Social

Document 1
(Estioko, Leonard)

Document 2
(Sahagun, Giermin)

Document 3
(Leachon, Aine
Danella

Document 4
(Acorda, Victoria)

>... they have their politeness

and good breeding,
especially the tagalogs,
who are very civil and
courteous in word and
action
>... it is considered bad
manners to speak before
one is spoken to
>... Their greatest courtesy is
in their form of address...
always use the third person
>... though there are many
and different tongues, are
so much alike
> The bisayans are more
rustic and less civil in
manners just as their
language is harsher and
less polished

The country of Mai is to the

north Po-ni. The natives
cover themselves with a
sheet of cotton cloth or hide
the lower part of the body
with sarong ( lit. loin cloth).
Hai-tan- they are small in
stature and their eyes are
round and yellow (brown),
they have curly hair and
their teeth shows between
their lips.
the pu-li-lu is connected
with sansu but its
settlements are more
populous; most people are
of a cruel disposition and
given to robbery.
The san-tao, they live along
the land. The soil is poor
and the crops sparse.
Among the males and
females some are white.
the male knots his hair like
a fist on the top of the
head; the female knots his
hair like a fist on the top pf
the head; the female does
it up in a mallet-like trees/

The apparel and

clothing of these
natives of Luzon
before the entrance
of the Spaniards into
the country were
generally, for men,
certain short
collarless garments
of Cangan

>These people declare

war among themselves
even at the slightest
provocation, or with none
whatever.
>All those who have not
made treaty of peace
are considered as
enemies.
>Whenever the occasion
presents itself, they rob
one another, even if they
be neighbors or relatives.
> they always try to
attack with safety and
advantage to themselves.
>If at times some places
lack the necessaries of
life, it is because the
natives are the laziest
people in the world, or
because they are forced to
leave their towns through
war, or for other reasons.
> are always more
ready to rob their neighbor
than to cultivate their own
land.
> they do not even try to

while the chiefs had

some red ones
called chinanas.
They also wore
bahagues and
potong,they wear
necklaces...
In the women of
Zambales, they wear
the head shaved
from the middle
forward. On the skull
they have a huge
lock of loose hair.
The women
throughout this
island wear small

Docum
(Chua,

One class liv

coast, the othe
in the mountain

They say that t

which they hav
laws only the c
defenders and
There are no ju
although there
who go from on
another to bring
reconciliation.

No Indian in thi
made slave or
for any crime w
commits,... exc
each crime the
established fine
culprit is unable
fine he will borr
money, and ple
to the man from
borrows. As a r
becomes a sla

Another class o
those called tum

all wear a single garment.

jackets (sayelos) with

sleeves of the same
kind of cloth and of
all colors, called
varos.
Since the Spaniards
came to the country
many Indians do not
wear bahagues but
wide drawers of the
same cloths and
materials, and hats
on their heads.
Men and women are
very clean and neat
in their persons and
clothing, and of
pleasing address
and grace.
the natives of these
islands quite
commonly use as
venoms and poisons
the herbs of that
class found
throughout the
islands.

become wealthy, not do

they care to accumulate
riches
> so divided among
themselves and have so
little dealing with one
another never
assembling to gain
strength, or rendering
obedience one to another.
> The men treat their
wives well, and love them
according to their habits
and customs although
they are all barbarians and
have no manners or
politeness.

[tumaranpuk - Z
in their own ho
obliged to go to
master one day
having three da
themselves.

There are othe

whom these pe
most respect, w
tomatabans [tu
Z.]; these work
of the master o
there is some b
revel.

The ayueys are

among these p
gold taels of La
equivalent of tw
The tumaranpo
worth the same
tomatabans are
tael, or six peso

The ayuey wom

the house of ch
tumaranpoque
serve half of th
spinning and w
which their mas
and during the
the month they
themselves. Th

women spin on
of cotton each
their masters

If a thief comm
robbery, he and
relatives (or at
nearest kin) are
are unable to p
they are made
chief commits a
even against o
slaves or timag
fined in the sam

When there is
poor, who have
means of suste
order not to pe
rich in order

those who h
barangay to be
at their deaths
out of every ten
portion of all th

The freemen o
islands, who ar
timaguas, are n
nor slaves. If a
desires to live i
village, he joins
one of the chie

he offers himse
timagua,... If th
goes to any oth
there is wronge
will endeavor, w
forces, to aven
same extent.

For there appe

three ranks of m
islands - name
timaguas, who
and slaves
One may be re
paying the sum
until then he is
Political

> Slaves were also made

through tyranny and
cruelty... punishment for
offenses of small account.
Examples of these are:
failure to preserve the
silence of the dead... or
happening to pass in front
of a chief who was
bathing..., and other similar
oppressions. they also
captured slaves in war by
means of ambuscades and
attacks, keeping as much
all those whom they did not
wish to kill

The country of Mai is to the

north Po-ni.the chiefs are in
habit of using white
umbrellas, for which reason
the traders offer them as
gifts and trading ships enter
the anchorage, they stop in
front of the officials place,
for that is the place for
bartering
Santao- have chiefs
Min-to-lang -
They have chiefs and they
probihited robbery which is
punished by putting the
robbers family to death.
SULU

Both men and

women are so selfish
and greedy that, if
they are paid, they
are easily won over.
When the husband
finds his wife in
adultery,
he is smoothed and
pacified without any
trouble although,
since they
have known
Spaniards, some of
those who assume to
be more enlightened
among them have

> The inhabitants of these

islands are not subjected
to any law, king or lord
but each man does
whatever he pleases, and
takes care only of himself
and his slaves.
>No law binds relative to
relative if a man in some
time of need, shelters a
relative or a brother in his
house, supports him, and
provides him with food for
a few days, he will
consider that relative as a
slave from that time on,
and is served by him

The first man w

war, according
was Panas H
war against Ma
and from that ti
first wars, beca
people were di
factions, and h
handed down f
son.

There are three

which these na
war as just. Th
an Indian goes
village and is th
death without c

They have chief

Pishoye
There is no chief in this
country in their custom.

sometimes killed the

adulterers.
The weapons of this
people are, in some
provinces, bow and
arrows. But
those generally used
throughout the
islands are
moderate-sized
spears
with well-made
points; and certain
shields of light wood,
with their
armholes fastened
on the inside.
They have chiefs
Before the
arrival of the
Spaniards they had
bronze culverins and
other pieces
of cast iron, with
which they defended
their forts and
settlements

serving them only under

certain conditions, and
when and how they
please.
>When these people give
or lend anything to one
another, the favor must be
paid double, even
between parents and
children or even between
brothers.
>At times they sell their
children

second, when
stolen from the
third is when th
friendly manne
any village, and
the appearance
friendship, are
maltreated.

When a chief w
captive, or com
adultery or mur
relatives contrib
his ransom, ea
to the degree o
if the relatives h
means to do th
remained a sla

...the Moros
their respective
whom the peop
they punished
laid down the la
be observed.

Economic

>... whenever they made

loans, they must always
agree upon the profit which
should be paid in addition
to the sum that they were to
lend... the profit or gain...
increasing with the delay of
making payment until... it
exceeded all the
possessions of the debtor...
debt was then charged to
his person... thus becoming
a slave... all his
descendants were also
slaves... until the debt, with
all the usury and interest...
was repaid

Hai-tan
The savage traders race for
small boats, carrying
cotton, yellow wax, native
cloth coconut-heart mats,
which they offer for barter.
If the pieces cannot be
agreed upon, the chief of
the (local) traders must go
in person , in order to come
to an understanding which
being reached the natives
are offered presents of silk
umbrella porcelain and
rattan baskets but the
foreigners still retain on
board on or two as
hostages.
Santao the people boil
seawater to make salt and
ferment sugarcane juice to
make liquor. The natural
products are bee-wax,
cotton and cloth of various
patterns. In trading with
them the Chinese use
copper beads, bowls of
blue or white flower , small
figure chintzes, piece of
iron and the like.
People in mayi the
people boil sea-water to
make salt and ferment
treacle( molasses) to make
liquor the natural products

The women have

needlework as their
employment
and occupation, and
they are very clever
at it, and at all kinds
of
sewing
They weave cloth
and spin cotton, and
serve in the houses
of their husbands
and fathers.
They raise fowls and
swine, and
keep the houses,
while the men are
engaged in the
labors of the
field, and in their
fishing, navigation,
and trading.
Their shells are
utilized
by the natives, and
sold as an article of
commerce to the
Chinese
and Portuguese, and
other nations who go
after them
The natives gather

> More or less gold is

found in all these
islands
> on the arrival of
foreign vessels for
purposes of barter, they
strike a bargain with those
foreigners and allow them
to work in the mines for a
period agreed by them.
>There are places in these
islands where pearls can
be found
>Cinnamon is also to be
found here, especially in
the island of Mindanao
>In some places we have
seen pepper trees
. Which the natives do
not value or cultivate
> where can be found
abundance of timber,
planking, and other
articles necessary for the
building of ships

The inhabitants
mountains can
without the fish
other articles o
can those of th
without the rice
the mountainee

Cultural

>... when they are born...

brought up in the water...
men and women swim like
fishes, even from
childhood... bathed
themselves at all hours, for
cleanliness and
recreation... anoint the
hand with ajonjoli (i.e. oil of
sesame) mixed with civet...
employ baths as a medicine
>vessel full of water before
the door of every house...
every person... wash his
feet before entering
>... custom for bisayan
women (the inhabitants of
mindanao also are
bisayans) to marry two
husbands
> the practice of having
several wives...
mahometans who dwell in
mindanao and Brunei
> The most common and
general usage is to marry
one woman
> Bisayans try to procure a
wife from their own class
>... distinct formalitiesof
bethrotal accompanied by
conventional penalties...
married persons make an
agreement with another

Hai-tan they nest in

treetops sometimes parties
of three or five lurk in the
jungle, from whence they
shoot arrows on passers-by
without being seen and
many have fallen victims to
them . If thrown a porcelain
bowl, they will stop and
pick it up and go away
leaping and shouting for
joy.
foreign traders arrive at any
of the settlements they live
on board ship before
venturing to go shore, their
ship being moored in
midstream announcing
their ships being moored in
midstream, announcing
their presence to the
natives by beating drums
san-tao --- The men
frequently get on board
junks and come to
chuanchou for business.
They often spend all the
money for ornamenting
themselves After coming
back, they are treated by
their countrymen with same
respect as given to the
elders.

They quite generally

bathe the entire body
in the rivers and
creeks,
both young and old,
without reflecting that
it could at any time
be
injurious to them;
[58] for in their baths
do they find their
best
medicines.
The natives
throughout the
islands can write
excellently with
certain
characters, almost
like the Greek or
Arabic.
The method
of writing was on
bamboo, but is now
on paper
The language of all
the Pintados and
Biayas is one and
the same
When an infant is

> Marriage among these

natives is a kind of
purchase or trade which
men make; for they pay
and give money in
exchange for their women,
according to the rank of
the parties.
> These Moros have little
knowledge of the law
which they profess,
beyond practicing
circumcision and refraining
from pork.
> The heathens have no
law at all They believe
what is told and presented
forcibly by them They
hold some superstitions,
such as the casting of lots
before doing anything, and
other wretched practices

their inhabita
tattooed or pain

they preserv
ancient lore thr
which they sing
pleasing mann

the singers
good voices re
exploits of olde
they always po
knowledge of p
they erect a
hang upon it a
of a man, if the
man; but a wom
woman. This g
there until it fal
through age.

When the child

relatives of dro
are sick, the re
taken and plac
barangay, in co
baylana

These natives
dead in certain
coffins, in their
bury with dead
and other valua

married pair... wives are

with child... respective
wives... bear a male and a
female... those two children
shall be joined in
marriage... penalty of tem
gold taes
>... the husband... gives her
the dowry... amount agreed
upon in accordance with his
means... make presents to
the parents and relatives
>... divorce is unjust... man
parts from his wife... he
loses the dowry... she...
leaves him, she must
restore the dowry
>... if the man has a just
cause... hist dowry must be
restored... the wife leaves
him, she retains the
dowry... children are divided
equally between the two,
without distinction of sex
>... offer some sacrifices to
their anitos... which were
their gods... with dancing to
the sound of the bell...
when the catalona or
bailana was exerting more
force, all at once she
stopped at the death of the
sick person. After the death
there followed new music,

born, they
immediately bathe it,
and
the mother likewise.
Their ordinary food is
rice pounded in
wooden mortars, and
cooked--this
is called morisqueta
They also eat boiled
camotes (which are
sweet potatoes),
beans,
quilites and other
vegetables; all kinds
of bananas, guavas,
pineapples, custard
apples, many
varieties of oranges,
and other
varieties of fruits and
herbs, with which the
country teems.
Their
drink is a wine made
from the tops of
cocoa and nipa
palm, of which
there is a great
abundance. They are
grown and tended

When any chie

slave is made t
same death as
chief, When the
mother or any
they promised
until they seize
captives in batt
they had either
captive or killed
when they ceas
mourning

The mourning
the women the
It is similar to th
except that the
instead of goin
or kill someone
to cease mourn
eat rice again barangay with
women..

One of the obs

which is carried
most rigor is th
larao. This rule
when a chief di
mourn him, and
observe rest

When someon
people light ma

the dirges and

lamentations... weeping,
not only by the mourners
but by others... on account
of their sorrow and grief...
for their wages and profit...
they were hired for this
purpose
> To the sound of this sad
music... washed the body of
the dead person... gum of
the storax tree and other
aromatics... cloth it in the
best garments which the
dead man possessed...
after having kept and
mourned over it for three
days, they buried it...
> Others anointed the body
with aromatic balsams
which prevent corruption,
especially with the juice of a
sort of ivy... a very valuable
drug, which they call buyo...
they anointed the dead
body... injected it through
the mouth that it penetrated
the whole body... placed
gold in the mouths... laid
with them many articles of
values... buried them under
the house, richly adorned...
with the corpse another
chest, containing garments

like vineyards,
although without so
much toil and labor.
In the assemblies,
marriages, and
feasts of the natives
of these
islands, the chief
thing consists in
drinking this wine,
day and night,
without ceasing,
when the turn of
each comes, some
singing and others
drinking.

his house; and

armed men go
sentinels abou
fear that the so
may come and
coffin

If they lent rice

one year was a
repaying it If
not repaid after
harvest, the am
doubled regu
increasing.

If a man died a
children, the pr
the slaves were
four equal parts
one of the child
own share.

Marriage of the
When any man
marry, he, sinc
always asks th

>... place the coffins... in their

dwellings, enclosed in
coffins of the hardest wood,
incorruptible, and with the
cover so fitted that it was
impossible for the air to
enter
>... they would not let them
depart from the world
alone... gave male and
female slaves to
accompany the dead.
These slaves, having first
eaten a hearty meal, were
immediately killed, that they
may go with the dead man
>... they buried with a chief in
a vessel manned by many
rowers... to serve him in his
voyage to the other world
>The usual place of burial
was the dead man's own
house, at least on the lower
part... a great pit was dug...
the coffin was placed. A
small railing is
constructed... they placed
inside the food which they
brought. Others buried their
bodies in the open field,
and for several days burned
fires beneath their housed
and set guards, so that the
dead man might not return

and carry with him those

whom he had left
> After the burial, mourning
ceased, but not the feasting
and intoxification, which
lasted for more or less time
according to the rank of the
deceased. The widow or
widower... the orpans and
other relatives... expressed
their sorrow by fasting
> Among the tagalogs the
color of mourning is black,
and among the bisayans
white
>... feast... they ate and
drank to excess... upon
occasions of illness, death,
and mourning... bethrotals,
weddings, and sacrifices...
not a door closed against
anyone who might desire to
drink with them
>... upon occasions of
sacrifice... at one side of
the table upon which he
who chose would throw, by
way of religious ceremony,
some mouthful of food,
which he refrained from
eating out of respect to the
anito... They eat in groups...
no hesitation in putting the
hands of all into the same

dish, or in drinking out of

the same vessel. They eat
but little, drink often
>... When they are satiated...
and intoxicated... they...
clear the house... if the
feast is not one of
mourning... sing, play
musical instruments, and
dance... great uproar and
shouting... until... they fall,
exhausted, and drowsy...
they preserve... their
ordinary conduct, and even
under the influence of wine,
act with as much respect
and prudence as before
>... if they have occasion to
buy or sell anything, they
not only make no mistake in
bargaining, but if ir be
necessary to weight the
gold or silver for the price
(which is the common
usage among those
nations, each person
carrying for that purpose a
small scale in his wallet),
they do it with much
accuracy that the hand
never trembles, nor is there
any error in the weight
> When a child is born, it is
the mother's duty to give it

a name... names are most

often conferred on account
of certain circumstances...
All persons are called by
these names from birht
withoug using surnames
until they married... The
names of the women are
distinguished from those of
the men by adding "in"... In
naming children they use
diminutives
Religious
/ Religion

>... dark abyss... the vilest

and most abominable
things... loathsome
creatures... blinded by their
ignorance...love and prize
these things of darkness...
cannot open their eyes to
any light beyond
>... false heathen belief...
divinity of their idols...
priests and priestess...
sacrifices and superstitions
>... government is founded
on tradition... custom
introduced by the devil
himself, who spoke to them
through their idols and
ministers
>... barbarous songs...
fabulous genealogies and
vain deeds of their gods...

nothing stated
The country of Mai is to the
north Po-ni. there are
bronze images of gods, of
unknown origin, scattered
about in grassy wilderness.

> These natives will be

easily converted to our
holy Catholic faith, for
most of them are
heathens, excepting the
natives of Borney and
Lucon (who are chiefly
Moros)

they have tw
beliefs concern
beginning of th

The people of t
are called Yligu
believe that he
earth had no be
that those were
called Captan a
Maguayen.

The Tinguianes
in the beginnin
only the sea an
and that one da
(bird), having n
alight, determin
sea against the

those who d

creation of the world, the

origin of the human race,
the deluge, paradise,
punishment... other invisible
things... a thousand
absurdities
>... bathala mei capal which
means "god the creator or
maker"
> Their idolatry is an
adoration and deification of
their ancestors
> In memory of... departed
ones... little idols... stone,
wood, bone, ivory, or a
cayman's teeth; others of
gold... larawan... which
signifies "idol" or "statue"...
barbarous sacrifices
>... worshipped... like the
Egyptians, animals and
birds... like the Assyrians,
the sun and moon... divinity
to the rainbow
> The tagalogs adored a blue
bird... called it bathala...
worshipped the crow... mei
lupa... held the cayman in
the utmost veneration...
called it nomo, which
means "grandfather"

diseases are yo
mangalos, who
are eating their
wherefore the d

And those who

Arayas, go to
mountain in the
Panay, called M
[Madya-as - Z.]

there is in th
god, called Sid
he measures th
the new-born, a
mark on the tre
persons status
mark; he dies i

at the death
directly to the in
regions; but tha
sacrifices and o
made to the go
Pandaque, th
redeemed from
Siguinarugan,
lower regions.

when the Yl
the god Magua
them to inferno
bad alike, he ta
on equal terms

go to inferno. B
who have no o
sacrifices for th
forever, in the i

It is only in cas
and in times of
or of war, that s
offered. These
called baylanes
priestess chan
nad invokes the
appears to her
gold.

They believe th
has no end.The
Macaptan dwe
the sky. They c
bad god, becau
diseases and d

It is said that th
Lalahon dwells
in Negros Islan
she hurls fire
Lalahon for the
when she does
to grant them g
she sends the
destroy and co
This Lalahon is
the religion

observed by th
they worshippe
called among t
which properly

Accordingly the
which contains
called anitos; fo
that when peop
go serve to Bat
Legend:
Document 1 - De Las Islas Filipinas by Pedro Chirino, S.J.
Document 2 - Chu-fan-chi by Chau-Ju-Kua
Document 3 - Morgas Account of the Filipinos and Their Pre-Spanish Civilization
Document 4 - Relation of the Filipinas Islands and of the Character and Conditions of their Inhabitants
Document 5 - Captain Loarcas Account of the Filipinos and Their Pre-Spanish Civilization
Document 6 - Theories on Racial Origins and Migration Theory
Interpretasyon:
1. Social
Diversity is evident because the natives have different style when it comes to clothing, there are many different tongues,
different ideologies/practices/beliefs and even in their behavior.
the midgets were tiny, and black, and had curly hair. they say po and opo at mister and misis wrinkles because they are
wise and learned and they even pat the back of their hands with their forehead I dont know why. eh kung kakayosi lang
nung tao e di amoy yosi na tuloy ulo mo.
They wear clothes that are short and comfortable for them.
o The country of Mai is to the north Po-ni. The natives cover themselves with a sheet of cotton cloth or hide the
lower part of the body with sarong ( lit. loin cloth).
o The apparel and clothing of these natives of Luzon before the entrance of the Spaniards into the country were
generally, for men, certain short collarless garments of Cangan

2. Political
their justice system is so funny. in order to prove you are innocent you have to grab a stone from a pot of boiling water
without hesitating. If you are proven guilty they will cut a segment of your finger; they will tie you into an and mold; and
other horrible and senseless stuff.
3. Economic
utang tumataas kada araw. pag di nabayaran magiging katulong pati susunod na mga henerasyon hanggang mabayad
ang utang
4. Cultural
The people had wide variety of practices depending on their group. They bathe for cleanliness and leisure and even
practiced cleanliness before entering homes. In marriage men gave their means as dowry and divorce is legal and
depending on the cause. Feasts happens every marriage, betrothals, sacrifices and weddings and everyone is invited to
come. Names are given depending on certain circumstances. They even paid very high respects to those who have died
even to the point of refraining from eating meat as an expression of sorrow and killing slaves to accompany him in the
other world
5. Religious / Religion
"People before worshipped diverse things which are mostly nature. They set up statues or images of who or what they
worship and the natives evidently have different kinds of beliefs, superstitions and rituals. Religion developed then the
natives believed in gods and others concerning the place they live in and who created it.
They create idols and images representing their departed relatives which they worship
o Docu 1 Their idolatry is an adoration and deification of their ancestors
o Docu 1 In memory of... departed ones... little idols... stone, wood, bone, ivory, or a cayman's teeth; others of
gold... larawan... which signifies "idol" or "statue"... barbarous sacrifices
o Docu 2 The country of Mai is to the north Po-ni. there are bronze images of gods, of unknown origin, scattered
about in grassy wilderness.
o Docu 5 Accordingly there is a house which contains images called anitos; for they say that when people die,
they go serve to Batala.

They have a highest god called Batala or Bathala

o Docu 1 The tagalogs adored a blue bird... called it bathala... worshipped the crow... mei lupa... held the cayman
in the utmost veneration... called it nomo, which means "grandfather"

o Docu 5 the religion formerly observed by these Moros, they worshipped a deity called among them Batala,
which properly means God.