniform

distributions

flow

and shear

on duat 37 with

propeller

F o r t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e l o a d i n g , t h e v a l u e s o f the duct t h r u s t
are K

=0.060 and K
d

B in

flow.

=0.058 f o r t h e u n i f o r m

coefficient

and non-uniform f l o w ,

respec-

tively,

and t h e t o t a l t h r u s t

velocity,

which s u g g e s t s

identity

a remarkable

wake v o r t i c i t y i n the induced v e l o c i t y

virtually yields

t h e same e f f e c t i v e

e f f e c t of the i n t e r a c t i o n
f i e l d . We note

with the

that the depicted

p e r t u r b a t i o n v e l o c i t i e s i n t h e non-uniform flow case i n c l u d e t h e d i s t u r b a n c e

velocity

induced by t h e change i n t h e wake v o r t i c i t y . F o r t h e h i g h e s t

loading the d i f f e r e n c e

i n t h e duct t h r u s t

coefficient

i s significant,

(Kx =0.134 i n u n i f o r m f l o w and K =0.111 i n non-uniform flow) and t o t a l

d

thrust

Td

i d e n t i t y would l e a d

again to a higher e f f e c t i v e

velocity.

108

Fig.

3-19.

Measured
the

uniform

The

axial

trailing
and

perturbation
edge (x/B=

non-uniform

comparison between the

given i n Figs.
different

3-20

locations

shown. I t may

be

to 3-22,

calculated

upstream and

the

worsens as

the

from the
sake of

propeller
the

comparison, the

the

results
two

downstream

propeller

measured v e l o c i t y

the

profiles

of

highest

the

calculations

l o a d i n g s , are

field
at

calculations.
with

is

three
are
and

loading,

remarked b e f o r e , the

of
in

identity.

measured

highest propeller

1 assumed i n the

ducted p r o p e l l e r

at d e c r e a s i n g l o a d i n g , i n c r e a s i n g l y

circulation distribution

d i s t r i b u t i o n 2 f o r the

and

axial velocity

l o a d d e c r e a s e s . As

propeller

3 mm

thrust

agreement between the

p r o f i l e s i s reasonable for

on

at

at propeller

downstream of

calculated

distribution

flow

where the

concluded that

velocities

0.53). Duct 37 with

but

circulation
deviates
For

the

circulation

shown a l s o

i n the

Figures.

109

EXPERIMENT
J =1.92

Fig.

3-20. Measured

and calculated

axial

T p

=0.07

velocity

x/R=-0.53. Duct 37 with propeller

-profiles

at

B in axisymmetric

wake

flow.
I t can

be

seen t h a t the

induced v e l o c i t i e s

e f f e c t of the

measured v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s d e p i c t
duct s u r f a c e
radial

and

p r o p e l l e r l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n on

i s remarkable i n s i d e the p r o p e l l e r s l i p s t r e a m .

deviate

steep gradients

considerable

from the

i n the v i c i n i t y

at the nose and

edge, c o u l d not
e x p e c t e d t o be

The
the duct

be

the wake peak downstream of the

resolved

accurate

and

i n those

therefore,

of

the

t h e o r e t i c a l ones. With

s t e p s i z e employed i n the c a l c u l a t i o n s such s t r o n g

specially

the

The

the

gradients,
duct

the c a l c u l a t i o n s are

trailing
not

regions.

comparison between the

c a l c u l a t e d and

i s shown i n T a b l e 3-1.

I t may

be

measured f o r c e a c t i n g

on

c o n c l u d e d t h a t the c o r r e l a t i o n

110

Fig.

3-21. Measured

and calculated

Duct 37 with propeller

i s poor,

even at the h i g h e s t p r o p e l l e r

the v e l o c i t y

velocity

profiles
wake

the e f f e c t o f v i s c o s i t y on

the v e l o c i t y

load d i s t r i b u t i o n ,

f i e l d , appears

The most l i k e l y

although

t o have a s m a l l e f f e c t

used

i n the c a l c u l a t i o n s ,

f o r c e s i f the duct s t r e a m - s u r f a c e

the

The

considerably affects
on the duct

f o r c e s of the dynamic p r e s s u r e of the duct s t r e a m - s u r f a c e .

duct

results.

forces.

cause o f the d i s c r e p a n c i e s i s the e f f e c t on the

particular discretizations

of

towards c o n s i s t e n t o v e r e s t i m a t i o n

the p r e d i c t e d v a l u e s i n comparison w i t h the e x p e r i m e n t a l

change o f the p r o p e l l e r

at x/R=0.53.
flow.

l o a d i n g f o r which the p r e d i c t i o n

f i e l d i s reasonable. Although

f o r c e s i s not known t h e r e i s a tendency

of

axial

B in axisymmetric

In f a c t ,

duct
f o r the

the d i f f e r e n c e i n the

i s traced i n a consecutive

interval

111

o f dynamic p r e s s u r e i s o f t h e o r d e r o f magnitude o f t h e d i s c r e p a n c i e s
between c a l c u l a t e d
We r e c a l l

and measured

results.

t h a t , f o r t h e sake o f comparison,

implemented i n t h e same way i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s

f l o w . As remarked i n t h e second

Chapter,

this

t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n was
i n u n i f o r m and

non-uniform

form o f K u t t a c o n d i t i o n gave

r e a s o n a b l e p r e d i c t i o n s o f t h e f o r c e s on t h e duct a t t h e two h i g h e r
p r o p e l l e r loadings i n uniform

Fig.

3-22. Measured

flow.

and calculated

Duct 37 with

propeller

axial

velocity

B in axisymmetric

profile
wake

at x/R=0.90.
flow.

112

EXPERIMENT

THEORY
Circulation

Circulation

distribution 1

distribution 2

%
-

1.92

0.07

0.00

0.035

0.04

0.16

1.29

0.26

0.09

0.34

0.16

0.52

0.13

0.45

0.78

0.87

0.47

1.19

0.59

1.70

0.51

1.43

Table

3-1. Comparison

of measured and calculated

with

B in axisymmetric

propeller

wake

forces

on duct 37

flow.

113

4.

Interaction studies
the

4.1.

b e t w e e n a ducted propeller a n d

stern for axisymmetric

flows

INTRODUCTION

This

C h a p t e r d e a l s w i t h the a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e methods p r e s e n t e d i n

C h a p t e r s 2 and 3 t o t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f s t e r n
between t h e d u c t e d p r o p e l l e r

When p l a c e d

and t h e s t e r n

f l o w s and t h e i n t e r a c t i o n

i n axisymmetric

c l o s e b e h i n d a body, an o p e r a t i n g

propeller

d i s t u r b a n c e t o t h e e x i s t i n g f l o w around t h e s t e r n . T h i s
l e a d s t o an i n c r e a s e

of v e l o c i t y i n the stern

d e c r e a s e o f p r e s s u r e and an i n c r e a s e
The c o r r e s p o n d e n t

increase

propell

region

flow

which r e s u l t s i n a
surface.

at a c e r t a i n speed,when ex-

t o be d e l i v e r e d

by t h e p r o p u l s o r t o

the body a t t h e same speed, i s known as t h e t h r u s t

The v e l o c i t i e s o c c u r r i n g

introduces

disturbance

o f s k i n f r i c t i o n on t h e body's

o f body r e s i s t a n c e

p r e s s e d as a f r a c t i o n o f t h e t h r u s t

flow.

deduction f r a c t i o n

a t t h e p r o p e l l e r p l a n e i n t h e absence o f t h e

p r o p e l l e r are known as the nominal v e l o c i t i e s . The d i f f e r e n c e between t h e

nominal v e l o c i t i e s and t h e body's speed e x p r e s s e d as a f r a c t i o n o f that
speed i s known as t h e nominal wake.
It i s g e n e r a l l y c o n s i d e r e d that, due t o the i n t e r a c t i o n between t h e
p r o p e l l e r i n d u c e d flow and t h e s t e r n

f l o w , the i n f l o w

t o the p r o p e l l e r i s

t h e r e b y m o d i f i e d and t h e c o r r e s p o n d e n t v e l o c i t i e s at t h e p r o p e l l e r
differ

from t h e nominal v e l o c i t i e s . These i n f l o w

e f f e c t i v e v e l o c i t i e s and t h e i r d i f f e r e n c e
t i o n of that

plane

v e l o c i t i e s a r e known as

t o the body's speed as a f r a c -

speed i s known as the e f f e c t i v e wake.

In model t e s t i n g t h e mean e f f e c t i v e v e l o c i t y t o t h e p r o p e l l e r i s obtained

by the t h r u s t

o r t o r q u e i d e n t i t y method from t h e open-water

character

i s t i c s of the propulsor.
In the c a l c u l a t i o n o f wake adapted p r o p e l l e r s , t h e e f f e c t i v e v e l o c i t y
d i s t r i b u t i o n a t t h e p r o p e l l e r p l a n e i s an important

input

parameter. A com-

monly a c c e p t e d s u i t a b l e d e f i n i t i o n f o r t h e e f f e c t i v e v e l o c i t i e s i d e n t i f i e s
them w i t h d i f f e r e n c e between t h e t o t a l

v e l o c i t i e s p r e v a i l i n g b e h i n d t h e body

114

w i t h the

operating

definition,
velocity

propeller

under the

field

i n d u c e d by

In view o f the
b o d i e s i n the
of g e t t i n g
new

and

the

p r o p e l l e r i n d u c e d v e l o c i t i e s . In

concept of p r o p e l l e r
the

induction

i s understood

assumed p r o p e l l e r v o r t e x model.

r e l a t i v e s i m p l i c i t y of t h e i r s t e r n f l o w ,

d e e p l y submerged s t a t e , have been i n v e s t i g a t e d

i n s i g h t i n t o the

a n a l y t i c a l and

i n t e r a c t i o n phenomena and

c o m p u t a t i o n a l t e c h n i q u e s . The

axisymmetric
f o r the

providing

classical

i n t o i t s p o t e n t i a l and

viscous

components, r e s p e c t i v e l y

body and

the

purpose

checks

on

approach t o

i n t e r a c t i o n problem, f o r a d e e p l y submerged body, s e p a r a t e s the

d i s p l a c e m e n t e f f e c t s of the

such

the

total

the
flow

associated

with

body's boundary l a y e r and

wake

the

system.
It

i s not

s u r p r i s i n g that

bodies,considering
cal

p o t e n t i a l f l o w and

Tsakonas and

Jacobs,

and

Kroukovsky
w i t h an

the

the

body was

axisymmetric

p r o p e l l e r by

r e p r e s e n t e d by

a line

1956,

source-sink

a sink disk with constant strength.

assumed power v e l o c i t y law

the

boundary l a y e r d i s p l a c e m e n t
Tsakonas and

classi-

(Korvin-KroukovsKy,

(1956),used e x p e r i m e n t a l boundary l a y e r t h i c k n e s s

boundary l a y e r on

the

Jacobs

thrust

a c c o u n t i n g f o r the

together

effect

of

e f f e c t s of

thickness.

(1960), e v a l u a t e d v a r i o u s

model f o r the

i n t e r a c t i o n between the

investigated.

In t h i s model o n l y

the

the

methods a v a i l a b l e at

that

body. In t h e i r work a m a t h e m a t i c a l

propeller

and

the

boundary l a y e r

d i s p l a c e m e n t e f f e c t s of the

wake were assumed to i n t e r a c t w i t h the

p r o p e l l e r was

distri-

Korvin-

data,

d i s t r i b u t i o n , to e s t i m a t e the

d e d u c t i o n by

time to compute the boundary l a y e r on

quence the

on

e f f e c t s , w e r e based on

boundary l a y e r t h e o r i e s ,

the

l a y e r and

viscous

1960).

In t h e s e s t u d i e s
bution

early a n a l y t i c a l studies

both p o t e n t i a l and

p r o p e l l e r . As

c o n s i d e r e d t o work i n a p o t e n t i a l

was

boundary
a conse-

flow region

where

Dickmann's, (1938), c l a s s i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s between p o t e n t i a l t h r u s t d e d u c t i o n and

wake f r a c t i o n h o l d .
to the

Since,

as

e f f e c t i v e wake i s an

conclusion

that

t i o n , f o r the

the

i t i s well

important

frictional

known, the

contribution

t o the

p a r t i c u l a r b o d i e s of r e v o l u t i o n

Such c o n c l u s i o n

is difficult

frictional

one,they were l e d to

to a c c e p t and

thrust

contribution

the
deduc-

investigated,was s i g n i f i c a n t .

has

not

been c o n f i r m e d by

further

studies.

115

More r e c e n t work on t h e p r e d i c t i o n o f t h r u s t d e d u c t i o n has been based on

potential

flow theory. Beveridge

method t o r e p r e s e n t
to

(1969),

a p p l i e d a surface source

the body and a s i n k d i s k w i t h v a r i a b l e r a d i a l

panel
strength

represent the p r o p e l l e r .
T h i s p r o p e l l e r model i s f o r m a l l y e q u i v a l e n t i n t h e r e g i o n o u t s i d e t h e

p r o p e l l e r s l i p s t r e a m , t o the a c t u a t o r d i s k model c o n s t i t u t e d by a d i s t r i b u t i o n o f r i n g v o r t e x c y l i n d e r s (see Chapter

2 ) , and,as s t a t e d b e f o r e ,

responds t o the c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l mean f l o w o f a l i f t i n g

of

cor-

line representation

t h e p r o p e l l e r . F u r t h e r developments i n c l u d e t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e

p r o p e l l e r by l i f t i n g

s u r f a c e theory, as reviewed

R e c e n t l y , Huang e t a l (1976),
Groves (1980),

presented

an open p r o p e l l e r

(1977).

Huang and Cox (1977) and Huang and

a detailed

i n v e s t i g a t i o n on t h e i n t e r a c t i o n

and v a r i o u s axisymmetric

measurements o f a f t e r b o d y p r e s s u r e

by Cox

b o d i e s . T h i s work i n c l u d e d

and s k i n f r i c t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n s , a n d a x i a l

v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s with Laser-Doppler

v e l o c i m e t e r , w i t h and w i t h o u t

in

aspects of the i n t e r a c t i o n

o p e r a t i o n . To t r e a t

the d i f f e r e n t

v a r i o u s a n a l y t i c a l procedures

between

propeller

problem

were p r o p o s e d and checked by comparison

with

the measurements.
To c a l c u l a t e t h e f l o w on t h e afterbody,Huang e t a l (1976),
employed an i t e r a t i o n

scheme based on p o t e n t i a l

(1977)

f l o w and t h i n boundary

layer

c a l c u l a t i o n methods. The scheme appeared o n l y t o g i v e s a t i s f a c t o r y p r e d i c t i o n s

of

pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n

afterbody

and a x i a l

velocity profiles

f o r the f i n e s t

( f i n e n e s s r a t i o L^/D=4.31). F o r t h e two o t h e r a f t e r b o d i e s

(L^/D=2.25 and 1.48),the p r e d i c t i o n s were c o n s i d e r a b l y p o o r e r .

(1976), a l s o showed t h a t when using, i n t h e i t e r a t i o n
t r i b u t i o n on t h e body, m o d i f i e d t o account

scheme, t h e p r e s s u r e

f o r the p r o p e l l e r

r e l i a b l e p r e d i c t i o n s of the v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s

Huang e t a l

induced

dis-

f l o w , un-

i n f r o n t o f t h e p r o p e l l e r were

o b t a i n e d . With an a l t e r n a t i v e approach, based on i n v i s c i d

flow theory to

d e s c r i b e t h e i n t e r a c t i o n between t h e p r o p e l l e r and t h e t h i c k s t e r n boundary

l a y e r , p r e d i c t i o n s o f the a x i a l v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s
were i n e x c e l l e n t agreement w i t h t h e L a s e r - D o p p l e r
The

ahead o f t h e p r o p u l s o r
velocity

measurements.

i n p u t c o n s i s t s o f t h e nominal v e l o c i t i e s a t t h e p r o p e l l e r p l a n e

p r o p e l l e r induced
velocity

field

velocities

as c a l c u l a t e d by a p r o p e l l e r

program. The nominal v e l o c i t i e s were taken

and t h e

induced
from t h e measured

116

v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s without
The

the o p e r a t i n g p r o p e l l e r .

greatest disadvantage

a c c u r a c y o f the t o t a l

and

a c c u r a c y o f t h e nominal

o f Huang's method l i e s

velocities.

r e g i o n o f an axisymmetric

i n the f a c t

t h a t the

e f f e c t i v e v e l o c i t i e s u l t i m a t e l y depends on
The

the

c a l c u l a t i o n o f the f l o w i n the

body s e e m s , t h e r e f o r e , t o

be o f v i t a l

tail

importance

for

the complete a n a l y t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n o f the i n t e r a c t i o n between p r o p e l l e r

and

stern.
B e f o r e c l o s i n g t h e s e remarks on the v a r i o u s approaches t o the
t i o n between a c o n v e n t i o n a l p r o p e l l e r
method used

by S c h e t z

numerically

the f u l l

obtained reasonable

In
for
in

Navier-Stokes
agreement w i t h

equations

f o r axisymmetric

flow

interaction

Perhaps,

i s the one

s i m i l a r s t u d i e s f o r ducted

r e p r e s e n t e d the h u l l

actuator disk with constant

a s i m p l i f i e d way,

by

to K r i e b e l

(1964).

s t r e n g t h . The

are s c a r c e
propeller-

the p r o p e l l e r by

wake o f the body was

at the p r o p e l l e r

axial velocity

downstream,was

d i s t r i b u t i o n t o the

simplification

Specifically,

c y l i n d e r s on t h e duct were taken

introduced i n his

the v e l o c i t i e s
i n t o account

The

determined
nominal

mathematical
ducted

i n d u c e d by the wake v o r t e x

but

duct or p r o p e l l e r s i n g u l a r i t i e s on the wake was

the i n f l u e n c e o f the

f o r c e s between the v a r i o u s s i n g u l a r i t i e s , t h e r e l a t i v e

of

camber shapes f o r s h o r t and

suggest

hull,

d i s r e g a r d e d . By e v a l u a t i n g

the i n t e r a c t i o n

The

an

plane.

the most d r a s t i c

v a r i o u s duct

by

represented,

model, i s r e l a t e d t o the way the wake was a l l o w e d t o i n t e r a c t w i t h the

p r o p e l l e r and h u l l .

flow,

the duct

a number o f s e m i - i n f i n i t e v o r t e x c y l i n d e r s .

by matching the c o r r e s p o n d e n t

Possibly,

interaction

Assuming p o t e n t i a l

by a s o u r c e - s i n k l i n e d i s t r i b u t i o n ,

s t r e n g t h o f t h e v o r t e x c y l i n d e r s , assumed c o n s t a n t

velocities

propeller

the most complete a n a l y s i s o f ducted

due

and

experiments.

r i n g v o r t e x s i n g u l a r i t i e s on the r e f e r e n c e c y l i n d e r and

in

calculation

c o n t r a s t w i t h the l a r g e amount o f work on p r o p e l l e r - h u l l

the l i t e r a t u r e .

Kriebel

the a f t e r b o d y , the

and F a v i n (1979), s h o u l d be mentioned. They s o l v e d

conventional propellers,

hull

and

interac-

merits

l o n g d u c t s were demonstrated.

above-mentioned s t u d i e s , a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r the work o f Huang e t a l ,

t h a t any

attempt

t o compute the v e l o c i t y

field

i n the v i c i n i t y

p r o p e l l e r o p e r a t i n g i n s i d e the s t e r n boundary l a y e r , s h o u l d contemplate

117

of a
the

i n t e r a c t i o n between t h e p r o p e l l e r i n d u c e d

f l o w and t h e flow i n t h e boundary

layer. Apparently,

t h e b a s i c i n t e r a c t i o n mechanism o f t h e two f l o w s i s

inviscid

and may be p r o p e r l y d e s c r i b e d by t h e E u l e r e q u a t i o n s o f

i n nature

motion.
The
tion

f a i l u r e o f the c o n v e n t i o n a l boundary-layer

scheme used

by Huang e t a l i n c a l c u l a t i n g

potential

flow

interac-

t h e f l o w w i t h p r o p e l l e r i n ope-

r a t i o n , and the r e l a t i v e l y poor p r e d i c t i o n s o f t h e s t e r n f l o w w i t h o u t p r o p e l l e r f o r the two f u l l e s t

f o r m s , i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t s and v e l o -

c i t i e s normal t o the s u r f a c e a r e n o t n e g l i g i b l e

Finally,
deduction
component

Huang e t a l found

the f r i c t i o n a l

o f t h e t h r u s t d e d u c t i o n was w e l l p r e d i c t e d by t h e p o t e n t i a l
a l t h o u g h q u e s t i o n s were r a i s e d

approach,when a r e g i o n o f s e p a r a t e d

r e g a r d i n g the adequacy o f the

flow was p r e s e n t

as i n t h e case o f t h e

i s c e n t e r e d on t h e i n t e r a c t i o n problem between a d u c t e d

and t h e s t e r n i n axisymmetric

flow. An i n v i s c i d

c u l a t e the f l o w on t h e s t e r n w i t h and w i t h o u t
e q u a t i o n s o f motion i s p r e s e n t e d . Apart
the n u m e r i c a l

approach t o c a l -

p r o p u l s o r based

on t h e E u l e r

from t h e a p p r o x i m a t i o n s

involved i n

s o l u t i o n , no o t h e r a p p r o x i m a t i o n s are i n t r o d u c e d i n the g o v e r n i n g

e q u a t i o n s . The b a s i c n u m e r i c a l
with i n Chapters
lying

flow

afterbody.

T h i s Chapter
propeller

component o f t h e t h r u s t

f o r t h e t h r e e models i n v e s t i g a t e d t o be n e g l i g i b l e . The p r e s s u r e

calculations

bluntest

and s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d .

2 and 3 .

s o l u t i o n procedures

have a l r e a d y been d e a l t

T h e r e f o r e t h e emphasis i s p l a c e d on t h e under-

assumptions and t h e c a l c u l a t i o n

results.

In S e c t i o n 4.2 an a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e computation o f t h e f l o w i n the s t e r n

r e g i o n o f a body o f r e v o l u t i o n i s p r e s e n t e d .
In s e c t i o n 4.3 t h e r e s u l t s o f computations
c o n f i g u r a t i o n s behind

In s e c t i o n 4.4 the r e s u l t s
thrust deduction
duct

f o r two ducted

the same body o f r e v o l u t i o n

a r e d i s c u s s e d and t h e e f f e c t i v e wake and

a r e e s t i m a t e d u s i n g two d i f f e r e n t

as a p a r t o f t h e h u l l

propeller

are given.

and t h e duct

methods o f a n a l y s i s : t h e

as a p a r t o f t h e p r o p u l s o r .

118

4.2.

APPLICATION TO THE CALCULATION OF THE STERN FLOW FOR AN AXISYMMETRIC

BODY.

In t h i s s e c t i o n t h e method p r e s e n t e d i n C h a p t e r 3 i s a p p l i e d t o t h e
c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e flow

The

i n the stern region

b a s i c assumption u n d e r l y i n g

flow may be c o n s i d e r e d

inviscid

o f an axisymmetric

body.

the c a l c u l a t i o n procedure i s that the

everywhere i n s i d e a flow

region,

c a l l e d the

c o m p u t a t i o n a l domain, which comprises t h e s t e r n and t h e n e a r wake

For non-separating flows,
imation

f o r the

with exception

t h i s assumption i s l i k e l y

r o t a t i o n a l flow

region

to hold

regions.

as a good

approx-

i n s i d e t h e boundary l a y e r and wake

o f a r e l a t i v e l y t h i n l a y e r c l o s e t o t h e w a l l where t h e e f f e c t s

o f v i s c o s i t y become i m p o r t a n t .
A c o n s i d e r a b l e amount o f e x p e r i m e n t a l and t h e o r e t i c a l work performed on
axisymmetric b o d i e s g i v e s

support t o t h i s s u p p o s i t i o n .

measurements done by P a t e l e t a l (1974),

revealed

S p e c i f i c a l l y , the

(1978) on two axisymmetric

t h a t t h e Reynolds s t r e s s e s were r a t h e r

s t e r n boundary l a y e r and near wake r e g i o n s .

small

Also,the

t h e o r e t i c a l studies of

Dyne (1978) and G e l l e r (1979), r e s p e c t i v e l y on t h e f i r s t

cond

and s e -

, axisymmetric b o d i e s s t u d i e d by P a t e l e t a l , p r o v i d e d

regarding

the adequacy o f t h e i n v i s c i d

agreement between p r e d i c t e d
It should

be noted t h a t Dyne's (1978), s t r e a m l i n e

head a l o n g

the streamlines

curvature

and

Reynolds s t r e s s e s , b u t such l o s s e s appeared t o be s m a l l

p e r cent

good

o f t h e boundary l a y e r t h i c k n e s s

method

method t o s h i p s t e r n f l o w s ,

includes

due t o t h e e f f e c t o f v i s c o u s
o v e r about

i n the s t e r n region.

the work o f L a r s s o n e t a l (1982), w i t h an e x t e n s i o n

l i n e curvature

evidence

approach by r e v e a l i n g a r a t h e r

losses i n t o t a l

recently,

further

and measured v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s down t o t h e t a i l .

the

ninety

bodies

i n the thick

More

o f t h e stream-

suggests that the i n v i s c i d

assumption might be a p p l i c a b l e t o more g e n e r a l

three-dimensional

stern

flows.

The

c o m p u t a t i o n a l domain i s shown i n F i g . 4-1, ( f o r t h e purpose o f t h e

d u c t e d p r o p e l l e r - h u l l i n t e r a c t i o n s t u d i e s t o be c o n s i d e r e d
t i o n t h e p o s i t i o n s o f duct and p r o p e l l e r a r e i n c l u d e d ) .
selected

such t h a t i t i n c l u d e s

i n t h e next

sec-

It i s

i n t h e streamwise d i r e c t i o n t h e

119

Fig.

4-1, Schematic
the stern

afterbody's

representation

of computational

domain for

flow.

region extending

from a s t a t i o n on t h e p a r a l l e l m i d d l e body

an upstream s t a t i o n where the f l o w i n t h e boundary l a y e r i s

axially

d i r e c t e d and

approximately

the boundary l a y e r i s t h i n ) downstream t o the t a i l

p a r t o f the wake. In the

s u r f a c e of constant

(or

r a d i a l d i r e c t i o n , i t i s d e l i m i t e d by

and

cylindrical

radius.

S i n c e the method o f C h a p t e r 3 i s based on

a Green's f u n c t i o n

formula-

t i o n t o the stream f u n c t i o n b o u n d a r y - v a l u e problem, the boundary c o n d i t i o n

at i n f i n i t y

i n the r a d i a l c o o r d i n a t e

i s automatically s a t i s f i e d .

the r a d i u s o f the boundary c y l i n d r i c a l

t h a t no

f l u x of v o r t i c i t y

The

vorticity

l a y e r and

takes

contained

sheets

vortex

sheet

assumed to be

a x i s y m m e t r i c f l o w without

the

sheets:

N-l outer vortex

inviscid vorticity

swirl

surface.
boundary
N-l

r e g i o n o f the boundary l a y e r and

r e p r e s e n t i n g the w a l l l a y e r . The
governed by

provided

domain i n s i d e the

i n t o a number of say H, v o r t e x

r e p r e s e n t i n g the o u t e r

Therefore,

be kept s m a l l ,

place through that p a r t i c u l a r

i n the c o m p u t a t i o n a l

wake i s d i s c r e t i z e d

vortex

s u r f a c e can

sheets

transport equation

(see C h a p t e r 3 ) . The

vortex

sheet

one
are

for
represen-

t i n g the w a l l l a y e r i s assumed t o be bound t o the body's s u r f a c e w i t h i t s

s t r e n g t h determined from the c o n d i t i o n t h a t the v e l o c i t y

at the

s i d e o f the

sought t o

equivalent

s u r f a c e must v a n i s h . T h i s p r o c e d u r e can be
i n viscous

the body's s u r f a c e , by

inner
be

flow t o the s a t i s f a c t i o n o f the n o n - s l i p c o n d i t i o n

a w a l l l a y e r of v a n i s h i n g

Because a l l the v o r t i c i t y

i n the

flow f i e l d

thickness.
g i v e s non-zero c o n t r i b u -

120

on

t i o n s t o the stream

f u n c t i o n i n s i d e the c o m p u t a t i o n a l

words, the i n t e g r a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n f o r the stream

total vortical
and

r e g i o n , the v o r t i c i t y

domain, o r , i n

f u n c t i o n extends

o u t s i d e the c o m p u t a t i o n a l

c o n t a i n e d i n the boundary l a y e r on the f o r e b o d y

and

other
over

the

boundaries

the wake, has

t o be

approximated.
The

latter vorticity

field

i s s i m p l y r e p r e s e n t e d by N r i n g v o r t e x

c y l i n d e r s o f c o n s t a n t s t r e n g t h e x t e n d i n g from the downstream

t

boundary t o i n f i n i t y

and

h a v i n g the c o r r e s p o n d e n t
on the

the former v o r t i c i t y

i s s u b s t i t u t e d by a s e t o f

infinite

field,

last

axial

radii

computed v o r t e x sheet r a d i i

identical

station.

t i o n a l domain. Such an a p p r o x i m a t i o n

forebody

appears

the a p p r o x i m a t i o n

s t a t i o n o f the computa-

t o have a s m a l l e f f e c t

on t h e f l o w around

i n f l u e n c e on the a f t e r b o d y f l o w . The
i s brought

afterthe

the c o m p u t a t i o n a l

h i s t o r y o f the

domain through

the

condition.

i t e r a t i v e procedure
domain, adapted

into

the

the

f a r upstream i n o r d e r

f l o w on the forebody

upstream v e l o c i t y matching

the

can be a c c e p t e d . Moreover, by e x t e n d i n g

t o have a n e g l i g i b l e

used

t o c a l c u l a t e the flow i n s i d e the compu-

from Chapter

3 f o r t h i s p a r t i c u l a r c a s e , can

be

follows:

1. From the p a r t i c u l a r v o r t e x sheet d i s c r e t i z a t i o n adopted

l a y e r i n the upstream c o m p u t a t i o n a l

f o r the

boundary, the v a l u e s o f the

f u n c t i o n f o r the v o r t e x sheet s t r e a m - s u r f a c e s c o r r e c t e d f o r the

o f the body, are determined. "At t h e body's s u r f a c e the stream
is

actual

i s contained inside

p a r a l l e l m i d d l e body, the nose can be put s u f f i c i e n t l y

summarized as

velocity

from the body's nose. However, the f l o w around

body and

The

way,

semi-

d e v i a t e s c o n s i d e r a b l y from the

on the f o r e b o d y , i n which a l l the v o r t i c i t y

boundary l a y e r growing

tational

t o the

In a s i m i l a r

r i n g v o r t e x c y l i n d e r s w i t h t h e i r s t r e n g t h matched t o the

p r o f i l e i n s i d e the boundary l a y e r a t the f i r s t

situation

computational

shear
stream
presence

function

zero.

2. N e g l e c t i n g any v o r t e x s h e e t d e f o r m a t i o n

i n the c o m p u t a t i o n a l

domain, the

s t r e n g t h o f the s u r f a c e v o r t e x s h e e t r e p r e s e n t i n g the w a l l l a y e r i s
determined

from the c o n d i t i o n t h a t

the i n n e r v e l o c i t y

tangent

t o the

s u r f a c e must v a n i s h .

121

3. From the v a l u e s of the s u r f a c e v o r t e x sheet on the body's boundary,the

stream

f u n c t i o n induced

at the knots o f the c o m p u t a t i o n a l

grid i s

computed.
4. The

s t r e a m l i n e s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o the o u t e r v o r t e x s h e e t s

traced
5. The

domain.

s t r e n g t h o f the v o r t e x s h e e t s i s determined

port
6. The

i n s i d e the c o m p u t a t i o n a l

are

from

the v o r t i c i t y t r a n s -

equation.
stream

f u n c t i o n induced

a t the knots o f the c o m p u t a t i o n a l

grid,induced

by the o u t e r v o r t e x s h e e t s i s computed.
7. The

axial

and

radial velocities

induced

a t the body p i v o t a l p o i n t s by

the o u t e r v o r t e x s h e e t s are computed.

8. The

boundary c o n d i t i o n at the body's

inner p o t e n t i a l

f l o w problem f o r

surface i s s a t i s f i e d

solving

the

the s t r e n g t h o f the s u r f a c e v o r t e x

sheet.
Steps

3 t o 8 are r e p e a t e d u n t i l

The

procedure

convergence i s a t t a i n e d .

d e s c r i b e d above has been a p p l i e d t o the c a l c u l a t i o n

the f l o w i n the s t e r n of a body o f r e v o l u t i o n . The

c h o i c e o f the body

d i c t a t e d p r i m a r i l y by c o n s i d e r a t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o the problem o f
w i t h a ducted p r o p e l l e r , which i s t r e a t e d i n the next
f i c a l l y , by the need o f h a v i n g

an a f t e r b o d y w i t h a c o n s i d e r a b l y f u l l

a f t e r b o d y i s g i v e n by

p u b l i c a t i o n , was

was

interaction

s e c t i o n , and more s p e c i -

T h e r e f o r e , the a f t e r b o d y i n v e s t i g a t e d by Huang e t a l (1976) and

by a f t e r b o d y 3 i n the o r i g i n a l

of

chosen.

a c o s i n e curve f o r the d i m e n s i o n l e s s

The

form.

designated

form o f

the

body r a d i u s r / L :

122

]
r

0.7

Fig.

L/Db=10.975

0.8
X/L

4-2, Geometry of axisymmetrio

/ D

/ D

1.0

body. {From Huang et al, 1976).

1 8182

UD,
E
b
L

0.9

7 6727
1 4836
0 646
0 416
0 862

C
p
TTD2/4L

0 006521

1TDg/4S

0 02540

V2/3/

0 123

"

10 9745

L/D

Table

S(m )

2 408

L(m)

3 066

4-1. Particulars

of axisymmetrio

body (From Huang et al, 1976).

123

r/r

EXPERIMENTS HUANG (1976)

APPROXIMATE

120 -

VELOCITY

PROFILE

i
1.16

1.12

1 08

1.04

1.00

Fig.

0.2

0.4

0.6

1.0

4-3. D i s c r e t i z a t i o n of boundary
p a r a l l e l middle

0.8

= a

- bcos ( ~*

/ L

layer

U / U

velocity

profile

at the

body.

7r)

(4-1)

f o r 0.864811=x/L=0.977137 w i t h a=0.025886, b=0.0196736, c=0.977137 and

d=0.112326. The p a r t i c u l a r s

o f t h e a f t e r b o d y and t h e h u l l model taken

Huang e t a l (1976), a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 4-1 and shown i n F i g .

A r a t h e r c o a r s e g r i d has been a p p l i e d i n t h e f i n a l
10 a x i a l
station
axial

s t a t i o n s u n e q u a l l y spaced and 10 r a d i a l

using

The f i r s t

axial

was l o c a t e d , at the p a r a l l e l m i d d l e body at x/L=0.802 and t h e l a s t

station

at x/L=1.10. The a x i a l

l o c a t i o n s coincident with p i v o t a l

s t a t i o n s on the s t e r n were s e l e c t e d a t

p o i n t s on the body. The r a d i a l

which was c o n s t a n t on each s t a t i o n ,

outer computational
Fig.

stepsize

was adapted t o the body's geometry by an

e q u a l p a r t i t i o n o f t h e d i s t a n c e between t h e p i v o t a l
the

calculations

stations.

from

4-2.

p o i n t on t h e body and

boundary.

4-3 shows the a x i a l

velocity

p r o f i l e inside

t h e boundary

layer

measured by Huang e t a l (1976), a t a Reynolds number based on t h e body

length

124

o f Re=5.9xl0 , and
first

the

axial station,

d i s c r e t i z a t i o n into

x/L=0.802. I t can

be

5 vortex sheets applied

seen t h a t

the

present

at

the

discretiza-

tion

assumed a v e l o c i t y at the edge of the w a l l l a y e r e q u a l t o 0.667 the

velo-

city

at the

the

edge of

edge of the

boundary l a y e r .

boundary l a y e r

reference velocity.
vealed that

As

the

In the

i t s difference

r e p o r t e d by

at the

reattachment
The

the

the

the

the

w i t h the

Huang et

al

free

at

the

afterbody

as

flow c a l c u l a t i o n

stream i s l e s s

(1976) , at
the

velocity

a x i a l s t a t i o n , h a s been t a k e n

t h a n 2 per

cent.

Reynolds number
at

about x/L=0.92 f o l l o w e d

flow s o l u t i o n

and

present c a l c u l a t i o n

the

the

a f t e r b o d y i s compared

measured v a l u e s on

agrees r a t h e r w e l l

F i g . 4-4.

w i t h the

with

I t i s seen

e x p e r i m e n t s up

s e p a r a t i o n r e g i o n . A l s o i t c o n s i d e r a b l y d i f f e r s from the

potential

calculation.

EXPERIMENT
POTENTIAL

0 6

"

PRESENT

HUANG

ET

AL

(1976)

FLOW

INVISCID

METHOD

REATTACHMENT

-0.6
080

Fig.

082

re-

at about x/L=0.98.

computed p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n on

potential

that

note t h a t

present case,the p o t e n t i a l

Re=5.9xl0^ s e p a r a t i o n o c c u r r e d on
by

first

We

084

0.86

4-4. Pressure

088

0,90

distribution

092

0.94

(HUANG

0.96

on the afterbody.

098

ET AL

00

1976)

Re=5.9xl0

/ L

125

to
flow

Fig.

4-5. Axial

The

velocity

axial velocity

profiles

profiles

on the afterbody.

a r e shown i n F i g . 4-5. Up t o t h e s e p a r a t i o n

r e g i o n t h e agreement w i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l
w a l l , where, as e x p e c t e d , t h e

Re=5.9xl0 .

profiles

i s good except

calculated velocity profile

near t h e

" f a i l s " t o go t o

z e r o . F o r t h e two s t a t i o n s w i t h i n t h e s e p a r a t i o n r e g i o n t h e agreement i s
poor a l s o i n t h e o u t e r p a r t o f t h e boundary l a y e r .

In t h e l a s t

station,

downstream o f s e p a r a t i o n , t h e shape o f t h e measured v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e on t h e

o u t e r p a r t o f t h e boundary l a y e r i s w e l l d e s c r i b e d .

4.3. INTERACTION BETWEEN A DUCTED PROPELLER AND THE STERN

F o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e flow f i e l d
presence
by

of a ducted

the p r o p e l l e r

the duct

propeller,

i n the s t e r n region i n the

t h e d i s t u r b a n c e s i n t h e flow

introduced

and duct need t o be c o n s i d e r e d . As i n t h e p r e v i o u s

Chapter,

i s r e p r e s e n t e d by a s u r f a c e v o r t i c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h t h e s t r e n g t h

determined

from t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n on t h e s u r f a c e and t h e p r o p e l l e r i s

126

r e p r e s e n t e d by an a c t u a t o r d i s k w i t h v a r i a b l e r a d i a l
i n the present

application,

l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n , which

i s c o n s i d e r e d t o be known.

The i t e r a t i v e scheme,employed i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e s t e r n
without

p r o p u l s o r i n s e c t i o n 4 - 3 , i s m o d i f i e d t o account

with p r o p e l l e r
- The duct

flow

f o r the i n t e r a c t i o n

and d u c t , a s f o l l o w s :

i s t r e a t e d t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e a f t e r b o d y when s a t i s f y i n g

t h e boun-

dary c o n d i t i o n s on both s u r f a c e s .
- The v o r t e x s h e e t s shed by t h e a c t u a t o r d i s k i n t h e s l i p s t r e a m are
t r e a t e d t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e v o r t e x s h e e t s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e boundary l a y e r
and wake, but t h e i r s t r e n g t h i s determined
t r a n s p o r t e q u a t i o n f o r axisymmetric
To s t a r t

the i t e r a t i o n ,

flow with

t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e duct

i s computed i n t h e p r e s e n c e
linearized

h y p o t h e t i c a l ducted

vorticity

swirl.
and a f t e r b o d y v o r t e x

sheets

o f t h e p r o p e l l e r d i s t u r b a n c e flow,as g i v e n by t h e

a c t u a t o r d i s k model o f Chapter

3.

propeller configuration i s

the a f t e r b o d y o f s e c t i o n 4-2. The p r o p e l l e r

diameter

from t h e i n v i s c i d

is

o f 54 p e r cent o f t h e maximum diameter

considered

behind

l o c a t e d a t x/L=0.98 and a
of the afterbody

is

assumed.

DUCT B C/D=0.35, d = 20
MODIFIED NACA 6 4 1 7

1.0

0.5

0
-0.04

Fig.

4-6. Afterbody

-0.74

with

ducts

-1.0

-2.0

x/R

A and B.

127

Fig.4-7. Computed pressure

In

distributions

order to i n v e s t i g a t e the e f f e c t

on the

afterbody.

o f duct a n g l e o f a t t a c k two d i f f e r e n t

d u c t s have been c o n s i d e r e d : d u c t A w i t h a p r o f i l e o f t h e type NACA 6417 w i t h

a modified t r a i l i n g

edge and s e t at an a n g l e o f a t t a c k o f 15 degrees

with

r e s p e c t t o t h e a x i s ; duct B w i t h an i d e n t i c a l p r o f i l e but at an a n g l e o f
a t t a c k o f 20 degrees.
are
The

Both d u c t s have a l e n g t h - d i a m e t e r r a t i o o f 0.35 and

p l a c e d ahead o f t h e p r o p e l l e r p l a n e w i t h an a x i a l

c l e a r a n c e o f x/R=0.04.

two c o n f i g u r a t i o n s b e h i n d t h e a f t e r b o d y a r e shown i n F i g . 4-6.

The

same boundary l a y e r p r o f i l e

a t t h e upstream c o m p u t a t i o n a l
g

and c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e l e n g t h Reynolds number Re=9.5xl0

throughout

the c a l c u l a t i o n s . A t y p i c a l p a r a b o l i c

the p r o p e l l e r d i s k has been used

boundary

has been assumed

c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n at

and 5 v o r t e x s h e e t s were taken t o r e p r e -

sent t h e p r o p e l l e r s l i p s t r e a m .

128

Cp

-6.0

-5.0 -

-4.0

1.0

0.2

0.4

Fig.4-8. Computed pressure

The

results

0.6

0.8

distributions

1.0

x / C

on duot A.

f o r t h e computed p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s on t h e a f t e r b o d y

w i t h duct w i t h o u t p r o p e l l e r

and w i t h the d u c t e d p r o p e l l e r

at two d i f f e r e n t

propeller

l o a d i n g s a r e shown i n F i g . 4-7 f o r b o t h c o n f i g u r a t i o n s .

propeller

loading coefficients C

the

ship

T g

and advance r a t i o s J

speed which i s approximated by t h e v e l o c i t y

boundary l a y e r

at the f i r s t

4-9, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

to the p r o p e l l e r
and

at t h e edge o f t h e

a x i a l s t a t i o n on the p a r a l l e l m i d d l e body. The

correspondent pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n s
and

The

a r e based on

on duct A and B a r e shown i n F i g s .

The a x i a l v e l o c i t y

4-8

p r o f i l e s a l o n g the a f t e r b o d y down

p l a n e f o r the two c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a r e shown i n F i g s .

4-10

4-11. F o r the sake o f comparison t h e v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s o b t a i n e d f o r t h e

stern

alone, a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e F i g u r e s .

129

Fig.

4.4.

4.9. Computed pressure

DISCUSSION OF

THE

distributions

on duct B.

RESULTS

Upon i n s p e c t i o n o f the r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d

i n the p r e v i o u s

c o n c l u s i o n s r e g a r d i n g the performance o f the two

s e c t i o n , some

c o n f i g u r a t i o n s can

already

be drawn:
- Both d u c t s , when p l a c e d b e h i n d
decelerating effect
is

the a f t e r b o d y w i t h o u t

p r o p e l l e r , have a

on the flow on the a f t e r b o d y . T h i s d e c e l e r a t i n g e f f e c t

l a r g e r f o r the duct B which has

a h i g h e r angle o f a t t a c k than

f o r the

duct A. As a consequence, the p r e s s u r e on the a f t e r b o d y i s i n c r e a s e d i n

comparison w i t h

the case o f the h u l l

of

r e s i s t a n c e component on the h u l l . On

the p r e s s u r e

pressure

drag

f o r c e a c t i n g on the duct

between the duct

that

alone. T h i s

and

the

afterbody.

results

would l e a d to a

decrease

the o t h e r hand, a

from the i n t e r f e r e n c e

I t must be borne i n mind

the dynamics of the w a l l l a y e r on the a f t e r b o d y . w h i c h

i s dominated

130

131

. 4-11.

Axial

velocity

p r o f i l e s on the afterbody

with

duct B.

132

by the e f f e c t s o f v i s c o s i t y
t i o n , has

been l e f t

and

determinant

f o r the o c c u r r e n c e o f

aside. Also, viscous e f f e c t s

on the duct boundary

are n e g l e c t e d . A c c o r d i n g l y , the c o n c l u s i o n r e a c h e d
p r e s s u r e on the a f t e r b o d y c o u l d be d i f f e r e n t
on s e p a r a t i o n at the s t e r n
Examination
without

o f the

i f a c l e a r e f f e c t o f the

p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n on the d u c t s A and

p r o p e l l e r r e v e a l s the p o s s i b l e o c c u r r e n c e o f
on

l a r g e angle of a t t a c k i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r

increasing propeller

considerably,but
two

2.50,both d u c t s

i t s optimum. Duct B appears

- At

ducted

deliver

l o a d i n g , t h e p r e s s u r e on

the r e l a t i v e

t o have an

at
exces-

range o f l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n s .
the a f t e r b o d y

decreases

trends of the pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n

f o r the

p r o p e l l e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n s remain the same: the p r e s s u r e

crease i s larger

f l o w s e p a r a t i o n at

f o r c e . Duct A i s c o n s i d e r a b l y more l o a d e d t h a n duct B and

&J =2.50 i s o p e r a t i n g near

sively

duct

the o u t e r s i d e o f the d u c t s .

- With i n c r e a s i n g p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g a t C-r =0.95 and

s
a thrust

layer

above r e g a r d i n g the

i s implied.

inviscid

the p r e s s u r e minima

separa-

f o r the c o n f i g u r a t i o n w i t h d u c t A than

t i o n w i t h duct B. A tendency

de-

f o r the c o n f i g u r a -

f o r the a t t e n u a t i o n o f the d i f f e r e n c e , a t

the

h i g h e s t p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g , c a n be d i s c e r n e d .

From

the p r e v i o u s r e s u l t s the c o n v e n t i o n a l parameters c h a r a c t e r i z i n g the

i n t e r a c t i o n between the d u c t e d
tion,

propeller

wake f r a c t i o n t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e i r

parameter can be
For bodies
different

f i t t e d w i t h ducted

- The

deduction

and

the t h r u s t

deducratio

propellers

there are, i n p r i n c i p l e ,

and

the wake f r a c t i o n :

thus,

two

of

the duct can

be

o r as a p a r t o f the p r o p u l s o r . Both

methods

considered.

thrust

deduction.

S i n c e the f r i c t i o n a l
we

distributions

i . e . the thrust

methods o f a n a l y z i n g the p r o p u l s i o n f a c t o r s

c o n s i d e r e d as a p a r t o f the h u l l
be

the h u l l

estimated.

d e f i n i n g the t h r u s t

will

and

restrict

tion.
thrust

f o r c e s a c t i n g on the body and

the d u c t

are n e g l e c t e d ,

our d i s c u s s i o n t o the p r e s s u r e component o f the t h r u s t

Huang e t a l ( 1 9 7 6 ) , found
d e d u c t i o n amounts

t h a t the f r i c t i o n a l p a r t o f

deduc-

the

t o l e s s than 5% o f the p r e s s u r e component f o r

the p a r t i c u l a r a x i s y m m e t r i c

bodies

considered.

133

I f the duct

i s c o n s i d e r e d as p a r t

o f the h u l l , the t h r u s t

deduction

f r a c t i o n i s d e f i n e d as

where T

hd

(4-2)

i s the p r o p e l l e r t h r u s t , R, , i s r e s i s t a n c e
hd

Huang e t a l (1976), o b t a i n e d r a t h e r
on the axisymmetric

o f body p l u s duct,

good r e s u l t s f o r the t h r u s t

b o d i e s w i t h a c o n v e n t i o n a l p r o p e l l e r by

the p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e on the a f t e r b o d y f o r the two

without

p r o p e l l e r . U s i n g the same p r o c e d u r e , t h e

e s t i m a t e d as

r max
2TT

and

Ap, r d r - T ^ + D ^ ,
l
d
dh'

be

i s the duct

thrust

i n the p r e s e n c e

d r a g on the duct i n the p r e s e n c e

and

Ap^

(4-3)

propeller,

cases with

d i f f e r e n c e T -R, . can
p
hd

follows:

hd

where T

deduction

integrating

o f the p r o p e l l e r , D

o f the h u l l

the d i f f e r e n c e o f pressure

and

dh

i s the

i n the absence o f the

on the a f t e r b o d y between the

c a s e s of h u l l w i t h duct and h u l l w i t h d u c t e d p r o p e l l e r .

Introducing

non-

d i m e n s i o n a l v a r i a b l e s , w e have

-c

c
2

> *

AC

. r / r .d(r/r
)
p^
max
max

dh

(4-4)

where

kpV

"T

2
s

TTR

dS

JjpVgTTR

dh

jpVgTrR

dh

(4-5)

(4-6)

(4-7)
2

134

AC

= C
p

hull+duct

and C i s t h e p r e s s u r e
P

I f t h e duct
tion

fraction

(4-8)

prop.

coefficient.

i s c o n s i d e r e d as a p a r t o f t h e p r o p u l s o r , t h e t h r u s t

deduc-

i s d e f i n e d as

T
p

-C
hull+ducted

Po

^2

+T,-R,
d
h
T +T,
p
d

'

where R i s t h e r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e h u l l a l o n e . The d i f f e r e n c e T +T ,-R, can be

h
p d h
e s t i m a t e d as
r
T

max
+T,-R, = 2TT
A
prdr,
F
d
h
2

(4-10)

where Ap^ i s t h e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e p r e s s u r e on t h e a f t e r b o d y

of

t h e h u l l alone and t h e p r e s s u r e on t h e a f t e r b o d y w i t h d u c t e d

peller.
tion

pro-

In terms o f d i m e n s i o n l e s s q u a n t i t i e s , w e o b t a i n f o r t h e t h r u s t

deduc-

ratio
2(r
/R)
= - 5 ^
+C
T
s
ds

t
p

I f the duct

( )

velocities

AC

P2

( r / r
m

)d(r/r

i s c o n s i d e r e d as a p a r t o f t h e h u l l ,

)
a

(4-11)

the e f f e c t i v e

velocity

i s d e f i n e d as
(r)

(4-12)

and " ^ ( r ) a r e , r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
at the p r o p e l l e r

I f t h e duct
city

/ R

wake

max

(r) = u ( r ) - u

where

The e f f e c t i v e

distribution

i s regarded

t h e t o t a l and p r o p e l l e r

induced

plane.

as a p a r t o f t h e p r o p u l s o r , t h e e f f e c t i v e

velo-

i s d e f i n e d as

(r) = u ( r ) - u
Q

(r)-u

(r)

(4-13)

135

whereu ( r ) i s t h e v e l o c i t y
d

i n d u c e d by t h e duct a t t h e p r o p e l l e r

The e f f e c t i v e wake i s e v a l u a t e d by i n t e g r a t i n g

u (r)rdr
e
h
h
where r. i s t h e n o n - d i m e n s i o n a l hub
h
e

By
layer

1-

, 2

(4-14)

radius,

c o n s i d e r i n g t h e v o r t e x systems r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e h u l l ,

and wake, the duct and t h e p r o p e l l e r ,

cities

at the p r o p e l l e r

1 DUCT

PART O F THE

HULL

PART O F THE

PROPULSOR

DUCT

WAKE
-J =0.66.
J =0.50.
s

NOMINAL WAKE

4-12. Nominal
with

the correspondent

p l a n e can be e v a l u a t e d

EFFECTIVE

Fig.

disk

2
w

over the p r o p e l l e r

plane,

and effective

_
C
C

T s

=0.95
, =2.50.

i t s boundary
induced

velo-

and t h e e f f e c t i v e wake d i s -

1*.,= 0 . 2 0 . W . = 0 2 2
W = - 0 . 0 4 . W =0.17
2

wake distributions.

Configuration

duct A.

136

Fig.

4-15. Nominal and effective

with

wake distributions.

Configuration

duct B.

t r i b u t i o n s can be c a l c u l a t e d .

F o r t h e two c o n f i g u r a t i o n s w i t h duct A and B a t

the d i f f e r e n t p r o p e l l e r

l o a d i n g s , t h e y a r e shown i n F i g s .

the f i g u r e s

wake d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r t h e h u l l w i t h and w i t h o u t

duct

t h e nominal

and t h e duct i n d u c e d v e l o c i t i e s a r e i n c l u d e d as w e l l .
It

regarded

can be seen t h a t t h e e f f e c t i v e wake d i s t r i b u t i o n s when t h e duct i s

as a p a r t o f t h e p r o p u l s o r have t h e same type o f b e h a v i o u r as t h e

e f f e c t i v e wake d i s t r i b u t i o n s
(Huang e t a l , 1980,
to

4-12 and 4-13. In

t h e nominal

when t h e duct

found

i n s i m i l a r s t u d i e s f o r c o n v e n t i o n a l screws

Dyne, 1981), w i t h i t s g r e a t e s t d i f f e r e n c e

d i s t r i b u t i o n near

in relation

t h e hub. The e f f e c t i v e wake d i s t r i b u t i o n s ,

i s c o n s i d e r e d as a p a r t o f t h e h u l l ,

are c o n s i d e r a b l y d i f f e -

137

rent,

as e x p e c t e d ,

because o f t h e e f f e c t o f t h e duct i n d u c e d v e l o c i t i e s . The

g r e a t e r s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e e f f e c t i v e wake d e f i n i t i o n
ler

l o a d i n g i n comparison

The
and

with the d e f i n i t i o n

(4-12) w i t h t h e p r o p e l -

(4-13) i s remarkable.

r e s u l t s o f t h e t h r u s t d e d u c t i o n computations

(4-11), t h e wake f r a c t i o n s from e q u a t i o n s

(4-12,

from e q u a t i o n s (4-4)
(4-13),

(4-14) and

the t h r u s t r a t i o parameter a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 4-2.

I t can be seen t h a t , when c o n s i d e r i n g
the h u l l e f f i c i e n c y
peller

appears

t o be r a t h e r

t h e duct as a p a r t o f t h e h u l l ,

i n s e n s i t i v e to v a r i a t i o n s of pro-

and duct l o a d i n g . Y e t , t h e c o r r e s p o n d e n t

t h r u s t d e d u c t i o n and e f f e c -

t i v e wake f r a c t i o n s a r e s t r o n g l y a f f e c t e d by t h e v a r i a t i o n o f p r o p e l l e r
l o a d i n g . When c o n s i d e r i n g

t h e duct as a p a r t o f t h e p r o p u l s o r , t h e h u l l

e f f i c i e n c y d e c r e a s e s w i t h p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g which i s p r i m a r i l y

associated

w i t h t h e d e c r e a s e o f wake f r a c t i o n .

1 DUCT AS A PART

2 DUCT AS A PART

OF THE HULL

OF THE PROPULSOR
1-t
n
P
t
e
h
1-w
P
e

1-t
CASE

t
P
J
C

DUCT A

w
e

T-

T
P
T +T ,
P d

=0.66

0.20

0.98

0.15 0.22

1.09

0.86

=2.50 0.00 -0.04

0.96

0.15 0.17

1.02

0.79

0.23

0.98

0.09 0.25

1.22

1.00

0.01

0.98

0.13 0.17

1.04

0.83

=0.95 0.22

T
s

J
C

=0.50

s
T
s

J
C
DUCT B

=0.66

=0.95 0.25

T
s

=0.50
s

Table

=2.50 0.02
s

4-2. Computed
ratio

thrust

deduction,

wake fraction

for the two afterbody-ducted

and

propeller

thrust
configurations.

138

5.

Ducted

propeller

5.1.

INTRODUCTION

design

In t h e p r e v i o u s C h a p t e r s

v a r i o u s f l o w models f o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f

d u c t e d p r o p e l l e r performance b o t h

i n uniform

f l o w and r a d i a l l y

variable

i n f l o w have been i n v e s t i g a t e d . E f f e c t s o f v i s c o s i t y on t h e duct

e f f e c t s o f heavy l o a d i n g on t h e i n t e r a c t i o n between p r o p e l l e r
been c o n s i d e r e d . Most o f t h e c o m p u t a t i o n a l
f o r such e f f e c t s a r e i t e r a t i v e
In many c a s e s ,

procedures

and r a t h e r time

flow and

and duct

developed

have

t o account

consuming.

f o r d u c t s w i t h a d i f f u s e r downstream o f t h e p r o p e l l e r ,

e f f e c t s o f s l i p s t r e a m c o n t r a c t i o n can be s m a l l even at heavy l o a d i n g s .

In t h e axisymmetric

model f o r t h e i n t e r a c t i o n between p r o p e l l e r and

d u c t , o t h e r n o n - l i n e a r e f f e c t s such as t h e a x i a l v a r i a t i o n o f v o r t e x p i t c h i n
the p r o p e l l e r

s l i p s t r e a m can be accounted

a s u i t a b l e choice of the vortex p i t c h

t i o n a t each r a d i u s )
i n Chapter

f o r , i n an approximate manner, by

(assumed c o n s t a n t

. The simple l i n e a r i z e d

i n the a x i a l

direc-

a c t u a t o r d i s k model c o n s i d e r e d

2 i n c o r p o r a t e s these f e a t u r e s and i s w e l l s u i t e d

f o r design

purposes .

Although

t h e i n t e r a c t i o n between p r o p e l l e r

ming axisymmetric

and duct can be t r e a t e d a s s u -

f l o w , when d e s i g n i n g t h e p r o p e l l e r

finite

b l a d e number

e f f e c t s need t o be c o n s i d e r e d .

In t h i s C h a p t e r , L e r b s ' ( 1 9 5 2 )
c o n v e n t i o n a l p r o p e l l e r s i s used

i n d u c t i o n f a c t o r method f o r wake

adapted

t o d e s i g n t h e p r o p e l l e r i n s i d e a g i v e n duct

t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e s i m p l e axisymmetric

p r o p e l l e r - d u c t i n t e r a c t i o n model men-

t i o n e d above. The e f f e c t s on t h e d e s i g n o f v a r i o u s assumptions r e g a r d i n g

the
duct

c h o i c e o f t h e v o r t e x p i t c h i n t h e i n t e r a c t i o n between p r o p e l l e r and
are i n v e s t i g a t e d .

139

5.2.

DESIGN PROCEDURE

In

the d e s i g n method the f o l l o w i n g assumptions have been made:

- An axisymmetric

duct

and hub

c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s r e p r e s e n t e d by

v o r t i c i t y method on the assumption

tional

flow

(see C h a p t e r

of i n v i s c i d

and

and duct the p r o p e l -

i s r e p r e s e n t e d by an a c t u a t o r d i s k w i t h a r a d i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f

l a t i o n i d e n t i c a l t o the f i n i t e b l a d e d
- The

duct

inviscid

t r i b u t i o n and
- The

propeller.

t h r u s t i s c a l c u l a t e d by

the d i s k i n v i s c i d

circu

thrust

i n t e g r a t i o n o f the p r e s s u r e

from Kutta-Joukowsky

dis-

law.

p r o p e l l e r i s d e s i g n e d by Lerbs' i n d u c t i o n f a c t o r method,(1952). In the

propeller

lifting

line calculations

mined at the p r o p e l l e r p l a n e
induced v e l o c i t i e s .
circulation

the p i t c h o f the v o r t e x l i n e s i s d e t e r

under the i n f l u e n c e o f the average

A t i p c l e a r a n c e i s assumed and

i s c o n s i d e r e d t o v a n i s h at the hub

and

- F i n i t e blade p r o p e l l e r - d u c t i n t e r f e r e n c e e f f e c t s

the p r o p e l l e r

are n e g l e c t e d .

f o r , i n an approximate way,

(1978),by m i r r o r i n g the p r o p e l l e r h e l i c a l

local

and

tends

- Viscous e f f e c t s
duct

and

t o reduce

The

are accounted

mean speed

lifting

drag

be a p p l i e d .

t h r u s t , p r o p e l l e r r e v o l u t i o n r a t e , p r o p e l l e r diameter

blades, blade c i r c u l a t i o n

d i s t r i b u t i o n and

the t h r u s t on p r o p e l l e r

sure d i s t r i b u t i o n s ,

the

coefficient.

s u r f a c e t h e o r y as deduced by Morgan e t

o f advance, wake d i s t r i b u t i o n ,

method determines

cylinder

that t h i s e f f e c t i s

f o r by c a l c u l a t i n g the v i s c o u s d r a g on

( 1 9 6 8 ) , f o r c o n v e n t i o n a l p r o p e l l e r s may
G i v e n the t o t a l

concludes

hydro-

the p i t c h towards the t i p .

s p e c i f y i n g the b l a d e s e c t i o n

- C o r r e c t i o n s t o camber from

blade

by Minsaas

v o r t e x s h e e t s on the

p r o l o n g i n g the i n n e r s u r f a c e o f t h e d u c t . He

duct

the t i p .

i n f l u e n c e o f the f i n i t e b l a d e number i n t e r f e r e n c e e f f e c t s on the

dynamic p i t c h has been accounted

al

irrota-

2).

- When a c c o u n t i n g f o r the i n t e r a c t i o n between p r o p e l l e r

ler

a surface

incompressible

duct

and hub

cavitation

and

shapes, number o f
s a f e t y margins,

and d u c t , the duct

and hub

the
pres-

the p r o p e l l e r b l a d e a r e a and the camber, t h i c k n e s s

and

p i t c h o f the p r o p e l l e r b l a d e s e c t i o n s .

The

design procedure

can be c o n s i d e r e d t o be performed

1. From an i n i t i a l e s t i m a t e o f the t h r u s t

i n three steps:

r a t i o between p r o p e l l e r

and

140

duct and

an a l l o w a n c e

f o r viscous

t i o n between p r o p e l l e r and duct

t o determine

e f f e c t s on the p r o p e l l e r t h r u s t , an i t e r a -

i s performed u s i n g the a c t u a t o r d i s k model

the time-mean p r o p e l l e r

induction

t i o n s t e p d e p a r t s from t h e p r o p e l l e r
p r o p e l l e r r i n g v o r t e x system,
and hub,

duct and hub

duct v i s c o u s

on the d u c t . Each

inviscid thrust,

the p r o p e l l e r

calculates

i t e r a t i o n s are c o n t i n u e d u n t i l

r a t i o i s a c h i e v e d . From the s t r e n g t h

bution

the a x i a l v e l o c i t i e s a t the p r o p e l l e r p l a n e can be

g i v i n g the p r o p e l l e r s e l f - i n d u c e d
3. The

blade sections
requirements
The

correction

propeller thrust,

i n t o account
A final

factors

from

thickness

the v i s c o u s

d r a g o f the b l a d e

i n t e r a c t i o n c a l c u l a t i o n s i s performed

thrust
and,

o f the

surface

of t h i s basic

d e s i g n i s t o be based

calculated

taking

sections.
f o r the

propeller-duct

i f n e c e s s a r y , the whole d e s i g n

design procedure

are r e q u i r e d

p r o p e l l e r i s d e s i g n e d t o match the t h r u s t

or

r a t i o . Next, the

torque requirements

c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n on the p r o p e l l e r b l a d e s i s determined
propeller
disk

i f the

i s an e s t i m a t e o f the duct i n d u c e d v e l o c i t i e s a t the

p r o p e l l e r p l a n e which are d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o the t h r u s t

and

and the duct t h r u s t

and duct proceeds

until

convergence

and

The

the

as a r e s u l t .

i n d u c e d v e l o c i t i e s on the duct are computed from

approximation

c i t i e s on the p r o p e l l e r p l a n e a r e determined.
ler

strength

theory.

on g i v e n hydrodynamic p i t c h o r g i v e n power. In such

case, the s t a r t i n g p o i n t

The

propeller

i s repeated.

Modifications

actuator

and

performed

o f c a v i t a t i o n and

lifting

i n the

thrust

the hydrodynamic p i t c h .

t o r q u e and e f f i c i e n c y are f i n a l l y

check on the assumed i n v i s c i d

computation

camber and

the

distri-

incorporated

l i n e c a l c u l a t i o n s are

are c a l c u l a t e d on t h e b a s i s

and

on

calculated.

the p r o p e l l e r i n v i s c i d

v e l o c i t i e s and

d i s t r i b u t i o n s of chord length,

and

o f the duct-hub v o r t e x

2. With the a x i a l v e l o c i t i e s i n d u c e d by the duct and hub

c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n , the l i f t i n g

duct

thrust

convergence

thrust

i n f l o w v e l o c i t i e s t o the p r o p e l l e r ,

the

i n d u c e d v e l o c i t i e s on

p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n , duct i n v i s c i d

d r a g . The

itera-

the duct i n d u c e d

i t e r a t i o n between

the
velopropel-

on the duct i n d u c e d v e l o c i t i e s i s

obtained.
Both d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e s
and

are summarized i n the flow c h a r t s

of Figs.

5-1

5-2.

141

INPUT DESIGN DATA

SM IP SPEED. PROPELLER REVOLUTIONS,
PROPELLER DIAMETER . WAKE DISTRIBUTION.
TOTAL THRUST, CIRCULATION DISTRIBUTION,
NUMBER OF BLADES DUCT AND HUB
GEOMETRY

DESIGN INPUT DATA :

SHIP S P E E D I P R O P E L L E R REVOLUTIONS
P R O P E L L E R D I A M E T E R , WAKE DISTRIBUTION
TOTAL THRUST ( P O W E R ) ,HYDROOYNAMIC PITCH
DISTRIBUTION N U M E R O F B L A D E S .
DUCT A N D

FIRST ESTIMATE PROPELLER

IDEAL THRUST

HUB G E O M E T R Y .

ESTIMATE OF DUCT

INDUCED

VELOCITIES AT T H E PROPELLER
PLANE

ACTUATOR DISK MODEL

PROPELLER STEADY INDUCED VELOCITIES
ON THE DUCT

P R O P E L L E R LIFTING LINE MODEL

OESIGN FOR A S S U M E D P R O P E L L E R THRUST
(OR GIVEN T O R Q U E i
CALCULATION O F CIRCULATION DISTRIBUTION
AND P R O P E L L E R IDEAL THRUST

ACTUATOR DISK M O D E L
P R O P E L L E R STEADY INDUCED VELOCITIES
ON T H E DUCT

DUCT S U R F A C E VORTICITY M O D E L
DUCT INDUCED VELOCITIES ON THE PROPELLER
DUCT THRUST AND DUCT DRAG

B L A D E SECTION DESIGN
CAVITATION AND STRENGTH C A L C U L A T I O N

CALCULATION OF DESIGN PREDICTIONS

BLADE SECTION DRAG.
FINAL CHECK ON PROPELLER THRUST.

C A L C U L A T I O N OF DESIGN

Fig.

5-1.

Flow
given
Hon

chart
thrust

of

design
and

for

Fig.

5-2.

circula-

Flow

chart

given

distribution.

thrust

hydrodynamic

of

PREDICTIONS

design
(or

for

power)

pitch

and

distribu-

tion.

5.3.

PROPELLER INDUCED VELOCITIES

In Lerbs* i n d u c t i o n f a c t o r
lifting
rately

l i n e t h e o r y , under the

propeller

assumption t h a t the

i s represented

by

p r o p e l l e r i s mode-

loaded.

A c c o r d i n g l y , the
lifting

method the

l i n e s , are

trailing

v o r t i c e s of h e l i c a l shape, shed from

considered to

have a c o n s t a n t p i t c h

i n the

l i e on

c y l i n d e r s of

axial direction.

constant radius

I f G(r)=r(r)/7TDV

the
and

denotes

142

the

non-dimensional c i r c u l a t i o n
d e n o t i n g the
and

distribution

mean advance v e l o c i t y

tangential propeller

and

of

the

D the

induced v e l o c i t i e s

lifting

propeller
at

the

lines,

with

d i a m e t e r , the

lifting

lines

are

axial
given

by

\ .

dG

dr'

dr'

and

!P

where r i s the

n o n - d i m e n s i o n a l r a d i u s c o o r d i n a t e , r,
h

respectively,

and

i ^ are,

The

induction factors

b l a d e s and

the

by

Tfr

tanB

i s g i v e n by

(Fig.

angle

tangential induction
the

r a t i o r / r ' , the

$ . Expressions for
are

g i v e n by

Van

radius

and

factors.
number

of

i t s evaluation

Oossanen

(1973).

is

5-3),
u

v7~
n

dependent on

hub

(5-3)

and

V (r)

axial

Wrench (1957), and

hydrodynamic p i t c h

P.
~

EL

are

hydrodynamic p i t c h

have been r e f i n e d
The

the

i s the

= -

( )

u (r)
p

~\T
^

v
(5-4)

IT

at
The

the

lifting

lines.

hydrodynamic p i t c h
V e (r)

+ 2-2V

V
t

f a r downstream i s

w~TrT
77

axial

wake v e l o c i t y

( 5

-i P

The

(r)

(r)

is

143

'

5 )

Fig.

5-3. Definition

of hydrodynamie

propeller

(r) =

(1-w

blade

(r))V

pitch

angles

and velocities

at a

section.

(5-6)

where V
The

i s t h e s h i p speed and w ( r ) t h e e f f e c t i v e wake f r a c t i o n a t r a d i u s r .

s
e
mean wake v e l o c i t y i s ^ (
)
r e w i s t h e T a y l o r wake f r a c t i o n ,
V

u.(r)
d

i s the duct i n d u c e d a x i a l v e l o c i t y

The

velocities

from t h e v e l o c i t y
tribution

induced by t h e p r o p e l l e r

field

as t h e f i n i t e

1
r'tang.
h
1

1
r'tang.

on t h e duct and hub a r e o b t a i n e d

i n d u c e d by an a c t u a t o r d i s k w i t h t h e same l o a d
bladed p r o p e l l e r .

2-54 and 2-55) and r e c a l l e d

and J=V./nD i s t h e advance r a t i o ,

A

dis-

They a r e g i v e n i n C h a p t e r 2 (eq.

here f o r t h e sake o f completeness

dT^ A

d G

'

'

'

'

'

<">

co

d r ^V

'

'

'

'

(5-8)

144

where G ( r ) i s t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s
oo

c i r c u l a t i o n on t h e a c t u a t o r d i s k . F o r t h e

'

meaning o f t h e f u n c t i o n V

and V
A

we r e f e r t o C h a p t e r

2.

When a c c o u n t i n g f o r t h e i n t e r a c t i o n between p r o p e l l e r
propeller

ideal

thrust

i s determined

TT T*
C

Pi
where C

Pi

=T

from K u t t a Joukowsky law:

CO

"

o o

"

h
1 2
2 A

/(TTPV.TIR ) .

Pi

If the c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n
the p r o p e l l e r i d e a l
from

and duct t h e

the l i f t i n g

f o r t h e f i n i t e b l a d e d p r o p e l l e r and

t h r u s t a r e known e i t h e r from t h e d e s i g n i n p u t d a t a o r

line calculations,

eq. (5-9) g i v e s t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e

c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h e a c t u a t o r d i s k .
To complete t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f p r o p e l l e r i n d u c e d v e l o c i t i e s on t h e d u c t ,
the p i t c h a n g l e

i n eq.(5-7) and (5-8) s t i l l

assumption

which seems t o work r a t h e r w e l l ,

determined

i n t h e u l t i m a t e wake ( s e e Chapter

has t o be known. A s i m p l e

i s t o c o n s i d e r that the p i t c h i s
2, eq. 2-65):

oo

t a n 6,

=
CO

~Tf JJ"

(5-10)

oo

Other p o s s i b i l i t i e s

f o r b a s i n g t h e p i t c h and t h e i r i n f l u e n c e on t h e

d e s i g n r e s u l t s w i l l be i n v e s t i g a t e d l a t e r i n t h i s

5.4.

Chapter.

DUCT THRUST AND DUCT INDUCED VELOCITIES

With t h e knowledge o f t h e v e l o c i t i e s i n d u c e d by t h e p r o p e l l e r on t h e
duct

and hub, t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e i n t e g r a l

c o n d i t i o n on t h e s u r f a c e y i e l d s t h e duct

e q u a t i o n e x p r e s s i n g t h e boundary

and hub s u r f a c e v o r t i c i t y

distribu-

t i o n Y(s)
The

p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h e duct i s
V

(s) =
p

(^d) -(l^)
A

where V

i s the v e l o c i t y
e

(5-11)

A
at i n f i n i t y

upstream on t h e same

stream-surface.

d
145

The

duct

inviscid

d.

If

thrust i s

f l o w s e p a r a t i o n does not o c c u r on the d u c t , the duct v i s c o u s d r a g i s

r a t h e r s m a l l compared w i t h the t h r u s t . As f o r t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l a i r f o i l s
duct's v i s c o u s drag c o e f f i c i e n t

[l+ 2 ( ^ )

can be e s t i m a t e d

+ 6 0 ( - ^ ) ] (2C

the

as

(5-13)

d
where

2 - m-

2 R

and D, i s the duct v i s c o u s d r a g , t , i s t h e maximum t h i c k n e s s o f the d u c t ,

d
d
i s the duct l e n g t h , R. i s the duct r a d i u s , V
i s a mean v e l o c i t y between
d
m
the o u t s i d e and

i n s i d e o f t h e duct

c o e f f i c i e n t . The

skin-friction

and

coefficient

i s the f l a t

plate

skin-friction

i s a f u n c t i o n o f a duct

Reynolds

number d e f i n e d as
cV
Re

(5-15)

where V i s the k i n e m a t i c
The

total

d
The

thrust i s

) 2

" d<vf - !r>- 2R>

d.
l

velocities

viscosity.

induced

at the p r o p e l l e r p l a n e by the duct

t i o n can be c a l c u l a t e d from the s u r f a c e v o r t i c i t y

axial velocity
induction

"

i s of i n t e r e s t

and hub c o n f i g u r a -

distribution.

Only

f o r the d e s i g n o f the p r o p e l l e r w i t h

the

the

f a c t o r method

u ,
=

S,+S,
d
h

(-x';r,r')I(s')ds'

'

(5-17)

146

5.5.

THE

DESIGN WITH THE

When the
the

INDUCTION FACTOR METHOD

duct i n d u c e d v e l o c i t i e s

propeller

can

be

adapted p r o p e l l e r s

f i n i t e bladed p r o p e l l e r

4Z

the

and

the

=
p

A r,
i^Z

f o r c o n v e n t i o n a l wake-

or

power.

ideal thrust

coefficient

for

is

G(r)

(J

=E)dr

(5-18)

propeller

propeller

p l a n e become known,

r,

p.
i

as

required thrust

1
=

propeller

d e s i g n e d i n a s i m i l a r way

t o match the

From Kutta-Joukowsky law,

at the

i d e a l power c o e f f i c i e n t
1

1-w
G(r)

(r)

l-w

+
T

u
=E
A

is
u,
^ ) r d r
A

(5-19)

with

/(^pV^rrR )

i
In the
or

eq.

(5-19) are

indicated
by

eq.

design with given c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n G(r)=kF(r),

by

(5-1)

distribution

used t o determine the

Lerbs

(1952). With the

and

(5-2)

and

the

and

induction factors

a quadratic equation for k r e s u l t s .

factors

are

not

known, f o r the

mined, a method o f

c i r c u l a t i o n s t r e n g t h k i n the

propeller

substituted

eq.(5-18)

in

self-induced velocities

(5-18) or

are

(5-19), the

way
given

circulation

expanded i n a F o u r i e r s e r i e s

S i n c e , at

the

hydrodynamic p i t c h

and

o u t s e t , the

induction

has

been d e t e r -

not

yet

successive approximation i s u s e d , s t a r t i n g ,

as

first

a p p r o x i m a t i o n , w i t h tanB =tan|3.

For
at

the

d e s i g n w i t h g i v e n hydrodynamic p i t c h ,

a propeller

blade section

( F i g . 5-1),

the

from the

velocity

following relation

diagram

i s derived

147

u,

vf
A
With 3
the

,
^ (

r,

tanB.(^)
A

specified

following
1

v f
A

dr'

V
(5-20)
A

i n advance, when s u b s t i t u t i n g

integral

tanB.
=

equation f o r the c i r c u l a t i o n

, ,
+tan@.i _)^-

I t r - r
J

Lerbs. After

circulation
cients

tang

of this

distribution,

values are e a s i l y

a set of linear

ideal

circulation

t i o n has t o be performed a t d i f f e r e n t

suggested

o f the i n d u c t i o n f a c t o r s

equations

i s obtained

i n the F o u r i e r

thrust

and t h e
coeffi-

and t h e c i r c u l a t i o n

d e t e r m i n e d a t the v a r i o u s p r o p e l l e r

o b t a i n agreement on t h e r e q u i r e d
(5-19) w i t h t h e c a l c u l a t e d

(5-21)

V,

e q u a t i o n i s performed i n t h e way

distribution

i s obtained

u,
2.-y3.

V,

expansion i n F o u r i e r s e r i e s

of the c i r c u l a t i o n

distribution

tang.
V
=2(-ji - 1 ) ^-

r1

A l s o , the s o l u t i o n
by

(5-1) and (5-2) i n (5-20),

radii.

In o r d e r t o

o r power g i v e n by (5-18) and

distribution,

the previous

values of the constant

computa-

factor

k
P

d e f i n e d by

tang.
k

( r ) = -=ji

p p

(5-22)

tang

where f ( r ) i s t h e assumed d i s t r i b u t i o n o f hydrodynamic p i t c h .

P
The f i n a l v a l u e o f k c a n be o b t a i n e d by i n t e r p o l a t i o n on t h e assumed
P
k
v a l u e s . In b o t h d e s i g n c a s e s , when t h e c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n becomes
P
known, t h e l i f t
the

forces acting

blade section

lift

on t h e b l a d e s e c t i o n s g i v e n by t h e p r o d u c t o f

coefficient

and t h e s e c t i o n

chord c are

calculated

from
C

2TTG

c
=

cosg .

Wp

tang

(5-23)
A

With t h e v a l u e s o f C^c/D, -the hydrodynamic p i t c h

tangential

induced v e l o c i t i e s ,

and t h e a x i a l and

the determination o f the chord

t h i c k n e s s and p i t c h

o f the p r o p e l l e r

basis of cavitation

criteria

length,

camber,

b l a d e s e c t i o n s c a n be p e r f o r m e d on t h e

and a s t r e n g t h

calculation.

148

When c a l c u l a t i n g the c a v i t a t i o n number a t the v a r i o u s p r o p e l l e r

one has t o c o n s i d e r the d e c r e a s e o f s t a t i c
hub. Assuming the p r o p e l l e r

neglecting

P -Pl
0

72^pV

the t a n g e n t i a l

r )

. l
+

- [-yT
A

Applying B e r n o u l l i

p r e s s u r e i n d u c e d by t h e duct

t o have an i n f i n i t e

i n g B e r n o u l l i e q u a t i o n between i n f i n i t y
we o b t a i n ,

+
+

2 ^ T
A

upstream and the p r o p e l l e r

)
n

and

number o f b l a d e s and a p p l y -

velocities,(Fig.

radii

plane,

5-4):

r,

rV -,2

- v J * L - v ]
A
A

e q u a t i o n between t h e p r o p e l l e r

p l a n e and

( 5

"

2 4 )

infinity

downstream we get

PQ-P

:a
hpV^

l
+

l~v
A

The mean s t a t i c

2~v

V
l

pressure p

~ L ~ V
A

, at the p r o p e l l e r

~ v A

"

plane i s

me an
P -Pl
2

Pmean =
Using

(5-24),

P "
(5-25) and ( 5 - 2 6 ) , the mean s t a t i c
v

5-4. Definition

V
r

Fig.

of the flow

through

p r e s s u r e becomes
5

,
n

an i n f i n i t e l y bladed

)
L

ducted

propeller.

149

The

last

term r e p r e s e n t s the mean p r e s s u r e d e c r e a s e

T h e r e f o r e , the i n d u c e d p r e s s u r e d e c r e a s e due

Ap

pV u

(r) V (r)

u (r)

f o r an open p r o p e l l e r .

to the duct i s

u ^ r+1
)

(5_27)

d = A -V ^ + I "V ^

which c o i n c i d e s w i t h the e x p r e s s i o n g i v e n by Dyne

(1967).

The c a v i t a t i o n number i s

p -e-Ap,-rRpg
o(r)

where p

(5-28)

i s t h e s t a t i c p r e s s u r e at the c e n t r e l i n e o f the p r o p e l l e r

e i s the vapour p r e s s u r e at the p r e v a i l i n g temperature,

shaft,

p i s the water

d e n s i t y , g the g r a v i t y a c c e l e r a t i o n and V i s the r e s u l t a n t v e l o c i t y

to the

b l a d e s e c t i o n at r a d i u s r :

w
irr
J

p
V

A
COSg.

(5-29)

I f m i s the margin a g a i n s t c a v i t a t i o n , then the minimum p r e s s u r e

coefficient C

p .
min

o f the b l a d e s e c t i o n s i s g i v e n by

= m(r)a(r)
p

(5-30)

min

The

r e l a t i o n between the minimum p r e s s u r e c o e f f i c i e n t

e n t r a n c e at the b l a d e s e c t i o n and

the q u a n t i t i e s C^c/t

which type o f camber and t h i c k n e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n

sections.

f o r shock-free

and

i s dependent on

i s adopted

f o r the

propeller

In the d e s i g n method used by Van Gent and Van Oossanen (1973), f o r

open p r o p e l l e r s ,
camber l i n e was

a Walchner " s e t B" t h i c k n e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h p a r a b o l i c

a p p l i e d , from about

Gutsche type o f p r o f i l e i s adopted

r=0.5 t o the p r o p e l l e r t i p , w h i l e a
from r=0.5 down t o the hub.

F o r the modi-

f i e d Walchner p r o f i l e the f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n h o l d s at s h o c k - f r e e e n t r a n c e ;

C C
C c
= ( 0 . 6 2 2 - - + 2 . 7 4 ) - - [~0.2 ( - i f - ) + l . 0 4 ] (-)
t
c
t
- c
2

C
p .

(5-31)

where t i s the maximum t h i c k n e s s o f the b l a d e s e c t i o n . Eq.(5-31) y i e l d s f o r

150

the

chord c

= t=i

{0.331C c + 1.37t+
T

+ /(0.311C c + 137t) +C

[0.2 ( C c ) + 1 0 4 t l }

(5-32)

^rtiin

A strength
the

c a l c u l a t i o n i s required

chord and maximum t h i c k n e s s

a s i m p l i f i e d strength

2.

analysis

to give

an a d d i t i o n a l r e l a t i o n f o r

o f the blade s e c t i o n s .

In t h e p r e s e n t method

i s used and such r e l a t i o n i s g i v e n by

W(r)

( 5

3 3 )

0.087 c o s e
where W(r) i s t h e s e c t i o n modulus o f t h e b l a d e s e c t i o n
the

at radius

r and e i s

rake a n g l e . The s e c t i o n modulus i s c a l c u l a t e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g

formula

2 2^5 1
C c
cos (B!-B)

(--)
D '
2
!a
r
c o s 6n
T

(r)

"

c o s ^ - g ^

) r ' (r'-r)dr'

(5-34)

where a i s t h e maximum a l l o w a b l e t e n s i l e s t r e s s l e s s t h e t e n s i l e s t r e s s due

T
to c e n t r i f u g a l f o r c e s and 3^ i s t h e v a l u e o f 3^ a t r = r ' .

The
not

lifting

valid

surface

corrections

f o r ducted p r o p e l l e r s

duct l o a d i n g

and t h i c k n e s s .

derived

from o p e n - p r o p e l l e r s e r i e s a r e

due t o t h e a d d i t i o n a l e f f e c t s i n d u c e d by t h e

However, l a c k i n g more a p p r o p r i a t e

correction

f a c t o r s , one may r e s o r t t o i t s a p p l i c a t i o n when d e s i g n i n g a d u c t e d

In such c a s e s , the g e o m e t r i c camber o f t h e b l a d e s e c t i o n s

n
0

i s c a l c u l a t e d by

L
= K
C4TTC

(5-35)
0

where K i s t h e l i f t i n g
c
derived

propeller.

surface

correction

f a c t o r t o camber due t o l o a d i n g

by Morgan e t a l (1968). P o l y n o m i a l s f o r i t s e v a l u a t i o n

of t h e hydrodynamic p i t c h , expanded b l a d e a r e a r a t i o and r a d i u s

as f u n c t i o n
of the pro-

151

p e l l e r blade s e c t i o n
for

(r=0.3 up

p r o p e l l e r s w i t h 4,

t o r=0.9) a r e g i v e n by Van

5 and 6 b l a d e s and

f a c t o r f o r the e f f e c t o f p r o f i l e

The

final

(1973),

is a correction

t h i c k n e s s on the l i f t

and

i s g i v e n by

= l + 0,4TTT- +

z e r o skew.

Oossanen

(-) 1

(5-36)

p i t c h angle i s obtained

as

(5-37)

where a i s a p i t c h c o r r e c t i o n

The

0.10

delivered

g i v e n by

(5-38)

C
Li
T

thrust

of the p r o p e l l e r i s

(5-39)

and

the r e q u i r e d

torque i s

(5-40)

5.6.

RESULTS AND

DISCUSSION

F o r the purpose of c h e c k i n g

the b a s i c

assumptions used i n the d e s i g n

method w i t h r e s p e c t t o the i n t e r a c t i o n between p r o p e l l e r

e x i s t i n g p r o p e l l e r o r i g i n a l l y designed
Superina

(1959),

to operate

r e d e s i g n e d by the p r e s e n t

by the method o f Van Manen

i n s i d e the duct

19A

i n a wake f i e l d ,

an
and

has

been

method.

In the d e s i g n method p r o p o s e d by Van Manen and

i s designed

and d u c t ,

S u p e r i n a , the

a c c o r d i n g t o a x i a l f l o w pump d e s i g n t h e o r y . The

ced by the duct on the p r o p e l l e r

are c a l c u l a t e d

propeller

v e l o c i t i e s indu-

assuming an e l l i p t i c

d i s t r i b u t i o n on a c y l i n d e r w i t h the same l e n g t h and

inner diameter

as

load
the

152

duct and the p r o p e l l e r i n d u c e d v e l o c i t i e s are c a l c u l a t e d

assuming an i n f i n i t e

number o f b l a d e s .
T a b l e 5-1

g i v e s the i n p u t d e s i g n d a t a and

1-w

(r)

the wake d i s t r i b u t i o n .

T
2

(Nnf )
0.20

0 362

1 0

5 2

xlO

0.30

0 404

1 0

5 5

xlO

0.40

0 431

1 0

5 7

xlO

0.50

0 444

1 0

5 75xl0

0.60

0 450

0 696

5 85xl0

0.70

0 466

0 735

5 90xl0

0.80

0 511

0 764

6 0

xlO

0.90

0 611

0 760

6 1

xlO

1.0

0 742

0 730

6 2

xlO

- Total

t h r u s t T = 1286407 N

- P r o p e l l e r rev.N
- S h i p speed

= 87

= 16.23

- P r o p e l l e r diameter
- Effective

rpm.

knots
D = 7.20

s t a t i c p r e s s u r e at p r o p e l l e r

( p - e ) = 169713
o
- Rake angle = 0
Q

shaft

Nm~

- T a y l o r wake f r a c t i o n w

=0.49.
T

fable
In

5-1. Input design

the o r i g i n a l

between p r o p e l l e r
Ka-4-55 s e r i e s .

data.

d e s i g n , named here d e s i g n D,

and d u c t was

the t h r u s t

ratio

o b t a i n e d from the open-water r e s u l t s o f

In the p r e s e n t method the f o l l o w i n g a l t e r n a t i v e s

the hydrodynamic pitch,when d e t e r m i n i n g the p r o p e l l e r

the

regarding

induced v e l o c i t i e s

on

the d u c t , have been c o n s i d e r e d :

1. A non-uniform

f l o w t o the p r o p e l l e r

i s assumed and

p r o p e l l e r r i n g v o r t e x system i s determined
2. U n i f o r m
ler

flow t o the p r o p e l l e r

the

i n the u l t i m a t e wake.

i s assumed and

r i n g v o r t e x system i s determined

the s t r e n g t h o f

the s t r e n g t h o f the p r o p e l -

i n the u l t i m a t e wake.
153

3. U n i f o r m

flow t o the p r o p e l l e r

i s assumed and t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e p r o p e l -

l e r r i n g v o r t e x system i s c a l c u l a t e d
The

at t h e p r o p e l l e r plane,.

d e s i g n s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e t h r e e a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e named d e s i g n s 1,

2 and 3, r e s p e c t i v e l y . A l l t h e d e s i g n s
c i r c u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n . An e l l i p t i c
G=K/(r-0.2)(l-r)

a r e based

on g i v e n t o t a l

circulation

distribution

t h r u s t and

has been assumed f o r t h e t h r e e c a s e s .

T a b l e 5-2 r e v i e w s

the c a l c u l a t i o n r e s u l t s

and compares them w i t h t h e

open-water r e s u l t s o f t h e Ka-4-55 s e r i e s .

Design

T
P

0.418

4.737

3.411

1.326

0 720

0.418

4.737

3.681

1.056

0.0066

0 777

0.418

4.737

3.435

1.302

0.0069

0 725

0.418

4.737

3.631

1.106

0.0067

0 767

D - Experiment

w i t h Ka-4-55 s e r i e s - u n i f o r m

flow

1 - Non-uniform flow and p i t c h i n t h e u l t i m a t e wake

2 - Uniform

flow, p i t c h i n the u l t i m a t e s l i p s t r e a m

3 - Uniform

f l o w , p i t c h at the p r o p e l l e r

Table

5-2. Review of calculation

I t i s seen

results.

t h a t t h e c a l c u l a t i o n 2 based

the u l t i m a t e wake agrees

plane

on u n i f o r m

r a t h e r c l o s e l y with the experimental

t h r u s t on t h e p r o p e l l e r and d u c t . As e x p e c t e d ,
t i o n s o f the p r o p e l l e r b l a d e

I f t h e non-uniform
hydrodynamic p i t c h ,
strengthened

the e f f e c t

the r i n g v o r t i c i t y

at t h e i n n e r r a d i i

shed

values f o r the

of s l i g h t

l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h e t h r u s t

i n f l o w i s accounted

leading to a higher thrust

Concerning

flow and p i t c h i n

ratio

variai s small.

f o r i n the determination of the

from t h e p r o p e l l e r d i s k i s

o f t h e d i s k and weakened at t h e o u t e r

r a t i o than -the one o b t a i n e d i n u n i f o r m

d e s i g n 3 we see t h a t t h e duct i n d u c e s

at t h e p r o p e l l e r

radii,

flow.
plane,

r e l a t i v e l y h i g h e r v e l o c i t i e s i n comparison w i t h t h e p r o p e l l e r s e l f - i n d u c e d
v e l o c i t i e s and t h e r e f o r e , t h e c h o i c e o f t h e hydrodynamic p i t c h a t t h e p r o p e l l e r plane gives a higher thrust
The

ratio.

p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s on t h e duct

a r e shown i n F i g . 5-5.

154

-8.0

1. N O N - U N I F O R M

FLOW. PITCH IN T H E ULTIMATE WAKE

2. UNIFORM FLOW. PITCH IN T H E ULTIMATE WAKE

Cp

3. UNIFORM FLOW. PITCH AT T H E P R O P E L L E R P L A N E

-7.0
-6.0

X,
\

-5.0

-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
O
.5 x / R
1.0

Fig.

5-5. Calculated

Concerning

t h e duct

pressure

induced

distributions

velocities

i n F i g . 5-6, c o n s i d e r a b l e d i f f e r e n c e s
distribution

The

propeller

axial

Fig.

and t a n g e n t i a l

bladed p r o p e l l e r

5-7. The d i f f e r e n c e s

that

load d i s t r i b u t i o n with f i n i t e

final

particulars

thrust

sections.

velocities

I t can be seen
they a r e based

( d e s i g n D) i n

induced v e l o c i t y

d e s i g n D i s based

are small.

on a d i f f e r e n t

propeller

l o a d i n g a t t h e hub and t i p g i v e n by

delivered

a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 5-3. The

by t h e p r o p e l l e r

assuming a c o n s t a n t d r a g c o e f f i c i e n t

Although

s e l f - i n d u c e d v e l o c i t i e s a r e compared

induced

of the designed p r o p e l l e r s

and torque

p l a n e , shown

towards t h e p r o p e l l e r t i p .

concerning the a x i a l

However, i t s h o u l d be n o t e d

The

at the p r o p e l l e r

o c c u r when comparing w i t h t h e v e l o c i t y

assumed i n d e s i g n D, e s p e c i a l l y

with the i n f i n i t e l y

on duct 19A.

have been determined

C^=0.0075 f o r a l l t h e p r o p e l l e r

t h a t t h e d e s i g n s 1, 2 and 3 a r e f a i r l y
on d i f f e r e n t

thrust

ratios

by

blade

similar.

( f o r i n s t a n c e comparing

155

P r o | peller

V (r)/V
A
e

tang

tan ,
l

c/d

0 468 1 568 0 0

t (m) c (m) 1/K e f (m) P ( )

c o o
0 294 1 402 0 489

643877

681167

0 .2

0 .704

0 0

0 3

0 . 784

0 0612 0 348 0 958 0 158 0 244 1 683 0 753

0 119 7 .444

0 4

0 .837

0 0801 0 278 0 719 0 160 0 194 1 908 0 895

0 108 7 .370 1230060 1307040

0 5

0 .863

0 0895 0 230 0 577 0 145 0 151 2 077 0 878

0 103 7 300 1809100 1942560

0 6

0 .875

0 0925 0 194 0 486 0 126 0 121 2 190 0 814

0 099 7 304 2308560 2536490

0 7

0 .906

0 0895 0 172 0 423 0 105 0 097 2 248 0 750

0 091 7 324 2661630 3012270

0 8

0 994

0 0801 0 165 0 378 0 082 0 073 2 232 0 664

0 081 7 385 2762790 3266560

0 9

1 188

0 0612 0 176 0 352 0 055 0 050 2 024 0 521

0 071 7 626 2399250 3077090

1 0

1 443

0 0

= 3.794

= o

p -e = 169713 Nm

T
T

Pi

t
P.,

7 . 440

0 192 0 342 0 0

0 026 0 493 0 352

dQ/dx

dT/dx

0 0

7 .095

dT/dx

dQ/dx

7 744

87 r . p . m .

T = 1421510 N
P

/ D

Welght= 16839 Kg

Propeller 2

V <r)/V
e

0 2

tan

tan

C c / d t <m> c (m) 1/K xc 1 (m)

c
O
L

0 288 1 374 0 499

0. 0

On)

6 802

0 . 704

0 0

0 3

0 .784

0 0566 0 348 0 954 0 143 0 239 1 637 0 763

0 4

0 .837

0 0741 0 278 0 715 0 146 0 190 1 848 0 903

0 097 7. 281 1152350 1219750

0 5

0 .863

0 0828 0 230 0 574 0 133 0 148 2 008 0 885

0 094 7 230 1687160 1807180

0 6

0 .875

0 0855 0 194 0 484 0 116 0 119 2 116 0 821

0 090 7 240 2148190 2355500

0 7

0 906

0 0828 0 172 0 421 0 096 0 095 2 172 0 759

0 083 7 266 2472850 2795720

0 8

0 .994

0 0741 0 165 0 380 0 076 0 072 2 162 0 673

0 074 7 399 2572440 3068620

0 9

1 . 188

0 0566 0 176 0 355 0 051 0 049 1 967 0 532

0 064 7 653 2222170 2885190

1 0

1 443

0 0

= 3.534

Pi
E

0
N

Table

0 026 0 505 0 361

0 192 0 350 0 0

J
p

= 7.417

0 468 1. 504 0 0

= 0.418

o"

169713

P / D = 1.030
N

5-3. Particulars

V
2

= 8.277 ms

-1

0. 107 7 . 346

0 0

7 920

N = 8 7 r .p.m.

1323170 N
Q = 19890.3 Nm
P
Weight= 16029 Kg

of designed

608533

7.20 >

D
V

642314

0.534

propellers.

156

Propeller 3

dT/dx

0 292 1 396 0 490

7 066

dQ/dx

0 2

0 .704

0 0

0 3

0 .784

0 0602 0 348 0 958 0 155 0 243 1 675 0 755

0 117 7 428

0 4

0 .837

0 0788 0 278 0 719 0 157 0 193 1 899 0 896

0 105 7 359 1214330 1291060

0 5

0 .863

0 0881 0 230 0 577 0 142 0 150 2 067 0 879

0 101 7 290 1783890 1916510

0 6

0 875

0 0910 0 194 0 486 0 124 0 120 2 180 0 815

0 097 7 296 2275510 2501580

0 7

0 906

0 0881 0 172 0 423 0 103 0 097 2 237 0 751

0 089 7 318 2623060 2971550

0 8

0 994

0 0788 0 165 0 378 0 080 0 073 2 223 0 665

0 080 7 387 2721700 3224760

0 9

1 188

0 0602 0 176 0 353 0 054 0 050 2 019 0 523

0 069 7 637 2362620 3041500

1 443

0 0

0 0

1 0

3.740

0 468 1 562 0 0

0 192 0 344 0 0

=0

-2
P - e = 169713 Nm
P / D = 1.033

Weight= 16687 Kg

= 7.440

0 026 0 496 0 353

L
= 8.277 ms
s
T = 1401180 N

= 0.418

P ]

E
P

tanj

t Im) c <m> 1/K c f (m)

cx a o

V <r)/V
e

tan

c/

0 0

673969

7 777

N = 87 * P m

0
636809

7.20 m

Q = 21032.8 Nm A ^ / A ^ = 0.548

Design D

V (D/V
e

Ap

tan

tan

C c / d t <m> c (m) 1/K xc f (m)

c
o
L

(m)

(final)

(*)
0 2

0 .704

14459 0 468 1 383 0 105 0 320 1 455

0 045 6 996

6 .968

0 3

0 .784

23299 0 348 0 955 0 115 0 285 1 644

0 053 7 165

7 . 165

0 .4

0 .837

30152 0 278 0 739 0 112 0 245 1 829

0 054 7 328

7 . 317

0 5

0 .863

34743 0 230 0 604 0 103 0 203 2 000

0 052 7 424

7 .427

0 6

0 875

37244 0 194 0 513 0 092 0 166 2 150

0 048 7 503

7 . 507

0 7

0 906

37792 0 172 0 451 0 080 0 120 2 275

0 043 7 631

7 .567

0 8

0 994

36764 0 165 0 414 0 067 0 081 2 310

0 037 7 932

7 .619

0 9

1 188

34880 0 176 0 400 0 056 0 045 2 182

0 031 8 591

7 .671

1 0

1 443

32345 0 192 0 399 0 046 0 026 1 300

0 026 9 701

7 .722

= 3.536

= 0

p -e = 169713 Nm"

T
T

Pi

= 0.418

V = 8.277 ms

N=87r.p.m.

D = 7.20

T = 1267719 N
P

( ) Thrust d i s t r i b u t i o n

Table

5-3. (Continued).

Particulars

of designed

propellers.

157

1. N O N - U N I F O R M
2.

FLOW. PITCH

IN T H E U L T I M A T E

UNIFORM

FLOW. PITCH

IN T H E U L T I M A T E

3. U N I F O R M

FLOW. PITCH

AT THE P R O P E L L E R

WAKE

WAKE
PLANE

DESIGN D

0.4

Fig.

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

5-6. Duct induced velocities

0.9

1.0

at the propeller

plane.

1 and 2), they l e a d t o a r a t h e r s i m i l a r p i t c h i n g o f t h e p r o p e l l e r .

the i n c r e a s e o f p r o p e l l e r i n d u c e d v e l o c i t i e s due t o t h e h i g h e r
l o a d i n g i n cases

1 and 3 i s " c a n c e l l e d " by t h e d e c r e a s e

o f duct

Clearly

propeller
induced

velocities.

Concerning
noted.

t h e comparison w i t h d e s i g n D two main d i f f e r e n c e s can be

In t h e f i r s t

place the p i t c h d i s t r i b u t i o n obtained i n the design D

shows a pronounced i n c r e a s e towards t h e t i p which i s n o t o b t a i n e d i n t h e

p r e s e n t d e s i g n s . F i g . 5-8 shows t h e n o n - f a i r e d p i t c h d i s t r i b u t i o n
for

different

designs

and compares i t w i t h t h e f i n a l

b u t i o n o f d e s i g n D. Secondly,
and

(see T a b l e 5-3).

the f i n a l

I t s h o u l d be n o t e d

a r e used,

pitch

distri-

t h e camber o f b l a d e s e c t i o n s i n d e s i g n 1, 2

3 i s c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r than

sections

adopted

obtained

camber adopted

i n t h e d e s i g n D.

that i n the design D d i f f e r e n t

blade

namely t h e NACA a=0.8 mean l i n e w i t h a m o d i f i e d NACA 66

thickness d i s t r i b u t i o n ,

and no c o r r e c t i o n

f a c t o r s from

lifting

surface

theory are a p p l i e d .

158

1. N O N - U N I F O R M F L O W . P I T C H IN T H E U L T I M A T E W A K E
2. U N I F O R M F L O W PITCH IN T H E U L T I M A T E W A K E
3. U N I F O R M F L O W . PITCH AT T H E P R O P E L L E R P L A N E
DESIGN D

0.7 -

0.1

"I
0 2

l
0 3

I
0 4

I
0 5

I
0.6

I
0.7

I
0 8

I
0.9

I
1.0

Fig.

5-7. Axial

and tangential

I t can be e a s i l y seen

that

propeller

induced

the d i f f e r e n c e s

designs

i n comparison w i t h d e s i g n D a r i s e m a i n l y

lifting

surface correction

experiments

f o r the f i n a l

t o ducted p r o p e l l e r s
open p r o p e l l e r s ,

factors.
design D

o f camber

i n camber

f o r the p r e s e n t

from t h e a p p l i c a t i o n

C o n s i d e r i n g the good agreement

i t can be c o n c l u d e d

correction

s h o u l d be f a c e d w i t h

The b l a d e c o n t o u r s o f p r o p e l l e r s

factors

that

the

of

with

application

as d e r i v e d by Morgan f o r

care.

1, 2 and 3 a r e f a i r l y

are compared w i t h t h e b l a d e c o n t o u r o f p r o p e l l e r
Fig.

velocities.

similar.

They

D (Kaplantype) i n

5-9.

159

Fig.

5-9.

Propeller

blade

outlines.

160

6.

Conclusions

In t h i s

s t u d y , some o f the most i m p o r t a n t

p r o p e l l e r performance both

i n uniform

effects

and non-uniform

determining

ducted

axisymmetric

flows

have been demonstrated.

In g e n e r a l , i t can be c o n c l u d e d
dered

i n Chapters

1 and

t h a t the i n v i s c i d

around the duct p r o f i l e can be

by t h e c a s e s

i s r e q u i r e d . The

of c r i t e r i a

detailed

methods developed

account

- A potential

f o r the

of v i s c o u s

ducted p r o p e l l e r

- An

f l o w c a l c u l a t i o n method, a p p l i e d t o d u c t s w i t h a t h i c k

to

round

pressure

t o the l o c a t i o n o f the s t a g n a t i o n p o i n t on the t r a i l i n g

f l o w , based

on

a viscous-inviscid

p r e d i c t i o n s o f the f l o w f i e l d
The

and

drawn:

a n a l y s i s method f o r the v i s c o u s flow p a s t a p r o p e l l e r duct

uniform

effects

the f o l l o w i n g main

t r a i l i n g edge, r e v e a l e d an extreme s e n s i t i v i t y o f the computed

distribution

shown

propellers.

From the v a r i o u s p a r t s o f t h i s work i n p a r t i c u l a r ,

c o n c l u s i o n s can be

As

have been s u c c e s s f u l l y a p p l i e d

t o d e s c r i b e the i n t e r a c t i o n between a f t e r b o d y and

the d e s i g n o f ducted

field

l o a d i n g s p r o v i d e d t h a t the

a c c u r a t e l y determined.

i n v e s t i g a t e d , i n the e s t a b l i s h m e n t

d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the duct c i r c u l a t i o n ,
on the duct

consi-

2 g i v e s a t i s f a c t o r y p r e d i c t i o n s o f the flow

and duct performance i n a wide range o f p r o p e l l e r

circulation

f l o w models

t r e n d s o f the e f f e c t

around the

iteration

i n an

scheme, g i v e s good

duct.

of the Reynolds number on the l i f t

force acting

on the d u c t s e c t i o n are w e l l p r e d i c t e d by the c a l c u l a t i o n s . The

e x t e n t o f l a m i n a r s e p a r a t i o n bubbles

to t h i s

the t r a i l i n g

edge, appeared

propeller

f o r a ducted

l o a d i n g s , a p p l i c a t i o n o f an

approximate

v i s c o u s a n a l y s i s t o the f l o w p a s t the duct c o n s i d e r a b l y improves

c o r r e l a t i o n on the duct

and
to

effect.

- In the c a l c u l a t i o n o f o f f - d e s i g n performance o f a duct

p r o p e l l e r at l i g h t

chordwise

on the o u t e r s u r f a c e o f the duct

the c h a r a c t e r o f the flow s e p a r a t i o n from

be determinant

edge.

the

f o r c e s . More work i n t h i s a r e a i s needed i n o r d e r

161

to f u l l y c l a r i f y

the r o l e o f v i s c o s i t y when t h e p r o p e l l e r

i s placed

i n s i d e the duct.
- Experiments

with a ducted p r o p e l l e r

a s m a l l e f f e c t o f the incoming
p r o p e l l e r and d u c t . A l t h o u g h

i n a r a d i a l l y non-uniform

vorticity

on t h e t h r u s t

flow

showed

r a t i o between

the i n t e r a c t i o n with the v o r t i c i t y

a d d i t i o n a l n e g a t i v e r a d i a l v e l o c i t i e s on t h e d u c t , i t tends

induces

to diminish

the i n t e r f e r e n c e between p r o p e l l e r and d u c t .

- The c u r v a t u r e o f the s t r e a m l i n e s ahead o f t h e d u c t e d
i n shear

f l o w than i n u n i f o r m

- Reasonable p r e d i c t i o n s o f t h e f l o w f i e l d
axisymmetric

shear

the K u t t a c o n d i t i o n appears

f o r a ducted

w i t h i n an i n v i s c i d
t i o n on t h e d u c t ,

t o be e s s e n t i a l .

approach.

e f f e c t s o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n between a

t h e method proposed

- The d e s i g n o f a p r o p e l l e r

from

body can be d e s c r i b e d

By r e v e a l i n g t h e d e t a i l e d p r e s s u r e

the d e s i g n o f a f t e r b o d y adapted

shed

3. F o r

e s t i m a t e s f o r t h e p r o p u l s i o n f a c t o r s o b t a i n e d i n t h e Chapter

ducted p r o p e l l e r and t h e s t e r n f o r an axisymmetric

insensitive

propeller i n

f o r c e s on t h e d u c t , the a p p l i c a t i o n o f

4 , p o i n t out t h a t the most i m p o r t a n t

in

i s smaller

flow can be o b t a i n e d w i t h t h e method o f Chapter

the c o r r e c t p r e d i c t i o n s o f t h e

- The r e a l i s t i c

propeller

flow.

i n Chapter

ducted

4 may be

useful

propellers.

i n s i d e a g i v e n duct appears

t o be r a t h e r

t o t h e assumptions r e g a r d i n g t h e p i t c h o f t h e v o r t e x

a moderately

distribu-

lines

l o a d e d a c t u a t o r d i s k , when a c c o u n t i n g f o r t h e

i n t e r a c t i o n between p r o p e l l e r

and d u c t .

- F o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e duct i n d u c e d v e l o c i t i e s on t h e p r o p e l l e r , i t
is

important

t o know w i t h good a c c u r a c y

t h e duct

chordwise

t i o n . N e g l e c t i o n o f t h i s f a c t may l e a d t o an erroneous

load d i s t r i b u -

propeller

pitch

distribution.
- I t i s p o s s i b l e t o d e s i g n p r o p e l l e r s o p e r a t i n g i n s i d e the duct w i t h an
assumed v a n i s h i n g c i r c u l a t i o n

at the t i p .

162

APPENDIX 1: EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

A short

d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s e t - u p used

the measurements on duct 37 w i t h p r o p e l l e r B i n the Large

Tunnel o f the NSMB i s g i v e n . F o r a d e t a i l e d account
the measurements we r e f e r t o Luttmer and J a n s s e n

i n t h i s study f o r
Cavitation

on t h e r e s u l t s o f

(1982).

1. F o r c e measurements on t h e duct

To o b t a i n the f o r c e a c t i n g on a duct s e c t i o n the a x i a l and r a d i a l f o r c e

components a r e d e t e r m i n e d .
axial

The a x i a l component

i s o b t a i n e d from the t o t a l

f o r c e a c t i n g on the duct measured w i t h a s t r a i n gauge mounted

on the f a s t e n i n g between t h e duct and t h e t u n n e l w a l l . The r a d i a l

component

Fig.

i s deduced from the measurement o f the t a n g e n t i a l

Al-1. Position

of windows and force

(dimensions

are given

transducers

force

f o r c e which i s

on the duct 37.

in mm).

163

measured by s t r a i n gauge t r a n s d u c e r s p l a c e d on a c u t o f t h e duct

by

a meridional
The

surface

plane.

l o c a t i o n o f the f o r c e transducers

i s shown i n F i g . A l - 1 , and t h e

geometry o f t h e duct model i s g i v e n i n F i g . A l - 2 .

2. V e l o c i t y measurements

The
and

axial

ducted

and r a d i a l components o f t h e v e l o c i t y

field

around t h e duct

p r o p e l l e r were measured by a L a s e r - D o p p l e r v e l o c i m e t e r p l a c e d around

Dimensions of duct
in nta
X

2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
14.0
18.0
22.0
26.0
30.0
34.0
38 .0
66.0
70.0
74.0
78.0
82.0
86.0
90.0
92 .0
94 .0
96.0
98.0

Fig.

y
13.80
11.20
9.20
7.70
6.11
4.20
2.70
1.60
0.81
0.44
0.20
0
straight
0
0.20
0.36
0.76
1.40
2.36
3.80
4.70
5.80
7.20
8.80

Al-2. Geometry

r
r
hj
h
c
2

3.34
101.00
12.42
18.33
100.00

of duct model.

164

Fig.

Al-3. Laser-Doppler

velocimeter

placed

around the

cavitation

tunneI.

the t e s t s e c t i o n o f t h e l a r g e c a v i t a t i o n t u n n e l ( F i g . A l - 3 ) . The L a s e r - D o p p l e r
v e l o c i m e t e r o p e r a t e s i n t h e f o r w a r d s c a t t e r and r e f e r e n c e beam modes.
Due t o the p r e s e n c e o f l a r g e windows on b o t h s i d e s o f the t u n n e l , i t was
p o s s i b l e t o scann the f l o w f i e l d

upstream and downstream o f the d u c t . The

l o c a t i o n s o f the v a r i o u s a x i a l s t a t i o n s where v e l o c i t y
performed

t r a v e r s e s were

a r e g i v e n i n F i g . A l - 4 . In the same f i g u r e i t i s a l s o shown t h e

l o c a t i o n o f the s c r e e n used t o g e n e r a t e the a x i s y m m e t r i c

used

i n t h e measurements on the d u c t e d p r o p e l l e r

non-uniform

i n the wake

flow

field.

165

Fig.

Al-4. Location

of measuring

station

and coordinate

system.

The measuring volume o f the L a s e r - D o p p l e r v e l o c i m e t e r has dimensions

of 0.214 mm

i n t h e x and z d i r e c t i o n s

(Fig. Al-4).
velocity

This

fact affected

and 16.34 mm

i n the y d i r e c t i o n

the a c c u r a c y o f t h e measurements o f t h e

p r o f i l e s i n s i d e the duct where, w i t h o u t p r o p e l l e r ,

were e f f e c t e d

the

on t h e x-y p l a n e . F o r t h e s e p a r t i c u l a r measurements

traverses
"windows"

were opened on t h e perspex duct model. The l o c a t i o n o f the "windows" a r e

shown i n F i g . A l - 1 .

166

APPENDIX 2:

Fig.

GEOMETRY OF PROPELLERS A AND B.

A2-1. Geometry of propeller

A. (Dimensions

EXPANDED
CHORD

are given

BLADE AREA

Fig.

A2-2. Geometry of propeller

RATIO

LENGTH Q 7/ DIAMETER

THICKNESS/CHORD

B. (Dimensions

in mm).

L E N G T H o.7

are given

/ A Q

0 . 6 0 8

c /D

0 . 2 6 1

0 7

"

0.063

Q?

in mm).

167

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174

NOMENCLATURE

A(r|)
A

function

expanded b l a d e a r e a
duct d r a g

ratio

coefficient

d
C

duct f o r c e c o e f f i c i e n t

behind

the afterbody without

propeller

dh
C^

flat

lift

plate skin f r i c t i o n

coefficient

coefficient

pressure

coefficient

P
C

duct p r e s s u r e
P

inn

coefficient

pressure c o e f f i c i e n t

minimum p r e s s u r e

at the t r a i l i n g

edge on t h e i n n e r s u r f a c e

coefficient

P min

C
P

pressure c o e f f i c i e n t

at the t r a i l i n g

pressure c o e f f i c i e n t

at separation

edge on t h e o u t e r s u r f a c e

out

C
p
sep
AC

pressure difference c o e f f i c i e n t
P

on the a f t e r b o d y between the

l
c a s e s : h u l l w i t h duct and h u l l w i t h d u c t e d

AC

pressure difference
P

coefficient

propeller

on t h e a f t e r b o d y between t h e

2
cases: h u l l

a l o n e and h u l l w i t h d u c t e d

propeller

prismatic coefficient
P

forebody

prismatic coefficient

afterbody prismatic c o e f f i c i e n t
P

duct r a d i a l

force

coefficient

duct t h r u s t

coefficient

R
C
T ,
C
C

ideal
*

duct

thrust

duct t h r u s t

coefficient

coefficient

based on t h e s h i p speed

propeller

thrust

coefficient

P
C

ideal propeller
T

thrust

coefficient

Pi
175

propeller thrust
correction
the

coefficient

based

f a c t o r f o r the e f f e c t

speed

o f p r o f i l e t h i c k n e s s on

lift

duct r a d i a l f o r c e c o e f f i c i e n t
based

on

i n the non-uniform

i n the non-uniform

case

f l o w case

based

propeller thrust coefficient

based

on

-duct

length

-blade s e c t i o n

i n the non-uniform

c u r v a t u r e o f the i
-propeller

flow

case

chord

c u r v a t u r e o f element on the duct

th

and

element on the m

hub
th

vortex

sheet

diameter

-actuator disk
body

flow

duct t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t
on

on the s h i p

diameter

diameter

duct v i s c o u s d r a g
f o r c e on the duct b e h i n d

the a f t e r b o d y w i t h o u t

numerical d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n
complete e l l i p t i c

propeller

coefficient

integral

o f the second

kind

vapour p r e s s u r e
numerical

differentiation

normalized c i r c u l a t i o n

coefficient

distribution

e x t e r n a l body f o r c e per u n i t mass

duct r a d i a l f o r c e per u n i t
components o f

radian

i n the c o o r d i n a t e s e t

right-hand side of i n t e g r a l

(x,r,8)

equation

176

f.

r i g h t - h a n d s i d e of system o f

equations

(r)

n o r m a l i z e d hydrodynamic p i t c h

fg

axial

distribution

P
f

x >

and

t a n g e n t i a l components o f the c o n c e n t r a t e d f o r c e

on the a c t u a t o r d i s k
fg

geometric

numerical d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n

camber o f a b l a d e

section

coefficient

J
G

non-dimensional

G(x-x',r,r')

Green's f u n c t i o n

G G .,G . ,,
x" r " x'x'

p a r t i a l d e r i v a t i v e s o f the Green's f u n c t i o n

x r
G

circulation

of a l i f t i n g

line

r' r '
non-dimensional

circulation

distribution

on the a c t u a t o r d i s k

CO
g

gravity

g\

numerical

total

Hp

t o t a l head o f the u n d i s t u r b e d

acceleration
differentiation

coefficient

head

t o t a l head o f the p i e c e w l s e

stream

constant

discretized

non-uniform

m
stream
h.
i

i
a

numerical

differentiation

axial

tangential induction factors

and

coefficient

i , i ,i
x
r W

u n i t v e c t o r s o f the c o o r d i n a t e s e t

numerical

advance

differentiation

(x,r,9)

coefficient

ratio

advance r a t i o based

on the s h i p

advance r a t i o

K(k)

complete e l l i p t i c

c o r r e c t i o n t o camber from

speed

i n the non-uniform
integral

f l o w case based

o f the f i r s t
lifting

on U^.

kind

surface theory

177

K
K

duct r a d i a l

force

t o t a l thrust

duct t h r u s t
T

coefficient

coefficient
coefficient

d
propeller

thrust

coefficient

P
k,k^

modulus o f e l l i p t i c

integrals

k(s,s')

kernel

k. .
kp

matrix of influence c o e f f i c i e n t s
c o n s t a n t i n the hydrodynamic p i t c h

body

function

distribution

length

length of afterbody
L
L

E
M

length of forebody
l e n g t h o f m i d d l e body

number o f a x i a l

-boundary l a y e r

pressure gradient

-margin a g a i n s t
N

-propeller

stations
parameter

cavitation

r.p.m.

-number o f elements on the b o u n d a r i e s

-number o f v o r t e x s h e e t s i n t h e d i s c r e t i z a t i o n
non-uniform

T
n

stream

number o f s l i p s t r e a m v o r t e x

sheets

- c o o r d i n a t e o f s t r e a m l i n e based c o o r d i n a t e s e t (s,n,6)
-propeller

rate of revolutions

propeller

-hydrodynamic
-propeller

P^(r)

o f the

pitch
pitch

i d e a l power

nominal p i t c h

at radius r

178

mean nominal
p
p

pitch

pressure

mean

mean s t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t the p r o p e l l e r

Pg

pressure at i n f i n i t y

p^

p r e s s u r e b e f o r e the p r o p e l l e r

pressure a f t e r

Ap

Ap^

upstream

the p r o p e l l e r

pressure decrease

plane
plane

i n d u c e d by the duct at the p r o p e l l e r

p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e on the a f t e r b o d y between the c a s e s :

h u l l w i t h duct and h u l l w i t h d u c t e d

Ap^

plane

propeller

p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e on the a f t e r b o d y between the c a s e s :

hull

a l o n e and h u l l w i t h ducted

propeller

-propeller radius

propeller

torque

- d i s t a n c e between two p o i n t s
-actuator disk radius
R

v e c t o r r a d i u s between two p o i n t s

R,
d

duct r a d i u s

Re

Reynolds number

Re
R
R

Reynolds number based

r e s i s t a n c e of h u l l

h
hd

on the d u c t ' s

length

alone

r e s i s t a n c e o f h u l l w i t h duct w i t h o u t
c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e stream

propeller

f u n c t i o n on a mesh knot

due t o the

ij
vorticity
R

o u t s i d e the c o m p u t a t i o n a l

Reynolds number based

domain

on the momentum t h i c k n e s s o f the

y
boundary
R

layer

Reynolds number based

on the momentum t h i c k n e s s a t

U
sep
separation

179

RQ

radial

extent o f the i n f l o w

radial

coordinate

body r a d i u s

non-uniformity

non-dimensional

r.
m

r a d i u s of the m
radial

hub r a d i u s
th

v o r t e x sheet

a t x=x.
l

c o o r d i n a t e on element j
th

r^

r a d i u s of the k

disk
maximum body r a d i u s

max

s l i p s t r e a m v o r t e x sheet

a t the a c t u a t o r

th
radius of the m
m

v o r t e x sheet

at i n f i n i t y

upstream

th

r k
m

radius of the k

s l i p s t r e a m vortex sheet

at i n f i n i t y

down-

stream
th
r m
"im

radius of the m
radial
t

v o r t e x sheet

at i n f i n i t y

coordinate of the vertex of the i * *

*
vortex

downstream
element on t h e

V. *
sheet
th

r^

radial

-area

c o o r d i n a t e o f c o n t r o l p o i n t on t h e j

- l e n g t h o f t h e duct
s

element

contour

c o o r d i n a t e o f t h e s t r e a m l i n e based c o o r d i n a t e s e t (s,n,6)
sep
d i s t a n c e on t h e s u r f a c e a t s e p a r a t i o n measured from t h e nose

tr

stagnation point
d i s t a n c e on t h e s u r f a c e a t t r a n s i t i o n measured from t h e nose
stagnation point

t o t a l thrust

T(s,s')

c o u p l i n g f u n c t i o n f o r t h e axisymmetric

T_,
d

duct t h r u s t

propeller thrust

source

distribution

180

propeller
P

ideal

thrust

maximum t h i c k n e s s o f b l a d e

t_

v e c t o r tangent

t,
d

duct t h i c k n e s s

p r e s s u r e component
P

section

t o the d u c t ' s s e c t i o n

contour

of the thrust

d e d u c t i o n : duct as a p a r t

p r e s s u r e component o f t h e t h r u s t

d e d u c t i o n : duct as a p a r t

l
of t h e h u l l

t
P

2
of

U(r)
u
f

the p r o p u l s o r

axial velocity

o f t h e u n d i s t u r b e d non-uniform

e x p e r i m e n t a l mean e f f e c t i v e v e l o c i t y

(propeller

stream
thrust

identity)
U. .

induced at the i * *
th
d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h e j
element

velocity

axial velocity

p o i n t by a s o u r c e

stream

-uniform

flow

velocity

-uniform

flow v e l o c i t y

mean a x i a l v e l o c i t y

control

o f the piecewise constant d i s c r e t i z a t i o n o f the

non-uniform
Up

o u t s i d e t h e wake

at the m

th

v o r t e x sheet a t i n f i n i t y

upstream
u

axial velocity

_u

velocity

u (r)
d

axial velocity

(r)

effective velocity:

duct as a p a r t o f t h e h u l l

(r)
2
u.(r)
h

effective velocity:

duct

component

i n the c o o r d i n a t e s e t ( x , r , 8 )

vector
i n d u c e d by t h e duct

as a p a r t o f t h e p r o p u l s o r

axial velocity

i n d u c e d by t h e hub

u (r)
P

axial velocity

i n d u c e d by t h e p r o p e l l e r

axial velocity

induced

(r)

f a r downstream by t h e f i r s t

approxima-

ted
tion

to the s l i p s t r e a m

v o r t i c i t y i n t h e non-uniform flow

181

cast

,u ,u
n B

u s.
i ,m

components o f u i n t h e s t r e a m l i n e based c o o r d i n a t e s e t (s,n,6)

th
m e r i d i o n a l v e l o c i t y at the m
v o r t e x sheet e v a l u a t e d a t
(x.,r. )
i
lm
th
meridional velocity

at the k

slipstream

vortex

sheet

m e r i d i o n a l v e l o c i t y a t t h e k** s l i p s t r e a m

vortex

sheet

i,k
e v a l u a t e d a t (x , r . , )
i
lk
1

u
s

meridional velocity

at the m

th

vortex

sheet

m
Ug(r)

total

Uy

axial velocity

i n d u c e d by a v o r t e x r i n g w i t h u n i t

circulation

u^

axial velocity

i n d u c e d by a s o u r c e r i n g w i t h u n i t

circulation

axial velocity

i n d u c e d by t h e p r o p e l l e r

u^Cr)

axial velocity

induced

axial velocity

at the p r o p e l l e r

resultant

V(s)

velocity

V.
A

mean advance

V^(x,r;r')

axial velocity
with unit

V *(r,r')

velocity

on the duct

f a r downstream by t h e a c t u a t o r d i s k

v o r t e x system i n t h e u n i f o r m
V

plane

flow

to the blade

o u t s i d e the boundary

case

section

layer

velocity
i n d u c e d by a s e m i - i n f i n i t e

ring vortex

cylinder

strength

axial velocity

induced

vortex cylinder

with unit

effective velocity
V

velocity

V. .

radial velocity

f a r downstream by a s e m i - i n f i n i t e

ring

strength

d e r i v e d from T a y l o r wake f r a c t i o n

at i n f i n i t y

upstream on t h e duct

induced

at the i * *

control

stream-surface
p o i n t by a s o u r c e

th
d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h e j
V

V (x,r;r')

mean v e l o c i t y

between t h e i n n e r and o u t e r s i d e s o f t h e duct

radial velocity
cylinder

element

i n d u c e d by a s e m i - i n f i n i t e

with u n i t

ring

vortex

strength

182

ship

sep

speed

velocity

o u t s i d e o f t h e boundary l a y e r

at s e p a r a t i o n

radial velocity

component i n t h e c o o r d i n a t e s e t ( x , r , 0 )

v^

radial velocity

i n d u c e d by a r i n g v o r t e x w i t h u n i t

circulation

v^

radial velocity

i n d u c e d by a r i n g s o u r c e w i t h u n i t

strength

radial velocity

i n d u c e d by t h e p r o p e l l e r

blade section

W. ,
i,k
w
w

on t h e duct

modulus

function
tangential

velocity

component i n t h e c o o r d i n a t e s e t ( x , r , 9 )

tangential

velocity

i n d u c e d by t h e duct

w (r)
e

e f f e c t i v e wake f r a c t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n w ( r ) = l - u ( r )
e
e

e f f e c t i v e wake f r a c t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n : duct as a p a r t o f t h e

e..

(r)

'1

hull w

(r)=l-u (r)
l
l
e f f e c t i v e wake f r a c t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n : duct as a p a r t o f t h e
e

(r)

e
"2
propulsor w

(r)=l-u
(r)
2
2
nominal wake f r a c t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n
e

w (r)
N
w
w
N

(r)

nominal wake f r a c t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n : duct as a p a r t o f t h e h u l l

(r)

nominal wake f r a c t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n : duct as a p a r t o f t h e

2
propulsor

tangential

velocity

i n d u c e d by t h e p r o p e l l e r

P
w

T a y l o r wake
1

fraction

mean e f f e c t i v e wake

fraction

w
_ l

mean e f f e c t i v e wake f r a c t i o n : duct as a p a r t o f t h e h u l l

mean e f f e c t i v e wake f r a c t i o n : duct as a p a r t o f t h e p r o p u l s o r

WQ

tangential

disk
a x i a l induced v e l o c i t y

velocity

immediately downstream o f t h e a c t u a t o r

matrix

ij

183

axial

coordinate

x^

axial

c o o r d i n a t e o f mesh

x^(5)

axial

c o o r d i n a t e on the element j

axial

location

axial

c o o r d i n a t e o f the v e r t e x of the i

knots

o f p r o p e l l e r p l a n e measured from the d u c t ' s

x.
m

vortex

th

th
element on the m

sheet
1

Xj

axial

Y. .

radial

p r o p e l l e r number o f b l a d e s

c o o r d i n a t e normal to the s u r f a c e i n t h e boundary

-parameter o f t h e complete e l l i p t i c
-pitch

c o o r d i n a t e o f c o n t r o l p o i n t on the j * * element
induced

velocity

matrix

integral

layer

of t h i r d

kind

correction

a.
m

s l o p e o f the i

a.J

s l o p e o f the j

-relaxation

th

th
element on the m
vortex

sheet

th

-advance
p\
B.

element

factor

angle

hydrodynamic p i t c h

angle

hydrodynamic p i t c h

angle

f a r downstream

oo

-circulation

around a duct s e c t i o n

-circulation

of a l i f t i n g

s t r e n g t h o f "the p i e c e w i s e
distribution
F

t h

iterate

circulation

line
constant

discretized

circulation

on t h e a c t u a t o r d i s k
t o the c i r c u l a t i o n

around a duct s e c t i o n

on the a c t u a t o r d i s k

oo

s t r e n g t h o f a v o r t e x sheet

vector strength of a vortex

i n axisymmetric

flow

sheet

184

I Y J , Y^^strength

yj

of vortex sheet, i t s f i r s t

and h a l f t h e second

d e r i v a t i v e s evaluated at the c o n t r o l p o i n t j
1

Y^^.Y.^ ^
km
km

s t r e n g t h o f v o r t e x sheet
at

Y^

the v e r t e x o f t h e k

th

and i t s f i r s t

derivative

evaluated

th
element on t h e m
vortex

sheet

strength of the s e m i - i n f i n i t e r i n g vortex c y l i n d e r s i n the

(1)
first

Y
m
Y
o

approximation

strength of the m
strength of the m

th
th

strength of the k
k

th

t o the s l i p s t r e a m vortex
vortex

sheet

v o r t e x sheet

at i n f i n i t y

s l i p s t r e a m v o r t e x sheet

Y^
k

th
strength of the m
v o r t e x sheet

Y#ij

first

Kronecker

6(x)

Dirac delta function

6*

boundary l a y e r d i s p l a c e m e n t

approximation

sheets

t o t h e duct

upstream
f a r downstream

f a r downstream

and hub s u r f a c e v o r t i c i t y

delta

thickness

rake

non-dimensional

angle

n,
h

hull

-angular c o o r d i n a t e i n the coordinate s e t (x,r,6)

coordinate

efficiency

-momentum t h i c k n e s s o f t h e boundary
9

sep

layer

momentum t h i c k n e s s a t s e p a r a t i o n

element a r c l e n g t h measured from c o n t r o l p o i n t

5'.

half

'

the arc length of the j

element

km

h a l f t h e a r c l e n g t h o f t h e k** element on t h e m*"* v o r t e x

U.

dipole strength

kinematic

II

complete e l l i p t i c

fluid

viscosity
i n t e g r a l of the t h i r d

kind

s p e c i f i c mass

185

sheet

-source

strength

-cavitation
0

number

maximum a l l o w a b l e t e n s i l e s t r e s s l e s s t h e t e n s i l e

due t o c e n t r i f u g a l

stress

forces

t h r u s t r a t i o T=T / ( T + T J
p
p d

t>

perturbation

potential

propeller perturbation

potential

p
o u t e r and i n n e r

total
.,
ljkm

stream

potentials

function

stream f u n c t i o n i n f l u e n c e
stream f u n c t i o n o f t h e m

m
r

^ooC? >~ > ' )

first

vortex sheet

strength

a p p r o x i m a t i o n t o the t o t a l

- p e r t u r b a t i o n stream
-pitch

ij^

th

stream f u n c t i o n i n d u c e d by a s e m i - i n f i n i t e r i n g v o r t e x
c y l i n d e r with unit

ip

coefficient

stream

function

function

angle

stream f u n c t i o n i n d u c e d by the duct and hub s u r f a c e

ijj^

first

vorticity

a p p r o x i m a t i o n t o t h e stream f u n c t i o n i n d u c e d by t h e

(1)
duct and hub s u r f a c e

vorticity

tjjp

stream f u n c t i o n i n d u c e d by the a c t u a t o r d i s k v o r t i c i t y

4)
w

stream f u n c t i o n i n d u c e d by the wake v o r t i c i t y 0)

6

4j

stream f u n c t i o n o f t h e u n d i s t u r b e d non-uniform

P.

p r o p e l l e r angular v e l o c i t y

U)

v o r t i c i t y vector

u) , u , u
x
U)
0

lOg

stream

components o f 0) i n t h e c o o r d i n a t e s e t ( x . r . 8 )

v o r t i c i t y o f t h e u n d i s t u r b e d non-uniform

stream

186

actuator

disk

vortieity

wake v o r t i e i t y
non-dimensional

coordinate

SUMMARY

In t h i s s t u d y a t h e o r e t i c a l model f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f duct
mance f o r d u c t e d p r o p e l l e r s working i n b o t h u n i f o r m and r a d i a l l y
inflow,

i s investigated.

Application

i n t e r a c t i o n of a ducted p r o p e l l e r

and duct

variable

o f t h i s model t o the problem o f

and the s t e r n i n axisymmetric

c o n s i d e r e d . A s i m p l i f i e d model t o account
propeller

perfor-

flow i s

f o r t h e i n t e r a c t i o n between

i s i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o a d e s i g n method f o r d u c t e d

propel-

lers .

In C h a p t e r

2 the l i m i t a t i o n s of a p o t e n t i a l

an axisymmetric
thick t r a i l i n g

flow a n a l y s i s

s u r f a c e v o r t i c i t y method when a p p l i e d

based

to ducts with

on
round

edges a r e demonstrated. I n c o r p o r a t i o n o f v i s c o u s e f f e c t s

t h r o u g h an i t e r a t i o n scheme u s i n g boundary l a y e r and p o t e n t i a l

flow

c a l c u l a t i o n methods, e s s e n t i a l l y removes such l i m i t a t i o n s .

The v a l i d i t y

o f t h e approach i s c o n f i r m e d

c a r r i e d out f o r a duct

i n uniform

a c t i o n between p r o p e l l e r
disk

theory,

propellers
ducted

i s used

In Chapter

performance f o r d u c t e d

i n Chapter

3 and d e t a i l e d

f o r , i n an approximate way,

developed

f o r t h e duct w i t h o u t

propeller

3 a d i s c r e t e v o r t e x sheet method i s used

flow through

of v o r t i c i t y

propeller

and d u c t . D e t a i l e d

experiments

illustrates

In C h a p t e r

i n uniform

stream

flow.

t o c a l c u l a t e the

a d u c t e d p r o p e l l e r p l a c e d i n a shear

o f t h e incoming

measurements

propeller

by an e x t e n s i o n o f t h e

convergence o f t h e method i s shown. The method i s used

effect

loaded actuator

i s g i v e n . E f f e c t s o f v i s c o s i t y at l i g h t

l o a d i n g s a r e accounted

axisymmetric

on m o d e r a t e l y

flow. Comparison w i t h r e s u l t s o f t h e n o n - l i n e a r

a c t u a t o r d i s k model developed

viscous analysis

experiments

f l o w . A s i m p l i f i e d model f o r t h e i n t e r -

and d u c t , based

t o e v a l u a t e duct o f f - d e s i g n

i n uniform

of t h e f l o w f i e l d

by comparison w i t h

f l o w . The

to analyse the

on the i n t e r a c t i o n between

comparison o f flow f i e l d

calculations

with

t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s and l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e method.

4 the n u m e r i c a l method of Chapter

3 i s applied

the f l o w i n t h e s t e r n r e g i o n o f a body o f r e v o l u t i o n

t o compute

and i s used

to treat

the i n t e r a c t i o n problem between a ducted p r o p e l l e r and t h e s t e r n i n a x i -

188.

symmetric
duct

f l o w . P r e d i c t i o n s o f p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h e a f t e r b o d y and

and v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s up t o t h e p r o p e l l e r p l a n e are g i v e n . The

s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e t h r u s t d e d u c t i o n and e f f e c t i v e wake t o p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g
and duct geometry are i l l u s t r a t e d
the i n t e r a c t i o n : duct

f o r two d i f f e r e n t methods o f l o o k i n g a t

as a p a r t o f t h e h u l l

and duct

as a p a r t o f t h e

propulsor.

In Chapter

5, t h e c a l c u l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e

a c t u a t o r d i s k t h e o r y and g i v e n i n C h a p t e r
method f o r d u c t e d p r o p e l l e r s based
sitivity

based

on m o d e r a t e l y

loaded

2, i s i n c o r p o r a t e d i n a d e s i g n

on L e r b s ' i n d u c t i o n f a c t o r method. The

sen-

o f t h e d e s i g n t o v a r i o u s assumptions r e g a r d i n g t h e p i t c h o f v o r t e x

l i n e s used

i n the procedure,

i s i n v e s t i g a t e d . An i l l u s t r a t i v e

example i s

included.

C o n c l u s i o n s are p r e s e n t e d

i n Chapter

6.

189

SAMENVATTING

In deze

s t u d i e wordt een t h e o r e t i s c h model voor de b e r e k e n i n g van

de

werking van s c h r o e f - s t r a a l b u i s s y s t e m e n i n homogene en r a d i a a l o n g e l i j k m a t i g e a a n s t r o m i n g o n d e r z o c h t . Het

probleem

van de i n t e r a c t i e

i n axisymmetrische

t h e o r e t i s c h model i s t o e g e p a s t op het

t u s s e n een s c h r o e f - s t r a a l b u i s s y s t e e m en de romp

s t r o m i n g . Een vereenvoudigde

berekeningsmethode

voor

de

i n t e r a c t i e t u s s e n s c h r o e f en s t r a a l b u i s wordt g e b r u i k t i n een ontwerpmethode voor de s c h r o e f i n de

In Hoofdstuk

straalbuis.

2 worden de b e p e r k i n g e n van een a n a l y s e gebaseerd

op

p o t e n t i a a l t h e o r i e en w e r v e l v e r d e l i n g e n op de s t r a a l b u i s aangetoond,
neer d i e worden t o e g e p a s t b i j s t r a a l b u i z e n met

wan-

een g r o t e a f r o n d i n g aan

u i t t r e d e n d e k a n t . V e r b e t e r d e r e s u l t a t e n kunnen worden b e r e i k t met

de

behulp

van een i t e r a t i e schema gebaseerd op g r e n s l a a g en p o t e n t i a a l b e r e k e n i n g s methoden. Goede c o r r e l a t i e met

uniforme

s t r o m i n g . Een eenvoudige

belaste actuator s c h i j f
schappen

e x p e r i m e n t e l e r e s u l t a t e n wordt b e r e i k t i n
berekeningsmethode

t h e o r i e wordt t o e g e p a s t om

van een s t r a a l b u i s

op b a s i s van

i n " o f f - d e s i g n " c o n d i t i e t e berekenen.

r e s u l t a t e n worden v e r g e l e k e n met

matig

de hydrodynamische

eigen

De

r e s u l t a t e n van een n i e t - l i n e a i r a c t u a t o r

s c h i j f model, gegeven i n Hoofdstuk

3 en v e r d e r met

gedetailleerde

metingen

van het s t r o m i n g s v e l d . Een b e n a d e r i n g voor de v i s k e u z e e f f e c t e n voor

s c h r o e f b e l a s t i n g e n wordt gegeven met

lichte

de methode d i e o n t w i k k e l d i s voor

s t r a a l b u i z e n zonder s c h r o e f .

In Hoofdstuk

3 i s een d i s c r e t e w e r v e l v l a k methode t o e g e p a s t b i j de

de b e r e k e n i n g van de a x i s y m m e t r i s c h e
systeem

geplaatst

straalbuis

schroef-straalbuis-

i n een r a d i a a l o n g e l i j k m a t i g e a a n s t r o m i n g . De c o n v e r g e n t i

van de methode wordt aangetoond.

van de v o r t i c i t e i t

s t r o m i n g rond een

De methode wordt g e b r u i k t om h e t

i n de a a n s t r o m i n g op de i n t e r a c t i e t u s s e n s c h r o e f en

t e a n a l y s e r e n . G e d e t a i l l e e r d e v e r g e l i j k i n g e n met

experimentele

r e s u l t a t e n tonen de m o g e l i j k h e d e n en de b e p e r k i n g e n van de methode

In Hoofdstuk

effect

aan.

4 wordt de numerieke methode t o e g e p a s t b i j de b e r e k e n i n g

van h e t , s t r o m i n g s v e l d a c h t e r een o m w e n t e l i n g s l i c h a a m

en b i j de

interactie

190

t u s s e n het s c h r o e f - s t r a a l b u i s s y s t e e m en de romp. D r u k v e r d e l i n g e n op het

l i c h a a m en de s t r a a l b u i s en s n e l h e i d p r o f i e l e n t o t aan het

schroefvlak

worden gegeven. De g e v o e l i g h e i d van de z o g g e t a l en de e f f e c t i e v e

volgstroom

voor de s c h r o e f b e l a s t i n g en s t r a a l b u i s geometrie wordt gegeven voor twee

v e r s c h i l l e n d e beschouwingswijzen

van de i n t e r a c t i e . De s t r a a l b u i s wordt

beschouwd a l s een d e e l van de romp o f de s t r a a l b u i s wordt g e z i e n a l s een

d e e l van de v o o r t s t u w e r .

In

Hoofdstuk

5 wordt het berekeningsschema

laste actuator s c h i j f

t h e o r i e van Hoofdstuk

g e b a s e e r d op de m a t i g

2 gebruikt i n combinatie

een ontwerp p r o c e d u r e v o l g e n s L e r b s ' i n d u c t i e f a c t o r methode. De

van de v e r s c h i l l e n d e keuzen

met

invloed

voor de spoed van de afgaande w e r v e l s op

o n t w e r p r e s u l t a t e n worden o n d e r z o c h t . Een i l l u s t r a t i e f

be-

de

v o o r b e e l d wordt

gegeven.

T e n s l o t t e worden i n Hoofdstuk

6 conclusies

getrokken.

191

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The

author wishes t o e x p r e s s

Netherlands

h i s g r a t i t u d e t o the Management o f t h e

Ship Model B a s i n f o r t h e o p p o r t u n i t y g i v e n t o perform

this

study.
The
and

author

i s deeply

i n d e b t e d t o D r . I r . W. van Gent f o r h i s

a d v i c e d u r i n g t h e v a r i o u s s t a g e s o f t h i s work. S p e c i a l thanks a r e

extended t o t h e SR-group o f t h e NSMB, and p a r t i c u l a r l y

for t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n s to the i n v e s t i g a t i o n reported
Thanks a r e g i v e n t o Mrs.

t o I r . B.R.I. Luttmer,
here.

G.P.M. Swint-Jongsma f o r h e r c o n s t a n t

assistance i n the p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n ,
h i s c o n t r i b u t i o n to the experimental
Mr.

guidance

t o Mr. F.A.J. J a n s s e n

work, t o Mr. G. van de Weerd and

G.J. Seves f o r t h e e x e c u t i o n o f t h e f i g u r e s and t o Mr. B. M i l l e c a m

f o r the photographic

work.

T h i s study was performed w h i l e on l e a v e from " I n s t i t u t o

Tcnico" and p a r t i a l l y

supported

Superior

by g r a n t s o f " J u n t a N a c i o n a l de

Investigaao C i e n t i f i c a e Tecnolgica" which i s g r a t e f u l l y

acknowledged.

A f i n a l word o f g r a t i t u d e i s g i v e n t o P r o f e s s o r A.F. de 0. F a l c a o o f
L i s b o n T e c h n i c a l U n i v e r s i t y f o r h i s encouragement and support

b e f o r e and

during the stay i n the Netherlands.

192

for

STELLINGEN

1.
Wu's formulation for the flow through a heavily loaded actuator disk may be generalized to treat the problem of a propeller with finite hub, ducted propellers and a propeller in a radially non-uniform free stream.
W u , T. Y . 'Flow through a heavily loaded actuator disk' Schiffstechnik, V o l , 9-1962.

2.

Paint test techniques provide a most useful means of assessing the boundary layer
character on a duct with and without propeller.
3.
For most of the ducts of the acceleration type having a diffuser downstream of the
propeller, the effects of slipstream contraction are of less importance than the effects
of vortex pitch deformation in the slipstream. When considering the interaction between propeller and duct the latter effects can be rather well approximated by a reasonable choice of the pitch.
4.
The arguments to justify the design of a propeller with zero circulation at the hub
can be employed to make a design of a ducted propeller with an assumed zero circulation at the tip acceptable.

5.
The experimentally found trends for the propulsion factors for ships fitted with ducted
propellers indicate that the thrust deduction is considerably more influenced by
changes of duct loading than by changes of propeller loading. For the wake fraction
the same trends cannot be discerned.
M I N S A A S , K . J . , G . M . J A C O B S E N and H . O K A M O T O . 'The design of

large ducted propellers for optimum efficiency and manoeuvrability'

R I N A Symposium on ducted propellers. Paper no. 11, London 1973.

6.
Laser-Doppler velocimetry gives new possibilities of theoretically studying propellerhull interaction.

7.
Assuming an ideal fluid it is possible to show on theoretical grounds that diffusion
of the propeller's slipstream improves the efficiency of a ducted propeller. One possible proof may be given by applying surface vorticity techniques.

8.

The availability of a high speed computer and appropriate computational techniques

associated with the need for a relatively quick answer to a technical problem offers
to the researcher an alternative which may exclude the set-up of an analytical investigation of considerable interest.
9.
The increasing influence of technology in the forming process of political decisions
makes it necessary that an increasing attention should be paid to the divulgation of
the technical sciences. Significant contributions to such a task could be made by the
technical universities.
10.
The particular demands from the industry for specific profiles of engineers should
be contemplated when defining or reviewing the curricula of the correspondent university courses.
11.
The acceptance of a hierarchical principle relating to collective and private transport
in urban and sub-urban areas as it is already done in many cases, constitutes a first
step toward a more rational solution for traffic problems.
12.
It is not justified to think that a great diversification of educational programmes is
inefficient and promotes social inequalities. Instead it contributes to the insertion of
the schools in the society at the professional and cultural levels and helps the students
to find their jobs.

J . A. C . F A L C A O DE C A M P O S
Delft,

14 June 1983

CURRICULUM

VITAE

The a u t h o r o f t h i s work was born

i n L i s b o n on A p r i l

11, 1952.

Frequented

Grammar S c h o o l

Mechanical

E n g i n e e r i n g at the T e c h n i c a l U n i v e r s i t y o f L i s b o n .

j o i n e d the Mechanical
Thermodynamics
NEEM-CTAMFUL

In 1974

E n g i n e e r i n g Department, s e c t i o n o f A p p l i e d

and i n 1975 became a member o f t h e r e s e a r c h group o f

( C e n t r o de Termodinmica

das U n i v e r s i d a d e s
Netherlands

from 1962 t o 1969. From 1969 t o 1975 s t u d i e d

A p l i c a d a e Mecnica dos F l u i d o s

de L i s b o a ) . S i n c e O c t o b e r 1977 worked

S h i p Model B a s i n on t h e s u b j e c t o f d u c t e d

r e s u l t s o f t h i s work a r e p r e s e n t e d

i n this

thesis.

at the

p r o p e l l e r s . The