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Ataturk University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
Ataturk University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Organic Chemistry, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
Ataturk University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
d
Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
b
c
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 5 September 2015
Revised 14 October 2015
Accepted 16 October 2015
Available online 20 October 2015
Keywords:
Donepezil
Amyloid beta
Alzheimer
AChE
BuChE
a b s t r a c t
Amyloid beta (Ab) and cholinesterase enzymes (AChE, BuChE) are important biological targets for the
effective treatment of Alzheimers disease. In this study, the aim was to synthesize new donepezil-like
secondary amide compounds that display a potent inhibition of cholinesterases and Ab with antioxidant
and metal chelation abilities. All test compounds showed activities against both ChEs and b142 inhibition.
The most encouraging compound, 20, is an AChE inhibitor with high anti-aggregation activity (55.3%).
Based on the results, compound 20 may be a promising structure in further research for new antiAlzheimers agents.
2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
5577
Figure 1. Structures of some AChE inhibitors: donepezil and indanone-based donepezil analogues (94 and 95) reported as AChE inhibitors.
and with higher selectivity indexes (2.940.1). Among them, p-fluoro and o-fluoro analogue substitutes (compounds 6 and 20) displayed the highest inhibitory activities against AChE with IC50
values of 0.11 lM and 0.08 lM, respectively. The other potent
AChE inhibitors in the series, compounds 8 and 22 (para- and
ortho-bromo analogues), were found with IC50 values of 0.14 lM
and 0.12 lM, respectively. Comparison of the non-substituted
compound 1 and the other substituted compounds demonstrated
that the introduction of halogen, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, and
ethoxy groups at ortho-, meta-, and para-positions of the phenyl
ring increased anti-AChE activity 1.0911.5-fold.
During the evaluation of the effects of different substituent
positions on anti-AChE activity, it was observed that the orthomethyl-substituted compound 16 exhibited approximately twice
as much anti-AChE activity than the para- and meta-methyl-substituted compounds 2 and 9. It was observed that para-, meta-, and
ortho-ethyl substituted compounds have equivalent AChE inhibition activity. A similar situation was also found to be valid for
the AChE inhibition activities of the methoxy-, ethoxy-, and
chloro-substituted compounds at different positions (o-, m-, p-).
Fluoro- and bromo-substituted compounds (6, 20 and 8, 22) at
para- and ortho-positions exhibited at least twice as much potent
anti-AChE activity than m-substituted derivatives (13 and 15). As
shown in Table 1, the most potent compound, 20, had a high level
of AChE inhibitor selectivity (SI = 40.1). Moreover, other potent
compounds, like 7, 8, and 21, had high selectivity for AChE. These
results indicate that substitutions of the phenyl group often had
a positive effect on anti-AChE activity. Substitution of the halogen
group at any phenyl ring position seemed to have a crucial effect
on AChE inhibition. The cause of this contribution may be the high
electronegativity of halogen atoms. The IC50 values of target compounds revealed that they ranged from moderate to good when
used as BuChE inhibitors (2.107.10 lM). Compounds 9, 11, and
14 exhibited the best BuChE inhibition with IC50 values of 2.24,
2.10, and 2.24 lM, respectively (Table 1). The tendency for the
structureactivity relationship found in AChE inhibitory activity
was not found in BuChE inhibitory activity. When the activity
results are generally evaluated, it is clear that all the meta- and
para-substituted compounds offered more positive contribution
toward BuChE inhibition than ortho-substituted compounds.
Beside this, the meta-OCH3-substituted compound (11) was found
to be the most potent anti-BuChE inhibitor (IC50 = 2.10 lM) in the
series. The overall evaluation of these results is that no statistically
significant correlation was found between the physicochemical
5578
Scheme 1. Synthesis of the compounds (122). Reagents and conditions: (a) oxalyl chloride, CH2Cl2, room temperature, 12 h; (b) AlCl3, CH2Cl2, 0 C, ice bath; (c) dimethyl
carbonate, NaH, 90 C (d) appropriate primary aniline, dioxane, microwave.
Table 1
Anticholinesterase activity, inhibition of self-induced Ab142 aggregation, DPPH free radical scavenging capacities IC50 values of the compounds (122)
Compound
R1
R2
IC50d (lM) SD
R3
a,e
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Donepezil
Curcumin
Trolox
a-Tocopherol
a
b
c
d
e
f
H
CH3
C2H5
OCH3
OC2H5
F
Cl
Br
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
CH3
C2H5
OCH3
OC2H5
F
Cl
Br
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
CH3
C2H5
OCH3
OC2H5
F
Cl
Br
3.4
3.2
4.6
5.5
4.5
24.1
8.8
26.1
2.9
4.4
3.9
5.0
9.1
4.8
7.4
8.5
7.3
6.9
8.6
40.1
23.7
28.3
14.3 1.9
26.8 2.2
32.1 1.8
34.5 2.5
40.8 0.6
45.4 1.2
38.2 1.7
47.6 0.8
19.1 2.9
27.4 3.3
30.2 3.9
28.3 2.3
38.7 2.7
37.4 3.4
31.9 2.5
40.3 1.6
21.8 3.8
25.6 1.5
38.1 2.9
55.3 0.9
40.4 1.1
52.8 0.4
NTf
42.3 2.6
61.28 0.81
67.82 1.60
76.15 2.43
49.47 1.93
48.16 1.12
54.96 2.22
56.76 0.73
72.14 2.00
55.83 1.21
64.11 2.03
38.94 1.39
44.89 1.75
58.11 2.30
76.32 1.67
58.88 1.42
43.74 1.25
55.00 0.93
45.76 1.12
63.67 2.01
75.68 1.78
65.92 0.72
65.44 2.14
NTf
b,e
AChE
BuChE
0.92 0.069
0.84 0.017
0.65 0.058
0.53 0.14
0.58 0.072
0.11 0.146
0.50 0.097
0.14 0.174
0.77 0.061
0.67 0.097
0.54 0.141
0.78 0.134
0.247 0.064
0.47 0.143
0.33 0.089
0.36 1.354
0.86 0.312
0.7 0.074
0.77 0.119
0.08 1.813
0.30 0.383
0.12 0.635
0.042 0.041
3.15 0.002
2.50 0.116
2.96 0.0459
2.90 0.127
2.61 0.04
2.65 0.093
4.40 0.066
3.66 0.012
2.24 0.39
2.98 0.03
2.10 0.015
3.87 0.042
2.25 0.15
2.24 0.0093
2.43 0.11
3.06 0.63
6.29 0.257
4.81 0.048
6.62 0.187
3.21 0.104
7.1 0.131
3.4 0.078
0.54 0.017
20.87 0.40
31.74 0.25
properties of the synthesized compounds (Log P and molar refractivities) and their AChE and BuChE inhibition activities (Table 2).
According to the above activity results, the most potent AChE
(compound 20) and BuChE (compound 11) inhibitors were selected
for kinetic analysis to investigate their manner of inhibition. To
obtain deep insight into the active mechanisms of the most potent
cholinesterase inhibitors, compounds 20 and 11 were chosen for
5579
H3CO
HN
R1
O
R3
Compound
R1
R2
R3
Chemical formula
HR-MS
[M H]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
H
CH3
C2H5
OCH3
OC2H5
F
Cl
Br
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
CH3
C2H5
OCH3
OC2H5
F
Cl
Br
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
CH3
C2H5
OCH3
OC2H5
F
Cl
Br
C18H17NO4
C19H19NO4
C20H21NO4
C19H19NO5
C20H21NO5
C18H16FNO4
C18H16ClNO4
C18H16BrNO4
C19H19NO4
C20H21NO4
C19H19NO5
C20H21NO5
C18H16FNO4
C18H16ClNO4
C18H16BrNO4
C19H19NO4
C20H21NO4
C19H19NO5
C20H21NO5
C18H16FNO4
C18H16ClNO4
C18H16BrNO4
R2
+,a
312.1236
326.1392
340.1549
342.1341
356.3844
330.1142
346.0846
391.0242
326.1392
340.1549
342.1351
356.1490
330.1142
346.0801
391.0242
326.1380
340.1549
342.1351
356.1489
330.1140
346.0848
391.0242
Yield (%)
Mp
Log Pb
MRb
50
53
40
48
65
60
42
55
30
60
40
31
42
50
56
60
78
60
52
61
40
21
181183
167169
166168
185187
189191
205207
190192
186189
140142
162164
183185
159161
180182
164166
136138
166168
183185
178180
190192
165167
149152
178180
2.20
2.69
3.11
2.08
2.42
2.36
2.76
3.03
2.69
3.11
2.08
2.42
2.36
2.76
3.03
2.69
3.11
2.08
2.42
2.36
2.76
3.03
87.10
93.00
97.60
94.35
99.15
87.51
91.71
94.79
93.00
97.60
94.35
99.15
87.51
91.71
94.79
93.00
97.60
94.35
99.15
87.51
91.71
94.79
+,b
[M H]
312.1230
326.1379
340.1552
342.1354
356.1488
330.1142
346.0829
391.0271
326.1385
340.1543
342.1358
356.1486
330.1143
346.3829
391.0341
326.1380
340.1546
342.1354
356.1488
330.1141
346.0843
391.0348
5580
Figure 3. Inhibition of self-induced Ab142 aggregation by the test compounds and reference curcumin at concentration 25 lM.
Figure 4. Overlay of the docking pose of the compound 20 and donepezil at the
active site of AChE.
5581
Figure 6. 3D representation of the binding mode of the most potent inhibitor 11 at the active sites of BuChE.
5582