20-09-2012

Wireless Communication:
Overview of Technologies
Instructor:
Prof. Rajarshi Mahapatra
Dept. of ECE, GEU
Email: rajarshim@ieee.org
Cabin: ECE Dept

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Wireless Communication

Communication Using EM Wave

Electromagnetic Spectrum: Radio

Microwave Communication

US Spectrum Allocation

MM Wave Communication
Paging
Satellite Communication
Global Positioning System
Optical Communication
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Wireless Communication

Wireless Radio Communication

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Wireless Communication

Wireless Communication

Wireless Services: Comparison

Cellular
Local Area Network
Cordless
Satellite Communication
Paging System
Fixed Wireless
Sensor Network
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Services

Frequency
Used

Duplexing

Service
Orientation

Max data rate

Coverage
Area

Standard

Characteristics

Cellular

Licensed

Full-Duplex

Voice/ Data

9 kbps-1
Mbps

>2km

GSM,
WCDMA,
LTE

Voice centric

LAN

Un-licensed

Full-Duplex

Data/ Voice

1-54 Mbps

<1km

802.11, .16,
.15

Support high data rate

Cordless

Licensed

Full-Duplex

Voice/ Data

32 Kbps

<500 m

DECT, PHS

Short range

Fixed
Wireless

Un-licensed

Full-Duplex

Voice/ Data

155 Mbps

< 1 km

WLL, LMDS

Limited mobility

Satellite

Licensed

Full-Duplex

Voice/ Data

100 Mbps

> 10 km

GPS

High cost

Sensor

Un-licensed

HalfDuplex

Data

100 Kbps

<50m

802.15.4

Long lasting, low power

consumed system

Pager

Licensed /
Un-licensed

HalfDuplex

Message

2 kbps

< 1km

One way

Support high mobility

Limited mobility

Use, where BS cannot be use

Large RTPD

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Support high mobility

Wireless Communication

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Wireless Landscape

Cellular Communication
Evolved in Generation wise
1G Cellular
Became commercially available in early 1980s.
Based on analog radio technology
Support circuit-switched voice

Limitation of 1G
Low calling capacity
Limited Spectrum
No room for spectrum growth
Poor data communication
Minimal privacy (low security of user information)
Inadequate fraud protection (subject to cloning)
Lack of ability to support roaming between different network operators

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Wireless Communication

1G Standards
Type

Year of
Introduction

Multiple
Access

Frequency
Band (MHz)

Modulation

Channel BW
(kHz)

Country

AMPS

Cellular

1983

FDMA

824-894

FM

30

USA

TACS

Cellular

1985

FDMA

900

FM

25

UK

NMT-450

Cellular

1981

FDMA

450-470

FM

25

Europe

NMT-900

Cellular

1986

FDMA

890-960

FM

12.5

Europe

JTACS

Cellular

1979

FDMA

860-925

FM

25/12.5

Japan

C-Netz

Cellular

1988

FDMA

450-465.74

FM

10

Germany

Radiocomm
2000

Cellular

1986

FDMA

414.8-428

FM

12.5

France

RTMS

Cellular

1985

FDMA

450-465

FM

25

Italy

NAMPS

Cellular

1992

FDMA

824-894

FM

10

USA

CT2

Cordless

1989

FDMA

864-868

GFSK

100

Europe

Wireless Communication

2G Standards
Type

Year of
Introduction

Multiple
Access

Frequency
Band (MHz)

Modulation

Channel BW
(kHz)

Country

GSM

Cellular

1990

TDMA

890-960

GMSK

200

Europe

DCS-1900

PCS

1994

TDMA

1850-1990

GMSK

200

USA

DAMPS

Cellular

1983

TDMA

824-894

/4 DQPSK

30

USA

USDC

Cellular

1991

TDMA

824-894

/4 DQPSK

30

USA

IS95

Cellular/ PCS

1993

CDMA

824-894

QPSK/ BPSK

1250

USA

CDPD

Cellular

1993

FH/ Packet

824-894

GMSK

20

USA

PDC

Cellular

1993

TDMA

810-1501

/4 DQPSK

25

Japan

PACS

Cordless

1994

TDMA/
FDMA

1850-1950

/4 DQPSK

300

USA

DECT

Cordless

1993

TDMA

1880-1900

GFSK

1728

Europe

PHS

Cordless

1993

TDMA

1895-1907

/4 DQPSK

300

JAPAN

FLEX

Paging

1993

Simplex

Several

4FSK

15

USA

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EIA/TIA recommends digital technology for 2G, emerged in the early 1990s.
Enhanced voice quality, Digital signal processing and transmission technology.
Increased radio capacity and spectrum utilization.
Reduce power consumption, low terminal and service cost.
Define standards for core networks.
In addition to circuit switched voice, it enabled the first waves of mobile data and
mobile internet services.
Ability to support roaming between different network operators and international
roaming.
Ability to support handheld terminals.
Support for new services and facilities with ISDN compatibility.
Improved security and authentication.
Support SMS, Group 3 facsimiles, paging service.

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Wireless Communication

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2.5 Generation

Standard

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Wireless Communication

Second Generation: Characteristics

Standard

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Wireless Communication

Provides higher capabilities and per user data rate over 2G systems.
Use 2G infrastructure with little change in 2G software.
Categories: Use Licensed Spectrum
High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD).
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).
Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE).
Interim Standard 95 B (IS-95B).

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Wireless Communication

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20-09-2012

High Speed Circuit Switched Data

General Packet Radio Service

Supports non-real time internet usage.
User download much more than upload.
Supports multi-user network sharing of individual radio
channels and time slots.
No new spectrum required.
Requires new packet overlay including router and gateways.
No new base station RF hardware is required.
Requires new handset.
Use all eight time slots.
Channel Spacing: 200 kHz.
Access Technique: TDMA/FDD.
Data rate: 171.2 kbps.

Upgrade GSM by given more time slot to each user.

Standardized by ETSI in 1997 and first released commercially in
2000.
It is the equivalent of tying two or more phone lines together and
aggregating their capacity.
No new spectrum required.
It is circuit switched technique.
Requires software upgrade at base station.
Requires new handset.
Use consecutive four time slots.
Channel Spacing: 200 kHz.
Access Technique: TDMA/FDD.
Data rate: up to 57.6 kbps
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Wireless Communication

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Enhanced Data rates for GSM

Evolution

Wireless Communication

Interim Standard 95 B

No new spectrum required.

It is circuit switched technique.
Requires software upgrade at base station.
Requires new handset.
Allows for nine different air interface format, known as
multiple modulation and coding scheme (MCS).
Modulation: GMSK/8PSK.
Channel Spacing: 200 kHz.
Duplex: FDD.
Data rate: 144/384 kbps.

No new spectrum required.

It provides circuit switched data access on common
CDMA radio channel by dedicated Walsh function for
specific users and specific purpose.
Requires new software in base station controller.
Requires new handset.
It also support medium data rate (MDR) service.
Access Technology: CDMA/FDD;
Channel Spacing: 1.25 MHz.
Data rate: 64 kbps.
It species hard handoff procedure, which is more
efficient for multiple channel systems.

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Wireless Communication

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Third Generation

16

Organizations:

It is a always on technology.
3G system promise megabit internet access.
It supports communication using voice over IP (VoIP).
It supports simultaneous voice and data access with multiple parties at the same time using
single handset.
ITU allocate a frequency band in the 2000 MHz range by a plan known as International
Mobile Telephone 2000 (IMT-2000).
Using 3G, user can receive live music, conduct interactive web session.

3rd Generation Partnership Project

(3GPP).
3rd Generation Partnership Project
2 (3GPP2).
Internet Engineering Taskforce
(IETF).

Categories:

3G is Based on CDMA.

Cdma2000: Fundamental bases

are IS-95 and IS-95B.
Wideband CDMA (WCDMA):
Fundamental bases are GSM,
PDC, IS-136.
Time Division -Synchronous
CDMA (TD-SCDMA):

Forward link

Channelization within a sector via orthogonal sequence within a sector via orthogonal
sequence
Sectors are identified by pseudo Sectors are identified by pseudo-random sequences random
sequences

Reverse link

Each users signal is spread by a pseudo s signal is spread by a pseudo-random sequence

IP based services

3G Cellular first deploy in

Japan by NTT DoCoMo in
2001 as WCDMA.

384 Kbps still/walking

128 Kbps in a car
2 Mbps indoor environment

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Wireless Communication

Upgrade to 3G Technologies

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Wireless Communication

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Wireless Communication

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20-09-2012

Cdma2000

Technical Summary of Cdma2000

Frequency band: Any existing band.
Minimum frequency band required: 1x:
2x1.25MHz, 3x: 2x3.75 MHz.
Chip rate: 1x: 1.2288, 3x: 3.6864 Mcps.
Maximum user data rate: 1x: 144 kbps now, 307
kbps in future.
in the future 1xEV-DO: max 384 kbps - 2.4 Mbps,
1xEV-DV: 4.8 Mbps.
Frame length: 5ms, 10ms or 20ms.
Power control rate: 800 Hz.
Spreading factors: 4 ... 256 UL.

Developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2),

consisting of five telecommunications standards bodies: ARIB and
TTC in Japan, CWTS in China, TTA in Korea and TIA in North
America.
It provides full backward compatibility with IS-95B.
It supports 144 kbps now and data rates up to 307 kbps in the
future.
Cdma2000 1xEV will be implemented in steps: 1x Evolution Data
Only (1xEV-DO) and 1x Evolution Data and Voice (1xEV-DV).
CDMA2000 is first deployed by SKT in Korea in October 2000.
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO is first deployed by SKT in January 2002 as an
upgrade to its 1x network.
Categories by company: Cdma2000 1XMC (IMT-2000), Cdma2000
HDR (Qualcomm), Cdma2000 1Xtreme (Motorola).
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Wireless Communication

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Wideband CDMA (WCDMA)

Wireless Communication

Wireless Communication

20

Technical Summary of WCDMA

Developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP),

consisting of five telecommunications standards bodies: ARIB and
TTC in Japan, TTA in Korea and CCSA, ETSI, T1 in Europe.
Also known as Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service
(UMTS).
WCDMA is first deployed by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in October 2001.
Channel bandwidth of 5 MHz. This is four times that of cdmaOne,
and 25 times that of GSM.
W-CDMA adjusts the gain depending on the signal strength.
W-CDMA was designed to operate without GPS clock signals, and so
needs a slightly different coding technique, called Gold codes.
Each channel is reused by every cell, boosting spectral efficiency
compared to TDMA systems and enabling soft handovers.

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Frequency band:1920 MHz -1980 MHz and 2110 MHz 2170 MHz
(Frequency Division Duplex) UL and DL
Minimum frequency band required: 2x5MHz.
Frequency re-use: 1; Carrier Spacing: 4.4MHz - 5.2 MHz.
Maximum number of (voice) channels on 2x5MHz: 196.
Voice coding: AMR codecs (4.75 kHz - 12.2 kHz, GSM EFR=12.2 kHz) and
SID (1.8 kHz).
Channel coding: Convolutional coding, Turbo code for high rate data.
Duplexer needed (190MHz separation), Asymmetric connection
supported.
Data type: Packet and circuit switch.
Modulation: QPSK; Chip rate: 3.84 Mcps.
Pulse shaping: Root raised cosine, roll-off = 0.22
Maximum user data rate: 2.3Mbps .
Maximum user data rate (Offered): 384 kbps (year 2002), higher rates ( 2
Mbps) in the near future. HSPDA will offer data speeds up to 8-10 Mbps
(and 20 Mbps for MIMO systems)
Channel bit rate: 5.76Mbps
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Wireless Communication

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Time Division - Synchronous CDMA

Technical Summary of TD-SCDMA

The multiplex technique is still CDMA, but time division

duplexing is used to share a channel between uplink
and downlink.
It is developed by China Academy of
Telecommunication Technology (CATT) and Siemens
Corporation, as an IMT-2000 3G standard in 1998.
It is adopted by ITU as one of the 3G option in 1999.
It combines TDMA and TDD techniques to provide data
only overlay in an existing GSM network.
Its proponents claims that the TDD feature allows this
3G standard to be very easily and inexpensively added
to existing GSM system.

Frequency band: 2010 MHz - 2025 MHz in China (WLL 1900

MHz - 1920 MHz).
Minimum frequency band required: 1.6 MHz.
Frequency re-use: 1 (or 3).
Chip rate: 1.28 Mcps.
Frame length: 10ms.
Number of slots: 7.
Modulation: QPSK or 8-PSK.
Voice data rate: 8 kbps.
Data rate: upto 384 kbps.
Uplink synchronisation.
Physical layer spreading factors: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16.

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Wireless Communication

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Wireless Communication

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High Speed Downlink Packet Access

(HSDPA)

3.5 Generation

It works with WCDMA only.

It improves spectral efficiency for downlink asymmetrical and
bursty packet data services.
It offers data transmission up to 8-10 Mbps and 20 Mbps for MIMO
systems over a 5 MHz bandwidth in WCDMA downlink ( at an
average 2-3 Mbps).
It introduces a short 2-ms transmission time interval (TTI).
It supports adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), where QPSK
and 16QAM are mandatory. Channel quality reported at 2 ms rate.
Data user multiplexing: TDM/CDM.
It introduces multicode transmission, fast physical layer (L1) hybrid
ARQ (H-ARQ), and moves the packet scheduler from the radio
network controller (RNC) to the Node-B where it has easy access to
air interface measurements.

Provides higher capabilities and per user data

rate over 3G systems.
Use 3G infrastructure with little change in 3G
software.
Categories: Use Licensed Spectrum
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA).
Enhanced General Packet Radio Service (EGPRS).

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Wireless Communication

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Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS)

Wireless Communication

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Cover very large areas

Different orbit heights
GEOs (39000 Km) versus LEOs
(2000 Km)
Optimized for one-way transmission
Radio (XM, Sirius) and movie
(SatTV, DVB/S) broadcasts

Most two-way systems struggling

or bankrupt
Global Positioning System (GPS) use
growing
Satellite signals used to pinpoint
location
Popular in cell phones, PDAs, and
navigation devices

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WLAN: Network Types

Wireless Communication

Satellite Systems

It is fully compatible with regular GSM, HSCSD, and

GPRS.
It sometimes referred to as EHSCSD.
It has nine different MCSs (Modulation and Coding
Schemes), each designed for a different quality
connection.
The type of modulation and amount of FEC necessary
for each combination, along with the data capacity
available from a single slot and from the entire
channel.
Voice will either use ordinary GSM or be packetized
and carried as data.
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Wireless Communication

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IEEE 802.11 Standard

Classification of networks via dimension:

Private Area Network (PAN): Bluetooth, UWB
Local Area Network (LAN): IEEE 802.11
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): IEEE 802.16

Wide Area Network (WAN): IEEE 802.20

Regional Area Network (RAN): IEEE 802.22
Network

RAN

MAN

40 km

IEEE 802.22

1-2 km (5GHz)

LLC
Sublayer

IEEE 802.16

LAN

33 m
20 m

Data
Link

IEEE 802.11b
IEEE 802.11a

MAC
Sublayer

20-50 m
WiMAX

WiFi

PAN

Home 10 m
Bluetooth IEEE 802.15
RF
54 Mbps

11 Mbps
Maximum data rate

1 Mbps
2.4 GHz
10 Mbps
2.4 GHz

Physical

802.1
Overview,
Architecture,
Management,
Internetworking

802.2 Logical Link Control

CSMA
/CD

Wireless
Local
Area
Networks

Wireless
Personal
Area
Networks

Broadband
Wireless
Access

Mobile
Broadband
Wireless
Access

Wireless
Regional
Area
Networks

802.3

802.11

802.15

802.16

802.20

802.22

5 GHz
2.4 GHz

20 Mbps
3.5 GHz, 5 GHz
54 -862 MHz

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Wireless Communication

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Wireless Communication

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20-09-2012

Wireless LANs: Motivation/Application

Areas
Advantages

Internet access
networks in exhibition halls
hospitals
warehouses
airports
structure of networks in
historic buildings
extension of existing wired
local area networks in offices,
universities etc.

flexibility
widely available Internet access
at low cost
ad-hoc-networks
no problems with cables

Problems
higher error rate on the
transmission link in comparison
to Standard-LANs
security aspects
shared medium
national restrictions, no
international standards at used
frequency bands (Industrial
Scientific Medical (ISM)- Band)

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Wireless LAN Standard

Wireless Communication

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Wireless Communication

IEEE 802.11: WLAN standards

WiMax: IEEE 802.16

IEEE 802.11 working group is responsible to WLAN

standard

Working Group started in August 1998

Standard

Frequency

Max. Data
rate

Normal data
rate

Modulation

Range R
(indoor/outdo
or)

Advantage

Disadvantage

802.11

2.4 GHz

2 Mbps

1.2 Mbps

DSSS, HSSS,
IR

30/300

Range R

Very tiny DR

802.11a

5 GHz

54 Mbps

32 Mbps

OFDM

10/100

Higher DR

Relatively low
R

802.11b

2.4 GHz

11 Mbps

7 Mbps

DSSS

30/300

Range

Low DR

802.11g

2.4 GHz

54 Mbps

32 Mbps

OFDM

30/300

Higher DR
and R

More
inferences

2.4 GHz Band

3 channels without overlapping

transmitted power max. 100 mW

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Specifies wireless metropolitan area network air interface for fixed, portable,
mobile broadband wireless access (http://WirelessMAN.org)
First version completed on Oct 2001 (802.16-2001), published on April 8, 2002
Unlike Wi-Fi, allows two-way simultaneous (full-duplex) communication
Data rates can be lowered if longer operating range is desired
Significant interest shown on 802.16e mobile client standard (which overlaps
IEEE 802.20 charter), essentially a cellular standard

Initially focused on line-of-sight (LOS) frequency bands between 10 to 66

GHz
802.16-2001 standard employs single carrier modulation due LOS connectivity,
supports continuously varying traffic levels at many licensed frequencies (e.g.,
10.5, 25, 26, 31, 38, 39 GHz)

5 GHz Band

2,4 to 2,4835 GHz

14 overlapping channels

Subsequent interest on 2 to 11 GHz (non LOS) bands led to 802.16a

(ratified Jan 2003), which supports both unlicensed and licensed bands

5.15 5.725GHz
19 channels without overlapping
transmitted power max. 1000 mW with
TPC (Transmission Power Control) and
DFS (Dynamic Frequency Selection)

Wireless Communication

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Fixed access standard ratified on June 29, 2004

Uplink performance enhancement to 802.16a
Supports one MAC layer and three physical layers: single carrier, 256-carrier OFDM,
2048-carrier OFDMA
256-OFDM comprises 192 data, 56 guard, 8 pilot subcarriers (i.e., 200 active
subcarriers)
Configurable cyclic prefix: 8, 16, 32, 64 additional samples
Optional use of Turbo codes
Synchronization and channel estimation via known preambles that comprises two
BPSK OFDM symbols (downlink) and 1 BPSK OFDM symbol (uplink)
Short frame duration (1-2 ms), possible to omit adaptive channel estimates for
fixed wireless deployments
Initial products to operate on licensed (2.5-2.69 GHz, 3.4-3.6 GHz) and unlicensed
(5.725-5.850 GHz) bands
Primary licensed-exempt bands range from 5 to 6 GHz, dynamic frequency
selection allows frequency detection and avoidance
Wi-Max Forum focuses on 256-OFDM for fixed access

ETSI HiperMAN identical to 802.16-2004 but has only OFDM physical layer

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Wireless Communication

Wireless Communication

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IEEE 802.16-2004: Modulation and

Coding Scheme

IEEE 802.16-2004

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Can be made adaptive to achieve to various tradeoffs of data rates and

robustness depending on the channel and interference conditions
Similar to 802.11a/g: spectral efficiency can be higher than 802.11a/b/g
but still lower than 802.11n

Adds an outer Reed-Solomon block code

Interleaving reduces effect of burst error
RS code concatenated with inner, mandatory convolution code, which
works well with random bit errors
Rate ID

Modulation

Code Rate

Bits/Symbol

Bits/OFDM
Symbols

Peek data rate for 5 MHz

Bandwidth (Mbps)

BPSK

1/2

0.5

88

1.89

QPSK

1/2

184

3.95

QPSK

3/4

0.5

280

16QAM

1/2

376

8.06

16QAM

3/4

568

12.18

64QAM

2/3

760

16.30

64QAM

3/4

4.5

856

18.36

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Wireless Communication

6.00

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20-09-2012

Summary of IEEE 802.16 Standards

802.16 (Oct 2001)

802.16a (Jan 2003)

802.16d (July 2004)

802.16e (Oct 2005)

Description

Based on LMDS

Based on MMDS and

HiperMAN

Uplink enhancement to
802.16a

Adds handoff, power save

capabilities to 802.16d

Frequency

10-66 GHz

2-11 GHz

2-11 GHz

2-6 GHz

Propagation
Condition

LOS

Non-LOS

Non-LOS

Non-LOS

Bit Rate

32-134 Mbps at 28 MHz

channelization

Upto 75 Mbps at 20 MHz

channelization

Upto 75 Mbps at 20 MHz

channelization

Variable 15 Mbps at 5 MHz

channelization

20, 25 MHz (US)

Channel
Bandwidth
Modulation

Scalable multiples of 1.25,

1.5, 1.75 MHz, upto 20 MHz

Scalable multiples of 1.25, 1.5,

1.75 MHz, upto 20 MHz

Similar to 802.16d but subchannelization

Single carrier,

256-OFDM,

BPSK, QPSK,

BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM,

64QAM

256-OFDM, 2048OFDMA,BPSK, QPSK,

16QAM, 64QAM

256-OFDM,
128/512/1024/2048-OFDMA

TDMA using 256-OFDM,

inherent in 2048-OFDMA

28 MHz (Europe)

16QAM, 64QAM
MAC Protocol

TDMA

TDMA

TDMA using 256-OFDM,

inherent in 2048-OFDMA

Mobility

Fixed

Fixed

Fixed and Normadic

Network
Topology
Typical Cell
Radius

Fixed and Mobile

Point to Point,

Point to Point,

Point to Point,

Point to Point,

Point to Multipoint

Point to Multipoint

Point to Multipoint, Mesh

Point to Multipoint, Mesh

1- 3 miles

3- 30 miles

3- 30 miles

1- 3 miles

(5 50 km)

(5 50 km)

(2 5 km)

(2 5 km)

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Mobile Broadband: IEEE 802.20

Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Working Group
Chartered to develop specification for an efficient packet-based air interface
optimized for IP data transport
Established in December 2002
Considered licensed bands below 3.5 GHz
Peak data rates per user in excess of 1 Mbit/s
Supports various vehicular mobility classes up to 250 Km/h in a metro environment

Focuses on Flash-OFDM physical layer

Invented by Flarion Technologies, was acquired by Qualcomm in August 2005
Divides radio spectrum into a number of equally spaced and orthogonal OFDM
subcarriers (tones)
Applies fast frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) technique across those
tones, spreading data over a wide range of bandwidth
Supports a larger number of users and transmissions, highly secure
Cross-layer (vertically integrated) physical and MAC layer design

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Wireless Communication

WPAN: IEEE 802.15

Ultra Wideband (UWB)

Working group with specializes in WPAN standards.

Characteristics

UWB is a radio technology that can be used at very low energy

levels for short-range high-bandwidth communications by using a
large portion of the radio spectrum.

Short-range
Low Power
Low Cost
Small networks
Communication of devices within a Personal Operating Space

Bandwidth > 500MHz

Fractional bandwidth

It is an impulse radio: sends pulses of tens of picoseconds (10-12) to

nanoseconds (10-9)

Task Groups

Duty cycle of only a fraction of a percent

TG1: WPAN/Bluetooth
TG2: Coexistance
TG3: High rate WPAN > UWB
TG4: Low rate WPAN > ZigBee, RFID
TG5: Mesh networking
TG6: Body area network

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Wireless Communication

A carrier is not necessarily needed

Controlled by 802.15.3 with high data rate of 1 Gbps
Two proposals
Direct-sequence UWB (Motorola/XtremeSpectrum)
MB-OFDM UWB (by MBOA lead by Intel/TI)

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ZigBee

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Wireless Communication

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Wireless Communication

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Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a global, RF-based short-range, connectivity solution for
portable, personal devices

ZigBee is the name of a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols
using small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2006 standard for
WPANs
The technology is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs.
ZigBee is targeted at RF applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and
secure networking.
ZigBee standard maintained and published by ZigBee Alliance
Application areas
Home Entertainment and Control Smart lighting, advanced temperature control,
safety and security, movies and music
Home Awareness Water sensors, power sensors, smoke and fire detectors, smart
appliances and access sensors
Mobile Services m-payment, m-monitoring and control, m-security and access
control, m-healthcare and tele-assist
Commercial Building Energy monitoring, HVAC, lighting, access control
Industrial Plant Process control, asset management, environmental management,
energy management, industrial device control

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it is not just a radio, it is an end-to-end solution

Radio (RF)
The Bluetooth radio front-end
2.4GHz ISM band; 1Mbps
1,600hops/sec; 0dBm (1mW) radio (up to 20dBm)
Baseband (BB)
Piconet/Channel definition
Low-level packet definition
Channel sharing

The Bluetooth spec comprises

a HW & SW protocol specification
usage case scenario profiles and interoperability requirements

IEEE 802.15 is working on standardizing the PHY and MAC layers in

Bluetooth
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RFID

Sensor Network

RFID is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and

remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags
The technology requires some extent of cooperation of an RFID reader
and an RFID tag.
An RFID tag is an object that can be applied to or incorporated into a
product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification and tracking
using radio waves.
Some tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of
sight of the reader.
Most RFID tags contain at least two parts.

WSN is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using

sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions
such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations

Unique characteristics of a WSN include:

One is an integrated circuit for storing and processing information, modulating

and demodulating a RF signal, and other specialized functions.
The second is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal.

There are generally two types of RFID tags: active RFID tags, which contain
a battery, and passive RFID tags, which have no battery

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Limited power they can harvest or store

Ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions
Ability to cope with node failures
Mobility of nodes
Dynamic network topology
Communication failures
Heterogeneity of nodes
Large scale of deployment
Unattended operation

Communicate with ZigBee, WirelessHART, and 6lowpan/ISA100, which are based on

IEEE 802.15.4 - 2006

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Media Independent Handover: IEEE

802.21

FCCs landmark Notice of Proposed Rule Making issued in May 2004

Tasked with developing standard that ensures co-operation among 802-type

wireless networks and mobile telephony
Goal is to provide seamless network connectivity across a wide range of networks
Will formulate procedures allowing mobile devices to recognize and analyze radio
environment around them
Different layers in software may trigger network handoffs e.g., from Wi-Fi to 3G
Will enable mobile VoIP and other enterprise applications to be deployed in the
field as easily as they were in the office

Plans to open up a significant portion of TV spectrum for unlicensed use by

secondary (cognitive) devices
Motivated by transition from analog to digital TV
See http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-04-113A1.pdf
FCC recognizes great deal of TV white space spectrum can be exploited by
unlicensed devices

Proposed rule making led to formation of IEEE 802.22 working group

Latest IEEE 802 working group formed in October 2004, focuses on Wireless
Regional Area Networks (WRANs)
To develop a cognitive radio-based air interface for use by low-power licenseexempt devices to share spectrum in UHF TV bands
Maximum output power for fixed devices: 1 W, for portable devices: 100 mW
Working group expects to complete a specification for balloting by Jan 2007
Unofficially known as Wi-Fi TV

Key technical problems

How to accommodate simultaneous operation of multiple radios e.g., Bluetooth,
GPRS, Wi-Fi, GPS

Need to resolve interference issues

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WRAN: IEEE 802.22 (cont..)

Prime RF channels were reserved for first broadband wireless application: TV
broadcasting
Impairments due to environmental factors (e.g., rain, snow) less significant
Deeper wall penetration in buildings and houses than microwave frequencies
used by other wireless access technologies
Lower signal attenuation results in wider coverage (omnidirectional coverage
of at least 25 miles from a well-sited base station)
Trial broadband network in Washington D.C. at 700 MHz covers entire metro
area with 10 sites, compared to 400 sites for 4.9 GHz
Can support high-bandwidth and high-speed mobility: HDTV Mobile
Reception in Automobiles, Proceedings of IEEE, Jan 2006

NASAs new onboard Electra UHF relay transceiver provides faster data
rates required for all future orbiters, landers, and rovers

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Wireless Communication

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Performance Improvement Techniques

Many favorable propagation characteristics inherent in UHF channels

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44

WRAN: IEEE 802.22

Unlike 802.11 or 802.16, not a physical layer standard

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Link Adaptation.
Advanced Time Division Multiple Access (ATDMA).
MIMO Channel:
Diversity: Space, Time, Frequency, Polarization.
Space Time Coding.
Spatial Multiplexing: V-BLAST.

Ultra Wide-Band (UWB).

Multi-carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA).
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM).
Smart Antenna Array Processing Techniques.
Software Defined Radio (SDR).
Cognitive Radio (CR)

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Link Adaptation Techniques

MIMO - Diversity: Space Time Coding

Modulation, coding rate and other signal transmission parameters are

dynamically controlled in accordance with the time-varying channel
conditions
Modulation Constellation Size.
Symbol Rate.
Coding Rate.
Transmitted Power Level.
Delay Spread.
Any combination of these parameters

Link Adaptation
Algorithm

Feedback
Channel

Channel State &

Quality Estimation

Data
In

Adaptive
Modulation
Transmitter

Fading
Channel

Adaptive
Demodulation

Channel

Data
out

Receiver

Requires feedback information from RX about channel condition

Define transmission modes: Combinations of modulation /coding schemes
etc.
Ensure that the most efficient transmission mode is used when channel
conditions change to use a mode selection criterion, based on feedback
information from RX

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A smart antenna system combines multiple antenna elements with a signalprocessing capability to optimize its radiation and/or reception pattern
automatically in response to the signal environment.
Benefits:
better range/coverage: by increase the signal gain through the combined signals from
different antenna
increased capacity: by precise control of signal nulls quality and mitigation of
interference combine to frequency reuse reduce distance
multipath rejection: can reduce the effective delay spread of the channel, allowing
higher bit rates to be supported without the use of an equalizer due to spatial diversity.
reduced expense : Due to power efficiency, lower amplifier costs, power consumption,
and higher reliability will result.

Two major categories of smart antennas regarding the choices in transmit strategy:
switched beam - a finite number of fixed, predefined patterns or
combining strategies (sectors)
adaptive array - an infinite number of patterns (scenario-based) that are
adjusted in real time

Wireless Communication

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Multi-Carrier CDMA
The MC-CDMA signal is made up of a series of equal amplitude
subcarriers.
It transmits the same data symbol over each Nth subcarrier.
MC-CDMA applies spreading in the frequency domain by mapping a
different chip of the spreading sequence to an individual OFDM
subcarrier.
In MC-CDMA spreading is done in the frequency domain by toggling
the subcarrier phase between 0 and in accordance with the
spreading code.
The MC-CDMA transmitter can be implemented by concatenating a
DS-CDMA spreader and an OFDM transmitter.
At the receiver a coherent detection method is employed to
successfully despread the signal.
Equal gain combining (EGC) and maximum ratio combining (MRC)
are standard combining techniques used in MC-CDMA receivers.

MIMO-OFDM: developed by Iospan Wireless and allows service

providers to deploy a Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) system
that has Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) functionality.
Wideband OFDM (W-OFDM): developed by Wi-Lan, develops
spacing between channels large enough so that any frequency
errors between transmitter and receiver have no effect on
performance.
Vector OFDM (VOFDM): It uses the concept of MIMO technology
and is also being developed by Cisco Systems.
Flash OFDM: Flarion (Lucent/Bell Labs spinoff) has developed this
technology, also called fast-hopped OFDM, which uses multiple
tones and fast hopping to spread signals over a given spectrum
band.

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It is a digital modulation scheme in which a wideband signal is split

into a number of narrowband signals.
The symbol duration of a narrowband signal will be larger than that
of a wideband signal, the amount of time dispersion caused by
multipath delay spread is reduced.
It is a special case of multicarrier modulation (MCM) in which
multiple user symbols are transmitted in parallel using different
subcarriers with overlapping frequency bands that are mutually
orthogonal.
The overlapping multicarrier technique implements the same
number of channels as conventional FDM, but with a much reduced
bandwidth requirement.
Its spread spectrum technique distributes the data over a large
number of carriers that spaced apart at precise frequency.
This spacing provides the orthogonality of this technique.
The subcarriers are data modulated using phase shift keying (PSK)
or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).
It provides high spectral efficiency, resiliency to RF interference and
lower multipath distortion.

Types of OFDM

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Wireless Communication

Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing

Smart Antenna

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It is a powerful technique that provides

capacity improvement of wireless link at
relatively low cost
It exploits the random nature of radio
propagation by finding independent (or at
least highly uncorrelated) signal paths for
communication.
Types of Diversity: Space, Time, Frequency
and Polarization.
Combining Scheme at RX: Maximum Ratio
Combining (MRC), Equal Gain Combining
(EGC) and Selection Combining (SC).
Categories: Space Time Coding (STC) and
Spatial Multiplexing (V-BLAST).
STC: Space Time Trellis Code (STTC) and
Space Time Block Code (STBC) => Alamouti
Transmit Diversity Scheme (ATD).

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