Recent Advances In Renewable Energy Sources And Control-2015, VSSUT

Enhancement Of Dynamics Stability Of Power

System Using TCSC And SVC
Sudhir Kumar Mahapatra, SubhalaxmiParida
Deptt of EEE
MITS Rayagada
smsudhir05@gmail.com
miss.subhalaxmi@gmail.com

AbstractPower system stability is concerned with the

ability of a power system to maintain acceptable voltages at
allnodes in the system under normal condition and after
being subject to a disturbance.Power instability becomes an
increasingly serious problem . As power systems become
more complex and heavily loadedalong with economical and
environmental constraints, Real and Reactive power
control/compensation in transmission systems improves the
stability of the ac system. It also helps to maintain a
substantially flat voltage profile at all levels of power
transmission, and it improves performance, increases
transmission efficiency, and can avoid voltage collapse .The
power system installed with a FACTS device demonstrates
the application of the model in analyzing the damping effect
of the FACTS device stabilizer to improve power system
oscillation stability.
Index Terms Flexible AC transmission systems, Static
Synchronous Compensator, Damping effect, Genetic and
Evolutionary algorithm, Power System Stability.

I.

INTRODUCTION

The stability of power systems has been and continues to

be of major concern in system operation. The system
response to several disturbances involves large excursions
of generator rotor angles, power flows, bus voltages, and
other system variables. It is important that, while steadystate stability is a function only of operating conditions,
transient stability is a function of both the operating
conditions and the disturbances. This complicates the
analysis of transient stability considerably. In recent
years, considerable efforts have been made to enhance the
dynamic stability of power systems.
One of the cost effective solution to this stability problem
is fitting the generators with a feedback controller to
inject a supplementary signal at the voltage reference
input of the automatic voltage regulator to damp the
oscillations. This is device known as a PSS. In power
systems, using only conventional PSS may not provide
sufficient damping for inter-area oscillations. In these
cases, an Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) is an
effective solution. To exploit the advantages of PSS
andAVR controllers, many researches were made on the

coordination between them. The power electronics

development has allowed the application of new devices
to improve power system performance. The Flexible AC
Transmission Systems (FACTS) are examples of such
devices that may be used to damp oscillations in power
systems. The use of FACTS devices is a cost-effective
alternative to improve the flexibility and performance of
power system operation compared to system expansion.
The Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) is a
kind of FACTS device that has been successfully used to
enhance damping in power systems.
The PSSs are effective in the oscillation
damping. However, there may be cases where the systems
PSSs are not able to suitably damp inter-area oscillation
modes. In such cases, the simultaneous use of both
controller types (PSS and FACTS damping controller) are
required to guarantee a good closed loop system
performance. However, separated design of PSS and
FACTS damping controller may cause dynamic
interactions between them. A coordination procedure may
be required to avoid such possible dynamic interactions
between PSS and FACTS damping controller. This thesis
proposes design of PSS, SVC and TCSC supplementary
damping controllers. This proposed work carried on a
Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) power system.
II.

BENEFITS OF FACTS TECHNOLOGY

Increasing of loading capacity of lines to their

thermal capabilities.
Increase the system security though raising the
transient stability limit
Limiting short circuit currents and overloads,
managing cascading blackouts and damping
electromechanical oscillations of lower systems
and machines.
Provide greater flexibility in setting new
generation and up gradation of lines.
Reduce reactive power flows, thus allowing the
lines to carry more activepower.

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Recent Advances In Renewable Energy Sources And Control-2015, VSSUT

Provide secure tie line connections to

neighbouring utilities and regions thereby
decreasing
overall
generation
reserve
requirements on both sides.
Increase utilization of lowest cost generation.
III.

MODELLING OF SYSTEM COMPONENT

A. Synchronous Machine Modelling.

()
( )

(t)

E ( )
Where

phase-lead characteristic to compensate for the phase lag

between the exciter input and the generator electrical (airgap) torque. The signal washout block (block 4)serves as
a high-pass filter, with thetimeconstantTW high enough to
allow signals association with oscillations in w to pass
unchanged. Without it, steady changes in speed would
modify the terminal voltage. The stabilizer gain K STAB
(block 3) determines the amount of damping introduced
by the PSS.

(1)

[ (t)
=

]+

( )

( )] (2)

) ( )

( ) (3)
Fig:1

E ( )=
( )=
=
=

(4)

( )

( )

( )

( )+

cos( ( )]

sin cos( ( ))

From block 1 of fig 1 we can write

(5)
(

(6)

(9)

From block 3 and 4

(7)

(8)
With p

(10)

given by equation 2.from block 5

B. Excitation system modelling.

Models for different types of excitation systems in use are

described in [1]. We will illustrate the method of
incorporating these models in to a transient stability
program by considering the excitation system model
shown below Figure. It represents a bus-fed thyristor
excitation system (classified as type STIA1) with an
automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and a power system
stabilizer (PSS). The AVR regulator model (block 1)
shown in Figure has been simplified to include only those
elements that are considered necessary for representing a
specific system. Parameter TR represents the terminal
voltage transducer time constant. A high exciter gain
(block 2), without transient gain reduction or derivate
feedback, is used. The nonlinearity associated with the
model is that due to the ceiling on the exciter output
voltage represented by (EF max, EF min) and PSS output
voltage (VS max, VS min). The PSS representation in
Figure consists of three blocks: a phase compensation
block, a signalwashout block, and a gain block. The phase
compensation block (block 5) provides the appropriate

Page 17

(
>

>

(11)
(12)
(13)

From block 2.the exciter output voltage is

>

>

(14)
(15)

Initial value of excitation system variables

,

= 0,

=0

(16)

The AVR reference is

+

(17)

Recent Advances In Renewable Energy Sources And Control-2015, VSSUT

IV.

MODELLING OF TCSC AND SVC

CONTROLLER
A. TCSC:
TCSC is one of the most important and best known series
FACTS controllers. It has been in use for many years to
increase line power transfer as well as to enhance system
stability. The basic module of a TCSC is shown in Fig. 2.
It consists of three components: capacitor banksC, bypass
inductor L and bidirectional thyristors T1 and T2. The
firing angles of the thyristorsare controlled toadjust the
TCSC reactance in accordance with a system control
algorithm, normally in response to some system parameter
variations.

Fig:2

Fig :3

From the viewpoint of the washout function, the value of

TWT is not critical and may be in the range of 1 to 20
seconds [14]. The phase compensation block (time
constants T1T, T2T and T3T, T4T ) provides the
appropriate phase-lead characteristics tocompensatefor the
phase lag between input and the output signals. In the Fig.
3, 0 represents the initial conduction angle as desired by
the power flow control loop. The steady state power flow
loop acts quite slowly in practice and hence, in the present
study,
0 is assumed to be constant during large
disturbance transient period.

According to the variation of the thyristor firing angle ( )

or conduction angle ( ), this process can be modelled as a
fast switch between corresponding reactance offered to
the power system. Assuming that the total current passing
through the TCSC is sinusoidal; the equivalent reactance
at the fundamental frequency can be represented as a
variable reactance XTCSC. There exists a steady-state
relationship between
and the reactance XTCSC. Since
the relationship between and the equivalent fundamental
frequency reactance offered by TCSC, XTCSC ( ) is a
unique-valued function, the TCSC is modelled here as a
variable capacitive reactance within the operating region
defined by the limits imposed by . Thus XTCSCmin
XTCSC
XTCSCmax, with XTCSCmax = XTCSC
min) and XTCSCmin = XTCSC(180) = XC. In this
paper, the controller is assumed to operate only in the
capacitive region.

C. SVC:
SVC regulates the voltage at its terminals by controlling
the amount of reactive power injected into, or absorbed
from the power system. When the system voltage is low,
SVC generates reactive power (capacitive mode) and
when the voltage is high, it absorb reactive power
(inductive mode). Thus, the main benefit of the SVC for
transient stability enhancement is direct and rapid bus
voltage control.

i.e., min > rwhere r corresponds to the resonant point,

as the inductive region associated with 90 <
< r
induces high harmonics that cannot be properly modelled
in stability studies.

fig:.4.

B. Structure Of The TCSC Controller:

The structure of TCSC-based damping controller, to
modulate the reactance offered by the TCSC, XTCSC( )
is shown in Fig. 3. The input signal of the proposed
controllers is the speed deviation ( ), and the output
signal is the reactance offered by the TCSC, XTCSC ( ) .
The structure consists of a gain block with gain KT, a
signal washout block and two-stage phase compensation
blocks. The signal washout block serves as a high-pass
filter, with the time constant TWT, high enough to allow
signals associated with oscillations in input signal to pass
unchanged.

Page 18

2(

) + sin(2 )
( )=

=
=

( )

)+1

( )

)+1

Recent Advances In Renewable Energy Sources And Control-2015, VSSUT

D. Dynamic Model Of The SVC

The major role of static var compensator is adjusting the
voltage at its terminals. SVS is usually modelled by the
block diagram shown in Figure 5. The main controller of
the tension can be proportional, integral or a combination
of both actions.
The SVC dynamic regulator can be written
as follows:Where BL(t) is the susceptance of the inductor
in SVC; BL0 is the initial susceptance of the TCR; Tsvc
the time constant of the SVC regulator, Ksvc, the gain of
the SVC regulator and UB(t) is the input of the SVC
regulator.
V.
SIMULATION RESULT
CASE:
A. TCSC Connection

Fig.9.

B. Case: 2 SVC Connections

In this section, the close-loop behaviour of the system
with different control schemes is simulated using
MATLAB programming. A three phase fault is applied at
one of the transmission line is considered for analysis of
SMIB system with TCSC.
The fault that we consider here is a symmetrical threephase short circuit fault on one of the parallel lines at a
point which is very nearer to the generator bus bar, occurs
at a time t=1sec, and it is cleared at t=1.08sec (i.e. the
fault is applied for 4 cycles). The responses of rotor angle
variation, rotor speed variation and active power
variations are shown in figures below. The simulation
results show that the system employed coordination
control between PSS and TCSC Controller provides good
damping characteristics to low frequency oscillations
quickly stabilizes the system under a disturbance.

A three phase fault is applied at one of the transmission

line is considered for analysis of SMIB system with SVC.
The fault that we consider here is a
symmetrical three-phase short circuit fault on one of
the parallel lines at a point which is very nearer to the
generator bus bar, occurs at a time t=1sec, and it is
cleared at t=1.08sec (i.e. the fault is applied for 4
cycles). The responses of rotor angle variation, rotor
speed variation and active power variations are shown
in figures below. The simulation results show that the
system employed coordination control between PSS
and SVC Controller provides good damping
characteristics to low frequency oscillations quickly
stabilizes the system under a disturbance.

Fig.5. A .rotor angle deviation.

Fig.8. A. Rotor angle deviation

Fig.6. electrical power

Fig.9. B. Speed Deviation

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Recent Advances In Renewable Energy Sources And Control-2015, VSSUT

investment of high voltage transmission lines or even new

power generation facilities
REFERENCES:
[1]
[2]

[3]

[4]
Fig.10. C. Electrical power

VI.

CONCLUSION:

The significant contribution of work is mathematical

modelling of the SMIB with dynamic stability of TCSC
and SVC different operating points.Checked.The stability
of the system without any controller.Location and rotor
angle deviation, speed deviation and electrical power is
established.FACTS devices stabilize transmission systems
with increased transfer capability and reduced risk of line
trips. Financial benefit from TCSC, SVC FACTS devices
comes from the additional sales due to increased
transmission capability, additional wheeling charges due
to increased transmission capability and due to delay in

Page 20

[5]

[6]

[7]

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