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REVISION NOTES
CHAPTER 1.
1.1
BASE QUANTITIES AND DERIVED QUANTITIES.
1. A quantity that be measured are physical quantity: examples are area of rectangle area is the quantity and the
rectangle is the physical object.
2. Physical quantities are divided to BASE and DERIVED QUANTITIES. A BASE quantity is a quantity that cannot be
defined in terms of other physical quantities. Units for BASE quantities are called SI units.
3. LIST OF BASE QUANTITIES
Base quantity
SI unit
Symbol
Mass, m
kilogram
kg
Length, l
meter
m
Time, t
seconds
s
Temperature, T (thermodynamic temperature)
kelvin
K
Electric current, I
ampere
A
Quantity of matter
mole
mole
4. DERIVED quantities are derived by multiplications and divisions of BASE quantities. Its a
combination of various basic quantities. Units are known as derived units.
5. LIST OF DERIVED QUANTITIES
Derived quantity
Relationship with the base quantity
Derived unit
Power
Pressure
Scientific notation
Prefixes .
Prefix
Multiple
TERA
1 000 000 000 000
GIGA
1 000 000 000
MEGA
1 000 000
KILO
1 000
HECTO
100
DECA
10
Sub-multiple
DESI
0.1
CENTI
0.01
MILLI
0.001
MICRO
0.000 001
NANO
0.000 000 001
PICO
0.000 000 000 001
In scientific notation
10 12
10 9
10 6
10 3
102
101
SYMBOL
T
G
M
k
h
da
10 1
10 2
10 3
10 6
10 9
10 -12
d
c
m
n
p
1.2
MEASUREMENTS.
1. PRECISION is the degree of uniformity or reproducibility of the measurements.
Is the ability of an instrument in measuring a quantity in a consistent manner with only a small
relative deviation between readings.
A high precision indicates a small deviation. And a low precision indicates a large deviation.
Absolute deviation is the difference between a value and the mean value for the whole measurements.
Relative deviation is the percentage of mean deviation for a set of measurements.
Relative deviation = mean deviation X 100 %
mean value
2. ACCURACY is the degree of closeness of the measurements to the true or accepted value.
Is the approximation of the measurement to the actual value for a certain quantity of physics.
Accuracy of a measurement can be increased by:
a. taking a number of repeated readings to calculate the mean value of the readings
b. avoiding the end errors or zero errors
c. taking into account the zero and parallax errors
d. using more sensitive equipment such as a vernier caliper to replace a ruler.
3. SENSITIVITY of an instrument is its ability to detect small changes in the quantity that is being measured. Measuring
instruments that have smaller scale parts are more sensitive.
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
a. VERNIER CALIPER
CHAPTER 2.
2.0
FORCES AND MOTION
EQUATIONS FOR LINEAR MOTION WITH UNIFORM ACCELERATION.
LINEAR MOTION EQUATIONS.
b.
c.
v = u + at
s = 1 x (u + v) t
2
DERIVE ALL THESE EQUATIONS, from the above formulae.
d.
s = ut + 1 at 2
2
e.
v 2 = u 2 + 2as
2.1
2. Velocity-time graph
2a. object is not moving, velocity is zero,
(gradient is zero) acceleration zero
2. Acceleration-time graph
a. object not moving, acceleration zero
INERTIA
Inertia = of an object is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or if moving to continue its
motion.
= is the property of matter that causes it to resist any change in its motion or state of rest.
The charecteristics of inertia can be described by
NEWTONS FIRST LAW OF MOTION. STATES:
every object will continue in its state of uniform velocity or at rest unless it is acted
upon by an external force.
o ( MASS DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF INERTIA ).
o AN OBJECT WITH A LARGER MASS HAS A LARGER INERTIA.
4. B.
Unbalanced Forces. When the forces acting on an object is not at balance the object will accelerate or
decelerate.
The net force is known as the unbalanced force or the resultant force. Net force occur when there is
unbalanced forces acting on an object.
Fb > Fs
Fb Fs = ma
Net force = ma.
Free Fall.
- objects falls without encountering any resistance from a height towards the earth with an acceleration due to gravity, the
object is said to be free falling.
- All objects which free fall from the same height have the same gravitational acceleration, g. But a free fall can only occur
in vacuum.
MASS AND WEIGHT.
1.
Mass is the amount of matter content in an object(body).
2.
Weight is the gravitational force exerted on an object by the earth.
3.
Weight is therefore a force and measured in Newton, N. Weight is a vector quantity.
Weight = mg
2.9
PULLEY SYSTEM
2.10
WORK.
a.
b.
c.
=F X s
F = force, s = displacement
=
=
Nm.
J.
Energy is defined as the capacity for doing work. The S.I. unit for energy is Joule.
Types of Energy.
a.
Gravitational potential energy
Gravitational potential energy is the energy of an object due to its higher position in the gravitational field. Gravitational potential
energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its location.
b.
Elastic potential energy
Elastic potential energy is the energy that is due to a state of compression or stretching.
The elastic potential energy =
c.
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy of an object due to its motion.
2.11
Elasticity
The forces of repulsion act when solids are compressed and forces of attraction act when solids are stretched.
The resultant force is zero when the particles are in a state of equilibrium. Therefore, in such a case, the force of attraction is equal to
the force of repulsion.
Elasticity is the characteristic of a solid to return to its original shape and size after a stretching or compressive force is removed.
The forces of repulsion act when solids are compressed and forces of attraction act when solids are stretched.
Hooke's law
Hooke's law defined that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force provided that the elastic limit is not
exceeded. It can be written as:
F= k x
where, F is the force on the spring, k is the spring constant and x is the extension of the spring.
The elastic potential energy stored in a stretched spring is given by: ______________________
The spring constant, k is a value that depends on the
(a) type of substance
(b) diameter of the spring
(c) diameter of the wire from which the spring is made.
(d) original length of the spring.
The elastic limit is defined as the maximum force which can be acted upon a given elastic substance before the substance loses its
elastic characteristics.
CHAPTER 3.
3.0
3.1
PRESSURE IN LIQUIDS
Pressure in liquids caused by the weight of liquids. The pressure at a point in a liquid, at a particular depth, acts equally in
all directions. The pressure in a liquid increases with depth. The pressure at
a point in a liquid depends on its vertical distance from the surface of the liquid.
2.
Deriving a Formula for Pressure in a liquid.
1.
b.
b.
3.2
PASCALS PRINCIPLE
Pascals Principle states that when pressure is applied to an enclosed fluid, the pressure will be
transmitted equally throughout the whole enclosed fluid.
Pascals Principle states that in a confined fluid, an externally applied pressure is transmitted
uniformly in all directions. It is also known as the principle of transmission of pressure in a liquid.
When a small force of F1 is exerted at the small piston a larger force of F2 will be exerted at the larger piston.
3.3
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLES
states that for a body immersed wholly or partially in a fluid, the upward buoyant force acting on the
body is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
( buoyant force is an upward force resulting from an object being wholly or partially immersed in a fluid)
BUOYANT FORCE =
WEIGHT OF LIQUID DISPLACED
=
pVg
p
=
density of the liquid
V
=
volume of liquid displaced
G
=
gravity
1. if objects are freely floating on water( liquid ):
weight of object = buoyant force
2. when weight of object is equal to the buoyant force than the :
weight of object = weight of liquid displaced
[weight of liquid displaced = buoyant force]
Formula for buoyant force:
3.4
BERNOULLIS PRINCIPLE
- states that when the velocity of a fluid is high, the pressure is low and when the
velocity is low, the pressure is high.
CHAPTER 4.
HEAT
4.1
TEMPERATURE, HEAT AND THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
Temperature
The degree of hotness or coldness of an object, it is expressed as a number on the
temperature scale. SI unit is Kelvin (K).
Is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in a substance.
Heat
Heat is energy transfer from a higher temperature substance to a lower temperature
substance. Heat is the energy transfers from one object to another because of the
differences in temperature. Unit of measurement is Joule (J).
Thermal Equilibrium
When objects in thermal contact reach the same temperature, these objects are in
thermal equilibrium. There is no net heat flow between them.
The amount of heat energy flowing out of one object is the same as the amount
flowing in.
The rate of heat absorption equals to the rate of heat dissipation at the same
temperature
e.g.
a thermometer is read when it has reached thermal
equilibrium with the substance being measured
4.2
Different substance will have different ability to transfer heat energy, the specific heat capacity is used to compare these
ability.
The Specific Heat Capacity of a material is defined as the amount of energy that must be transferred to change the temperature of
one kilogram of a material by 1oC or 1K.
A substance with a larger heat capacity will experience a smaller temperature rise when absorbing heat.
Specific Heat Capacity
Q=mc
C = Q_
m
C = specific heat capacity
Q = amount of energy absorbed or released( J )
= changes in temperature ( OC)
m = mass of the object / material (Kg)
4.3
2.
SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF FUSION, lf (L) of a substance is the amount of heat energy required to change
1kg of a substance from solid state to liquid state without a change in temperature.
The SI unit for SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF FUSION, lf is joule per kilogram ( JKg-1)
Q = m L.
3.
SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION, lV (L) of a substance is the amount of heat energy required to
change 1kg of a substance from liquid state to gas state without a change in temperature.
The SI unit for SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION, lV is joule per kilogram ( JKg-1)
Q = m L.
GAS LAWS
A. BOYLES LAW .
a. Boyles Law : states that the pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume of the gas, provided
the temperature of the gas is constant.
b. When the temperature of a constant mass gas is constant , the average kinetic energy of all the gas particles are constant
too. If the volume of the gas is reduced , the number of gas particles per unit volume will increase. This will increase the
frequency of collision of the gas particles with the wall of the container which will increase the gas pressure.
B. CHARLES LAW.
a. Charless Law: states that for a fixed mass of ideal gas , the volume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at
constant pressure.
b. When the mass and the pressure of a gas are fixed, frequency of collision between the gas particles and the wall of the
container are constant. If the temperature is increased then the kinetic energy of the gas particles will increase, this will
increase the number/frequency of collision between the gas particles and the wall of the container, so the pressure
exerted by the gas particles on the wall of the container is increasing. The container at first will expand due to the
increase in the pressure but when the pressure becomes the same as before the expansion, the expansion will stop and
the gas will have a new different volume
( an increased volume), when the temperature is increased.
C. PRESSURE LAW.
a. Pressure Law: states that the pressure of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at constant
volume
b. When the temperature of a fixed volume and mass of a gas is increased the kinetic energy of the particles will increase.
The increase in the kinetic energy will increase the frequency of collision, thus this will increase the gas pressure.
CHAPTER 5 LIGHT
IMAGE FORMED BY A CONVEX MIRROR
C.
Refractive index, n
i. refractive index , n =
sin i
sin r
ii. refractive index , n
real depth
apparent depth
iv. refractive index , n =
1
sin c
Critical angle = C , an angle of incidence when the refracted rays angle is 90o .
The refracted ray travels along the two mediums boundary.
E.
Total Internal Reflection is the total reflection of a beam of light at the boundary of two
mediums, when the angle of incidence in the optically denser medium exceeds a specific
critical angle. The boundary between two mediums acts like a perfect plane mirror where
total internal reflection occurs.
D.
PRACTICE 1:
1.
Draw image formed by a concave mirror when :
a. when the object is at C
Linear Magnification.
i.
linear magnification ,
M = height of image
height of object
ii.
linear magnification ,
iii.
1 = 1
f
u
+ 1
v
Lens Power
Power ( D ) =
1
Focal length(m)
+ ___ D
- ___ D
Functions
Placed at a distance between 2F and F from the projector lens . As an object ,
placed inverted
Projector lens
To focus a clear image on the screen
Can be adjusted
Condenser
Consisting 2 plano-convex lenses to focus all the light on the object to obtain a
clear image on the screen
Concave mirror
To reflect all the light ray and to focus all the light ray to the slide .
* the slide is placed inverted so that the image will be upright
3. Compound Microscope
a. Focal length of the eye lens is longer than the focal length of an objective lens
Fe > Fo
b.
c.
d.
e.
4.Astronomy Telescope.
a. Focal length of the eye lens is shorter than the focal length of the objective lens
Fo > Fe
b. Power of the eye lens is bigger/higher than the power of the objective lens
c. Magnifications of the telescope :
M = focal length of the objective lens , fo
focal length of the eye lens(eyepiece) , fe
M =
PHYSIC FORM 4.
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