Science Reviewer

2 main types of waves

Electromagnetic wave- can
be propagated even without
medium
Mechanical wave- requires a
medium to be propagated
Parts of Periodic Wave
Wavelength
Amplitude
Crest
Midpoint of the wave
Trough

Wave velocity

Rays- straight lines that represent the

direction of the waves
Incident ray- going towards the
reflecting surface
Reflected ray- ray that bounces
Normal- any line that drawn
perpendicular to the reflecting surface
Angle of Incident- angle between
incident and normal
Angle of Reflection- angle between
normal and reflected
General rule for law of reflection

v=f
v= wave velocity

I =R with respect to the

normal
Where:

f= frequency

Reflecting surface- any material that

reflects light

I =angle of incidence

=wavelength

frequency - number of wavelength

passing in a point per second

1
s

or hertz

Period- unit is s (second)

-symbol (.T)

.T= s

---

relationship of period to

frequency
299 792 458m/s exact value
of speed of light

R=angleof reflection
Electromagnetic wave examples:
Radiowave- cant be heard
Size of wavelength: size of a
mountain(biggest)
Size of a human
(smallest)
Microwave
Wavelength size: size of a
butterfly
Infrared- cant be seen
Wavelength size: pinpoint of
a needle
Visible Light- decreasing
wavelength but increasing
frequency
Wavelength size: virus

 Ultraviolet- 750-60
nanometers
X-rays- aka Roentgen rays
Wavelength size: size of an
atom
Gamma ray- energy released
by nucleus
Refraction- ending of waves
Change in speed- can be express in
index of refraction

n=

c
v

where:
n=index of refraction
c= ratio of speed of light in a vacuum
(299 792 458 m/s)
v= speed of light in a medium
Snells Law
-law that relates the angle of incidence
to the angle of refraction after passing
the boundary between two meda with
different index of refraction.

n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2
1=
n index of refraction of the first
medium

1=
n index of refraction of the
second medium

1 = angle of incidence

2 = angle of refraction

Properties of waves
1.
2.
3.
4.

Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction
Interferences

1. Reflection
-change in the direction after
striking a surface and thrown
back
2 types of reflection
1. Irregular ( Diffuse
Refraction)- the surface of
the reflecting surface is
rough
2. Regular- the surface of the
reflecting surface is smooth
2.Refraction
-change in the direction and speed
of wave because of the change in
medium
3.Diffraction
-change in the direction of wave
due to the presence of barrier
4.Interference
-combination of wave when
passing through a single medium
Constructive interference- high
amplitude waves
Destructive interference- waves are
cancelled to each other

Focal length- distance

of the vertex to the focal
point

Image- a replica
2 types of images
1. Real-inverted image
2. Virtual- all images in front of a
flat mirror

Techniques: (ray diagramming for

mirror)
1ST Technique

Spherical Mirrors
-mirror which is a section of sphere

2nd Technique

Two Types of Spherical Mirror

1. Concave Mirror/ Converging
Mirror
-reflecting surface curves
inward

P-O-R-F-E
F-O-R-P-E

3rd Technique (concave only)

2. Convex Mirror/ Diverging

Mirror
-reflecting surface curves
outward
Terms on Spherical Mirrors
Aperture-angular
opening of the sphere
Vertex- center of mirror
Center of curvaturepoint in the center of the
sphere
Principal axis- line
passing through the
center of the sphere
Secondary axis- any
other line drawn through
the center of the sphere
Radius of curvaturedistance from the vertex
to the center of the
mirror
Focal point/ Principal
Focus-where light rays
converge

P-O-R-F
O- F-R-P

P-O-EF-R
O-EF-R-P-E

Mirror Equation

1 1 1
= +
f do di

-2f=r
Magnification Equation

M=

di

do
M=

hi
ho

hi
di
=

ho
do

Converging
Where:
f=focal length
do=distance of the object
di=distance of the image
r=radius
M= magnification
hi= height of the image

2F
F

OC

2F

ho= height of the object

Lens

3 Rays (Lens)

-transparent material which is

capable of producing image
Two types of lens
1. Converging lens/Doubleconvex lens- light rays
converge in one point
2. Diverging lens/ Doubleconcave lens- light rays
diverge in many direction
Parts of lens

Optical center (OC)geometrical center of lens

Vertical line- divide the lens
into two parts
Principal Axis- connects
Optical lens to Focal Point to 2
Focal Point
2F- same with center in the
mirror
Focal Point (F)- where light
rays pass

1. Ray passing through the

Optical Center will not
retract
2. Ray which is parallel to the
Principal Axis will pass
through the focal point
3. Ray passing through the
Focal Point will reflect
parallel to the Principal Axis

Lens Equation

1 1 1
= +
f do di
Magnification Equation

M=

di
do
M=

hi
ho