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Training is the essential part of the professional studies. Without practical training the feedback
from the student is vain.
Practical training forms an integral component of any professional course like engineering. The
real problem that an engineer faces and tackles live problems is the industry and the field the
institute where one person pursues his studies cannot provide him that practical knowledge on
all aspects of learning often the study of a subject is said to be incomplete until the student has
been exposed to its practical aspects. The theoretical studies build the engineer in him by
providing pools of knowledge where as the practical applications make him agile and
competent. If theoretical knowledge teaches him the principles and policies the practical
exposure tells him how to use these principles.
For this purpose, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota has prescribed a practical training in
various industries, So that we may get more knowledge of Information Technology.
The policy behind the practical training is not only to provide the self-job but also produce more
technical crops in the country to make the nation developed. So that there will be less import of
costly advanced technology.
In this training session I took my training in BSES Rajdhani Power Limited, DELHI.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………………………………….1
2. Introduction (Synopsis)…………………………………………………………………………………………….2
3. Company Profile……………………………………………………………………………………………………….4
4.2. Features…………………………………………………………………………………………………….….…..9
4.3. Functions………………………………………………………………………………………………………….11
6. SCADA……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..14
6.4. Features……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….23
6.5. Advantages……………………………………………………………………………………………………..24
6.6. Disadvantages…………………………………………………………………………………………………25
7. OMS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…28
8. DMS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…29
11. GIS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………34
12. Integration between DMS software and GIS miner & miner………………………………37
14. Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………40
15. References……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……41
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is incredibly difficult to ink emotions on the paper and thanks are poor recompense for the
favors received.
I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Anil Choudhary (Head of The
Department, Information Technology), Mr. M.L.Bhargava (Head Training & Placement Officer),
Mr.S.R. Dogiwal (Sr. Lecturer), Swami Keshvanand Institute of technology management and
Gramothan, Jaipur for their kind support in arranging my Training in BSES Rajdhani Power
Limited, DELHI.
I express my profound echoing thanks to Mr. N.K.Aggarwal (BSES Rajdhani Power Limited.) for
giving me permission of training and for his expert guidance, encouraging attitude and precious
comments which kept our study going under desperate circumstances.
I also want to express the special thanks to all technical and non technical members for their
guidance, support and help.
I am obliged to my family members and all others who directly or indirectly helped me in
boosting my moral and also providing me with required enthusiasm and perseverance.
HIMANSHU AGGARWAL
1
INTRODUCTION
SYNOPSIS
TRAINING SCENARIO
When I reached the company premises on June 8, 2009, I was taken through an orientation
session that focused on the company’s working area. Mr. N.K. Aggarwal updated the trainees
with the information about the domain followed by a campus tour with a Company Guide. On
the next day, the program started the students from various colleges took part in the program.
Then I was allotted the project on ‘Smart Grid Solution Suite’. The Objectives of the project
were brought into focus. On the subsequent days, I was evinced with practical/live examples of
various technologies like Distribution Management System (DMS), Outage Management System
(OMS), Geographic Information System (GIS) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA). I worked for my task hand-in-hand with my team whole-heartedly. By the beginning of
July, I was well-versed with various hardware and software tools. At the End, I was asked to give
a presentation based on the work I had done for my evaluation. I was put to test with the
rebuttal and repartee session and then after was declared successful.
PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS
At BSES, I was allowed to study their technology “Smart Grid Solution Suite”. The project
emphasized on the study of various tools used in BSES for the purpose of managing the data at
a factory, plant or in other remote locations and then sends this data to a central computer
which then manages and controls the data using other tools. Before starting the project,
various things regarding Smart Grid Solution Suite and other fundamentals which were used for
the training session were made clear and we were asked to stick on them. The project kicked-
off with the abstract of the evolution of the Smart Grid Solution Suite followed by evaluating
the requirements of the Smart Grid Solution Suite market of India.
Apart from this various points or various key words were kept in mind so as to minimize the
errors that usually occur during the training and during the study of the tools.
SUMMARY
The internship cum training helped me to have a real taste of the various tools used in the BSES
and other similar companies. It not only did enhance my knowledge about Smart Grid Solution
but also greatly enhanced my communication skills. The team at BSES provided abundant
knowledge about software as well as hardware tools like DMS, OMS, GIS, SCADA that are used
nowadays. I feel privileged to be associated with BSES as it was a once in a life time experience.
2
COMPANY PROFILE
BSES in Delhi
Following the privatization of Delhi’s power sector and unbundling of the Delhi Vidyut Board in
July 2002, the business of power distribution was transferred to BSES Yamuna Power Limited
(BYPL) and BSES Rajdhani Power Limited (BRPL). These two of the three successor entities
distribute electricity to 22.6 lakh customers in two thirds of Delhi. The Company acquired
assets, liabilities, proceedings and personnel of the Delhi Vidyut Board as per the terms and
conditions contained in the Transfer Scheme.
Since taking over distribution, BSES’ singular mission has been to provide reliable and quality
electricity supply. BSES has invested over Rs 3500 crore on upgrading and augmenting the
infrastructure which has resulted in a record reduction of AT&C losses. From a high of 63.1 %
AT&C losses in BYPL area in 2002 the losses have come down to 23% a record
Reduction around 40%.
Similarly, in BRPL area AT&C losses have been reduced from 51.2% to 20% - a record reduction
of 31%
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GEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION
4
SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY
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and data exchange to optimize system reliability, asset utilization, and
security.
2. Sensing & Measurement: Core duties are evaluating congestion and grid
stability, monitoring equipment health, energy theft prevention, and
control strategies support. Technologies include: advanced
microprocessor meters (smart meter) and meter reading equipment,
wide-area monitoring systems, dynamic line rating, electromagnetic
signature measurement/analysis, time-of-use and real-time pricing
tools, advanced switches and cables, backscatter radio technology, and
Digital protective relays.
3. Advanced Components: Innovations in superconductivity, fault
tolerance, storage, power electronics, and diagnostics components are
changing fundamental abilities and characteristics of grids. Technologies
within these broad R&D categories include: flexible alternating current
transmission system devices, high voltage direct current, first and
second generation superconducting wire, high temperature
superconducting cable, distributed energy generation and storage
devices, composite conductors, and “intelligent” appliances.
4. Advanced Control Methods: Power system automation enables rapid
diagnosis of and precise solutions to specific grid disruptions or outages.
These technologies rely on and contribute to each of the other four key
areas. Three technology categories for advanced control methods are:
distributed intelligent agents (control systems), analytical tools
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(software algorithms and high-speed computers), and operational
applications (SCADA, substation automation, demand response, etc).
Using artificial intelligence programming techniques, Fujian power grid
in China created a wide area protection system that is rapidly able to
accurately calculate a control strategy and execute it. The Voltage
Stability Monitoring & Control (VSMC) software uses a sensitivity-based
successive linear programming method to reliably determine the
optimal control solution
5. Improved Interfaces & Decision Support: Information systems that
reduce complexity so that operators and managers have tools to
effectively and efficiently operate a grid with an increasing number of
variables. Technologies include visualization techniques that reduce
large quantities of data into easily understood visual formats, software
systems that provide multiple options when systems operator actions
are required, and simulators for operational training and “what-if”
analysis.
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FEATURES:
Existing and planned implementations of smart grids provide a wide range of
features to perform the required functions.
1. Load Adjustment: The total load connected to the power grid can vary
significantly over time. Although the total load is the sum of many
individual choices of the clients, the overall load is not a stable, slow
varying, average power consumption. Imagine the increment of the load if
a popular television program starts and millions of televisions will draw
current instantly. Traditionally, to respond to a rapid increase in power
consumption, faster than the start-up time of a large generator, some spare
generators are put on a dissipative standby mode. A smart grid may warn
all individual television sets, or another larger customer, to reduce the load
temporarily (to allow time to start up a larger generator) or continuously (in
the case of limited resources). Using mathematical prediction algorithms it
is possible to predict how many standby generators need to be used, to
reach a certain failure rate. In the traditional grid, the failure rate can only
be reduced at the cost of more standby generators. In a smart grid, the load
reduction by even a small portion of the clients may eliminate the problem.
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of information is expensive; the last 10% of generating capacity may be
required as little as 1% of the time, and brownouts and outages can be
costly to consumers.
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FUNCTIONS:
1. Self-Heal
3. Resist Attack
6. Enable Markets
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INTEGRATED SMART GRID SOLUTION ARCHITECTURE
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SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION
(SCADA)
INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES
FACILITY INFRASTRUCTURE
PROCESSES PROCESSES
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USE CASE DIAGRAM FOR SCADA SYSTEM:
• Description: The goal is to supervise, control, monitor and acquire data for
critical infrastructure systems, operate from remote end and ensure
security and safety
• Actors:
– Field Devices
– Local Control Center (LCC)
– Remote Telemetry Units (RTU)
– Master / Central Control Terminal Unit (MTU)
– Operator
– Supervisor
USE CASES:
1. System Shut Down / Startup
2. Gather Field Information
3. Perform Local Control
4. Transfer Field Information
5. Manage Field Information
6. Perform Remote Control
7. Analyze System State
8. Schedule Task
9. Balance Load
10.Adjust Settings
11.Check Status
12.Manage Logging
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1. The control center operator starts up the system either manually or
through remote.
2. The system starts up and all the field devices get active and start reading
values, measures.
3. These signals are electrical signals. These signals are received by RTU, LCC,
and PLCs
4. LCC is responsible to manual operation from the site, in case of emergency
or shutdowns
5. PLC themselves are small control centers operating locally but automatized.
This is due to their quick logic and sturdiness, used in process industry,
6. The signals from RTU, LCC and PLCs are then digitalized and using FO/
Communication cables / Ethernet links transferred to communicate with
high end
7. The communication units convert the signals and provide information
accessible to the Control Center.
8. Control center utilizes the various form of information like Alarms, Trends,
Events, Graphs, Load Sharing and Shedding, GIS, Work Scheduling, etc.
9. It is also a gateway link to other control centers.
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LAYERS:
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LAYER PATTERN:
SCADA system being highly complex and distributed, it is important to understand
SCADA in Terms of Layers for simplicity as shown in Figure above. The intent,
forces, advantages for the layer Patterns are the same. However here we apply
this pattern on the real physical system.
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FUTURE WORKS:
• Safety Monitor
Implementation in SCADA System
• Unifying Safety with Security
Implementing more patterns in SCADA
• Formalization of safety
HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE:
20
SCADA AS A SYSTEM:
21
Remote Terminal Units connecting to sensors in the process, converting
sensor signals to digital data and sending digital data to the supervisory
system.
Programmable Logic Controller used as field devices because they are
more economical, versatile, flexible, and configurable than special-purpose
RTUs.
Communication infrastructure connecting the supervisory system to the
Remote Terminal Units
MULTIPLE REMOTE
TERMINAL UNIT
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FEATURES OF SCADA:
REAL TIME AND HISTORICAL TREND: The trend play very important role in
the process operation. If your batch fails or the plant trips, you can simply
go to the historical trend data and do the analysis. You can have better look
of the parameters through the trend.
USEFULNESS OF SCADA:
Production department
Quality department
Maintenance department
Enterprise information
Engineering department
Manufacturing department
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PRACTICAL USES OF SCADA:
ADVANTAGES:
CHEAPER
CONTINOUS
OPERATION
RELIABLE
IMPROVES MAINTAINANCE,
OPERATION,
CUSTOMER SERVICE
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DISADVANTAGES:
TROUBLED
ALARMS
LACK OF TRAINED
PERSONS
INITIAL CAPITAL
INVESTMENT
BENEFITS OF SCADA:
BENEFITS OF SCADA:
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SECURITY ISSUES:
The move from proprietary technologies to more standardized and open solutions
together with the increased number of connections between SCADA systems and
office networks and the Internet has made them more vulnerable to attacks - see
references. Consequently, the security of SCADA-based systems has come into
question as they are increasingly seen as extremely vulnerable to cyber
warfare/cyber terrorism attacks.
SCADA systems are used to control and monitor physical processes, examples of
which are transmission of electricity, transportation of gas and oil in pipelines,
water distribution, traffic lights, and other systems used as the basis of modern
society. The security of these SCADA systems is important because compromise or
destruction of these systems would impact multiple areas of society far removed
from the original compromise. For example, a blackout caused by a compromised
electrical SCADA system would cause financial losses to all the customers that
received electricity from that source. How security will affect legacy SCADA and
new deployments remains to be seen.
There are two distinct threats to a modern SCADA system. First is the threat of
unauthorized access to the control software, whether it be human access or
changes induced intentionally or accidentally by virus infections and other
software threats residing on the control host machine. Second is the threat of
packet access to the network segments hosting SCADA devices. In many cases,
there is rudimentary or no security on the actual packet control protocol, so
anyone who can send packets to the SCADA device can control it. In many cases
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SCADA users assume that a VPN is sufficient protection and are unaware that
physical access to SCADA-related network jacks and switches provides the ability
to totally bypass all security on the control software and fully control those
SCADA networks. These kinds of physical access attacks bypass firewall and VPN
security and are best addressed by endpoint-to-endpoint authentication and
authorization such as are commonly provided in the non-SCADA world by in-
device SSL or other cryptographic techniques.
27
OUTAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(OMS)
Modern computer-based OMS, utilizing connectivity models and Graphical user
interfaces, has been in operation for some time now. OMS typically includes
functions such as trouble-call handling, outage. Analysis and prediction, crew
management, and reliability reporting. Connectivity maps of the distribution system
assist operators with Outage management, including partial restorations and
detection of Nested outages.
In recent years, OMS has become more automated.
Outage prediction– the process of analyzing outage
events such as trouble calls, AM outage
notifications, and SCADA-reported status changes –
has improved. Interfaces to Interactive Voice
Response systems (IVR) permit trouble call entry
into an OMS without call-taker interaction and also
permits the OMS to provide outage status
information to customers and provide restoration
verification call-backs to customers who request
them.
OMS systems have also become more integrated
with other operational systems such as Geographic
Information Systems (GIS), Customer Information
Systems (CIS), Work Management Systems (WMS),
Mobile Workforce Management (MWM), SCADA,
and AMI. Integration of OMS with these systems
results in improved workflow efficiency and
enhanced customer service.
Today’s OMS is a mission-critical system. At some utilities, it can be utilized
simultaneously by hundreds of users. It integrated information about customers,
system status, and resources such as crews, providing a platform for operational
decision support.
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DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(DMS)
Electricity distribution is the final stage in the delivery (before retail) of electricity
to end users. A distribution system's network carries electricity from the
transmission system and delivers it to consumers. Typically, the network would
include medium-voltage (less than 50 kV) power lines, electrical substations and
pole-mounted transformers, low-voltage (less than 1 kV) distribution wiring and
sometimes electricity meters.
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DMS is receiving a lot of attention because it can provide solutions to many
challenges distribution organizations face today. Table below contains a listing of
DMS applications, functionality and benefits.
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Integration of OMS and DMS
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to those working on planned and unplanned work. This includes operators,
dispatchers, and persons responsible for switching requests and switching plans,
field crews, engineering, and others who require an accurate representation of
the system state. Temporary network changes such as line cuts and jumpers,
phase jumpers, switch operations, protective device operations, grounding tags,
safety, warning, and information tags, and temporary generators should be
represented. This is easiest if a single model is used for the DMS and OMS.
With DMS and OMS working with the same operational model of the distribution
system, circuit analysis can be fully functional considering temporary changes.
This includes circuit tracing, trouble call and outage analysis, safety interlocks,
loop and parallel source detection, fault location and load flow. The result is a
more comprehensive and accurate understanding of system conditions at any
moment in time.
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Integration of SCADA and DMS/OMS
Integration of DMS/OMS with SCADA is an increasing trend. While the inclusion of
SCADA “breaker-open” operations in OMS have long been used for outage
detection, recent business challenges have driven a more comprehensive
integration between the two systems. Available functionality now includes the
transfer of status/analog points from SCADA to the DMS/OMS; the sending of
supervisory control and manual override commands from the DMS/OMS to the
SCADA; an integrated user interface running on the same operator console, and
integrated single sign-on for users.
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GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
(GIS)
In the strictest sense, the term describes any information system that integrates
stores, edits, analyzes, shares, and displays geographic information. In a more
generic sense, GIS applications are tools that allow users to create interactive
queries (user created searches), analyze spatial information, edit data, maps, and
present the results of all these operations. Geographic information science is the
science underlying the geographic concepts, applications and systems, taught in
degree and GIS Certificate programs at many universities.
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APPLICATIONS:
• Scientific Investigations,
• Resource Management,
• Asset Management,
• Archaeology,
• Urban Planning,
• Cartography,
• Criminology,
• Geographic History,
• Marketing,
• Logistics, and
• Prospectively Mapping
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GIS as the Foundation for Smart Grid
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Integration between DMS software and
GIS Miner & Miner
37
Integrated Distribution Operations Center
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As shown in Figure, the DMS applications and OMS applications utilize a
common network model. The OMS applications are used primarily in outage
response. The DMS applications typically relate to the electrical operation of the
network and utilize electrical data from the integrated DMS/OMS model, such as
line and cable impedances, equipment ratings, and customer load characteristics.
The DMS/OMS can utilize data from other distribution IT systems that collect
system data from field devices. This includes SCADA, as discussed above.
SCADA continues to expand past the distribution substation and onto the feeders,
providing improved situational awareness and control.
The increasing presence of AMI has many organizations asking how the AMI data
can be utilized for operational purposes. Interfaces between AMI/MDM
(Advanced Metering Infrastructure/Meter Data Management) and the OMS have
been provided for metering pinging, outage notifications, and restoration
notifications. The use of other AMI data in DMS applications, such as interval
demand data and voltage violations, is being explored.
In addition, many organizations are increasing the amount of substation
automation and substation computers on their systems. This provides increased
access to the data in intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) that are being installed in
substations and distribution system, many of which have communications
capabilities. These include “more intelligent” reclose controls, switch controls,
and voltage regulator controls.
The architecture of how data is transmitted between field devices and the
integrated operations center will vary among distribution organizations, and there
may be several approaches with a company itself. Whatever the approach, the
data can assist in increasing operational awareness on the system
39
Summary
SCADA helps achieve sustainable progress in safe and reliable power supply, high-
quality service, efficient operation, leading overall performance in Utility Industry.
The proposed DMS architecture is not only suitable for thick client application,
but also for Web DMS. The basic DMS components can be shared across the
Internet or Intranet.
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References
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