Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Schmidt-Cass for short) uses a combination of mirrors and lenses and is referred to as a compound or catad
design offers large-diameter optics while maintaining very short tube lengths, making them extremely port
system consists of a zero power corrector plate, a spherical primary mirror, and a secondary mirror. On
system, they travel the length of the optical tube three times.
Figure 3-1
A cutaway view of the light path of the Schmidt-Cassegrain optical design
= I
m
age
Magnification
Orientation
The image orientation changes depending on how the eyepiece is inserted into the telescope. When using the
right-side-up,
from left-to-right (i.e., reverted). If inserting the eyepiece directly into the visual
where
F
is
the
telescope
focal
length
and
f
but
is
reversed
the
eyepiece
diagonal), the image is upside-down and reversed from left-to-right (i.e., inverted). This is normal for the Sc
focal
length.
Field
of
View
(often
called
True
Field
of
View
TFOV)
=
AFOV
/
Magnification
=
AFOV
x
f/F
or
*
+
= =
,*-.
/*-.
where
AFOV
is
the
apparent
field
of
view
of
the
eyepiece
in
degrees
(remember
that
from
the
horizon
Actual image orientation as seen
Inverted image,
Reversed from left to right, as
to
the
zenith
is
90
degrees).
with the unaided eye
eyepiece dire
Focal Ratio:
/ =
Figure 3-2
25 the
lower
the
The
focal
ratio
represents
the
speed
of
a
telescopes
optics.
The
smaller
the
f/number,
magnification,
the
wider
the
field.
The
larger
the
f/number
the
higher
the
magnification
and
the
smaller
the
field
of
view.
Fast
f/4
to
f/5
focal
ratios
are
generally
best
for
lower
power
wide
field
observing
and
deep
space
photography.
Slow
f/11
to
f/15
focal
ratios
are
usually
better
suited
to
higher
power
lunar,
planetary,
and
binary
star
observing
and
high
power
photography.
Medium
f/6
to
f/10
focal
ratios
work
well
with
either.
A
Barlow
lens
(named
after
Peter
Barlow)
is
a
diverging
lens
that
can
be
attached
to
the
telescope
before
the
eyepiece
to
increase
the
magnification
by
the
indicated
factor
on
the
lens
(2x,
3x,
or
generally
nx).
This
will
increase
the
effective
focal
length
of
the
telescope
to
become
F=2F,
3F,
or
nF.
The
magnification
with
a
Barlow
lens
is
therefore
A Barlow lens increases the focal length of a telescope without increasing the ph
2/21/16, 5:42 PM
Figure 3-1
A cutaway view of the light path of the Schmidt-Cassegrain optical design
The optics of the NexStar have Starbright XLT coatings - enhanced multi-layer coatings on the primary and secondary mirrors for
increased reflectivity and a fully coated corrector for the finest anti-reflection characteristics.
Inside the optical tube, a black tube extends out from the center hole in the primary mirror. This is the primary baffle tube and it prevents
Fig.
:
Utilization
of
a
Barlow
lens
with
the
telescope
stray light from passing through to
the4eyepiece
or camera.
Barlow Amplification
co
hanges
depending
on
how
the
eyepiece
is
inserted
into
the
telescope.
When
using
the
ImThe
agimage
e OTherorientation
iamplification
entatifactor
n of a Barlow
is a function of its position in relation to the eyepiece and the objective lens (or
star
diagonal,
image
right-side-up,
but
reversed
from
left-to-right
reverted).
If
inserting
the
primary the
mirror).
For anyis
given
eyepiece and objective,
the Barlow-eyepiece
separation and (i.e.,
the Barlow-objective
The image
orientation
depending
how
theofeyepiece
is inserted
into the
When
using
the star diagonal, the image is
eyepiece
directly
into
the
visual
back
(i.e.,
without
the
star
diagonal),
the
image
is
upside-down
and
reversed
separation
arechanges
related because
the on
focal
plane
the eyepiece
is the same
as telescope.
the focal plane
of the
objective-Barlow
right-side-up,
but reversed
from
left-to-right
(i.e.,
reverted).
If inserting
the eyepiece directly into the
visual back (i.e., without the star
combination;
as the
separation T
between
the
eyepiece
and
the
Barlow increases, the separation
of
the Barlow and
from
l
eft-to-right
(
i.e.,
i
nverted).
his
i
s
n
ormal
f
or
t
he
S
chmidt-Cassegrain
d
esign.
diagonal), the image is upside-down and reversed from left-to-right (i.e., inverted). This is normal for the Schmidt-Cassegrain design.
objective decreases.
The amplification factor of a Barlow can be increased by increasing its separation from the eyepiece using an extension
tube it must simultaneously be brought closer to the objective.
One thing that you need to watch for with Barlows used outside their design amplification factor is spherical aberration.
SA will be minimised at the design factor, but will almost certainly be present outside this, although it may not be
discernible. (But visually, using the old trick of shifting the Barlow to the "other" side of the star diagonal or of using
extension tubes, this may be compensated by reduced SA in the eyepiece, as a consequence of a more acute light
cone.)
Eyepiece Choice
Figure 3-2
If you use a Barlow with fixed-focus eyepieces, you need to give some thought to a suitable choice. If, for example, you
Fig.
5:
have
The
aox2rientation
of
an
actual
image
(left)
as
viewed
from
the
Barlow and a 25mm eyepiece, there is little point in acquiring
a 12.5mm; it will mimic the 25mm + Barlow. A
25
telescope
eyepiece
with
(middle)
and
without
a
star
diagonal
right
suitable
choice might
be 32mm,
18mm,
12mm.
Stop here unless you fancy some basic high school physics & maths.
CCD CAMERA
We
will
bBarlow
e
using
a
Nikon
D750
DSLR
CCD
camera
with
the
telescope
to
Maths
record
the
observations
digitally
by
replacing
the
eyepiece
by
the
camera
so
the
image
is
formed
on
Barlow
the
CCD
chip
directly.
The
camera
has
the
Calculating
magnification:
following
specifications:
Sensor
type
=
CMOS
http://astunit.com/astunit_tutorial.php?topic=barlow
Sensor
size
=
35.9mm
x
24.0mm
(width
x
height)
Sensor
diagonal
=
43.18
mm
(1.7
inch)
Sensor
surface
area
=
861.6
mm2
Sensor
resolution
=
6038
x
4025
pixels
=
24302950
=
24.30
Megapixels
(MP)
Maximum
resolution
=
6016
x
4016
pixels
Minimum
resolution
=
1968
x
1112
pixels
Aspect
Ratio
=
3:2
Pixel
area
=
35.4
m2
Total
megapixels
=
24.92
million
Pixel
density
=
2.83
MP/cm2
Effective
megapixels
=
24.30
million
Pixel
pitch
=
5.95
m
ISO:
100-12800
(expands
to
50-51200)
Crop
factor
=
1
Min.
-
Max.
Shutter
Speed
=
1/4000
30
s
Page 2 of 4
problem.
The lower the f -ratio, the more severe this problem becomes. An f /10
paraboloid is nearly flat and still looks nearly paraboloidal when approached
from a degree or two off axis. An f /4 paraboloid is deeply curved and suffers
appreciable coma in that situation. For that reason, fast telescopes, although
designed for wide-field viewing, often arent very sharp at the edges of the field.
Complex mirror and lens systems can reduce aberrations but never eliminate them completely. Any optical design is a compromise between tolerable
Figure
star clusters
M35 and NGCsee
2158Astrophotography
(smaller), imaged at
prime
focus of
a
errors.5.9.
ForThe
more
about aberrations,
forthe
the
Amateur
(1999),
14-cm
(5.5-inch)
f
/7
TEC
apochromatic
refractor.
Stack
of
three
5-minute
exposures
at
ISO
pp. 7173.
800 with a filter-modified Nikon D50 through a Baader UV/IR-blocking filter, using a
Incidentally, f /1 is not a physical limit. Canon once made a 50-mm f /0.95
Losmandy equatorial mount and an autoguider on a separate guidescope. (William J.
lens. Radio astronomers use dish antennas that are typically f /0.3.
Shaheen.)
5.3.4 Moon
Field of view
0.5
Observer
Field
of The
view
= 2 tan
Figure
5.10.
apparent
size of objects in the sky is measured as an angle. (From
2 Focal length
Astrophotography for the Amateur.)
58
For
focal
lengths
much
longer
than
the
sensor
size,
such
as
telescopes,
a
much
simpler
formula
gives
almost
For focal lengths much longer than the sensor size, such as telescopes, a much
exactly
the
same
result
simpler formula gives almost exactly the same result:
5.11 shows the field of view of a Canon or Nikon APS-C sensor (Digital
When
using
the
CCD
camera
Figure
with
the
telescope
the
magnification
becomes
Rebel family, Nikon D70 family, and the like) with various focal lengths, superimposed on an image of the Pleiades
star cluster. For the same concept applied to
=
telephoto lenses, see p. 71, and for more about field of view, see Astrophotography
for the Amateur (1999), pp. 7375.
If
using
Barlow
lens
59
In
our
case,
the
minimum
magnification
(with
no
Barlow
lens)
is
M
=
47.1
(with
F
=
2032
mm
and
sensor
diagonal
size
=
43.18
mm)
Fig.
7:
Angular
measurement
(top)
and
the
angular
size
of
an
object
(bottom)
The
angular
size
of
an
object
()
can
be
expressed
in
terms
of
its
linear
size
(D)
and
distance
from
the
observer
(d)
as
follows.
= ( )
=
= 57.3
(
)
360 2
= 3,437.7 ( )
= 206,265 ( )
If
you
extend
your
hand
to
arm's
length,
you
can
use
your
fingers
to
estimate
angular
distances
and
sizes
in
the
sky.
Your
index
finger
is
about
1
and
the
distance
across
your
palm
is
about
10.
Fig.
8:
Estimating
the
angular
size
with
the
human
hand
The
angle
covered
by
the
diameter
of
the
full
moon
is
about
31
arcmin
or
1/2,
so
astronomers
would
say
the
Moon's
angular
diameter
is
31
arcmin,
or
the
Moon
subtends
an
angle
of
31
arcmin.
Fig.
9:
The
angular
size
of
the
sky
(180)
and
the
moon
(0.52)
PROCEDURE
1. Follow
the
setup
instructions
in
the
manual
to
setup
the
telescope
to
observe
the
moon.
2. View
the
moon
with
the
following
eyepieces
and
calculate
the
magnification
(M)
and
true
field
of
view
(TFOV)
in
each
case.
a. Celestron
X-Cel
with
f
=
25
mm
and
AFOV
=
52
b. Orion
Sirius
Plossl
with
f
=
40
mm
and
AFOV
=
43
3. Estimate
the
angular
size
of
the
moon
in
the
following
cases:
a. With
your
hand
b. Through
the
telescope
with
the
two
eyepieces
above.
c. With
the
CCD
camera
and
the
telescope:
i. Use
a
moon/neutral
density
filter
when
observing
a
full
moon
to
reduce
glare
and
enhance
contrast.
ii. Use
shutter
speed
in
the
1/3000
1/4000
range
and
check
each
image
you
take
to
ensure
that
it
is
not
under
of
over
exposed.
iii. Obtain
the
field
of
view
of
the
CCD
sensor
from
the
equations
on
page
4
above
or
one
of
the
tools
at
the
links
below.
Link
1:
http://www.scantips.com/lights/fieldofview.html
If
you
enter
in
the
Subject
Distance
the
distance
to
the
moon
in
km
(from
Stellarium
on
the
date
and
time
of
the
observation),
you
get
the
field
of
view
in
km
in
addition
to
degrees.
Link
2:
http://www.astro.shoregalaxy.com/dslr_calc.htm
Use
6016
for
DSLR
Max.Resolution-
Width
(pixels)
iv. You
can
then
calculate
the
portion
occupied
by
the
moon.
4. Use
the
2x,
3x,
and
5x
Barlow
lenses
to
obtain
magnified
and
zoomed-in
images
of
regions
of
interest
of
the
moon.
You
will
need
a
slower
shutter
speed
with
the
increased
magnification.
5. Calculate
the
radius
of
the
moon
using
the
CCD
image
and
the
scale
you
have
set
from
the
CCD
field
of
view.
Use
Stellarium
to
get
the
distance
to
the
moon
at
the
time
of
the
observation.
6. Determine
the
radius
of
two
of
the
prominent
lunar
surface
features
such
as
the
Copernicus,
Kepler,
Al-Khwarizmi,
Alhazen,
Avicenna,
Aristoteles,
and
Plato
craters.
Use
the
lunar
atlas
at
the
link
below
to
identify
the
crater.
http://www.visit-the-moon.com/lunar-atlas
7. Calculate
the
percentage
error
in
3
(b),
3
(c),
5,
and
6.
QUESTIONS
Answer
the
following
questions
as
part
of
your
lab
report.
1. From
the
specifications
of
the
Schmidt-Cassegrain
telescope
given
above
and
in
the
telescope
manual,
show
how
the
2032
mm
focal
length
of
the
telescope
is
arrived
at.
2. Provide
a
scientific
reasoning
to
the
image
orientations
shown
in
Fig.
5.
Bonus
3. It
is
argued
that
a
full
moon
close
to
the
horizon
is
considerably
bigger
in
angular
size
(see
photo
below)
than
when
it
is
high
in
the
sky.
Can
the
angular
size
of
the
moon
change?
Make
an
argument
to
confirm
or
refute
this.
Fig.
10:
The
full
moon
looking
massive
as
it
sets
behind
the
Very
Large
Telescope
(VLT)
in
Chile
(left)
and
the
Lick
Observatory
in
California
(right)