Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1, April 2013
I. INTRODUCTION2
1
Syamsul Hadi, Eddy Widiyono, Winarto, and Dedy Z. Noor are with
Department of Mechanical Engineering Diploma 3 Program, FTI,
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia. Email:syamsul@me.its.ac.id,eddy_w@me.its.ac.id,winarto@me.its.ac.id
, and zulnoor@me.its.ac.id.
IPTEK, The Journal for Technology and Science, Vol. 24, No. 1, April 2013
C. Heat Treatment
The speciments are treated using the variation of
austenation temperature, holding time and cooling rate as
tabulated in Table 2.
D. Metallurgical Test
Metallurgical test is carried out by 500 times
magnification [20]. Metallography test procedure is
described in Figure 2. EMS 45 Steel is etched by nital
and observed by Olympus microscope with
magnification 500x.
E. Hardenability Test
Rockwell method was applied for hardness test
equipment in the present work using ASTM E18
standard [21]. Hardness test was conducted by rockwell
method with scale C. Specimen surface was polished and
tested for every 5 mm distance.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Jominy test is functioned to measure hardenability
of a stell because it transforms from austenite to
martensite either in whole or part of it, as shown in
Figure 3.
Figure 5 shows the hardenability of EMS-45 stell after
it is treated at temperatur 9000C with the holding time 40
minute using the Jominy test. The maximum hardness is
achieved at the tip of the specimen with micro structure
martensite and value of 59 HRC. This hardness
decreases and the micro structure is changed from
martensite to pearlite when the distance is farther from
the tip as the result of slower cooling. The minimum
hardness is found to be 10 HRC with the micro structure
of rough pearlite.
In a slow cooling, austenite phase transformed into
ferrite and pearlite. This transformation occurs because
of diffusion that takes time and temperature, while the
martensite transformation does not occur due to diffusion
of atoms, but due to the thrust that goes very fast.
Martensite is a metastable structure in the form of supersaturated solid solution in which the carbon trapped in
the structure of the BCT (Body Center Tetragonal).
Hardening capacity describes the most hard surfaces that
can be achieved by rapid cooling process (quenching). It
can be achieved if there is 100% martensite in the
microstructure.
A. Heating Temperature Effect
Carbon content can raise the hardness of a steel
because it can resist the formation of ferrite-pearlite
phase thereby accelerating the formation of martensite
on the slow cooling rate but can not increase the
hardenability. Whereas a high austenization temperature
greatly influences hardness and hardenability of steel.
A higher austenization temperature enlarges the grain
size of austenite. It will affect transformation of austenite
transformation and the transformation curve moves to
the right in the transformation diagram. For the same
cooling rate, more martensite will be formed for a larger
grain size.
Before having Jominy test, the speciments have been
given the heat treatment with the holding time 40
minutes and the temperature variation of 9000 C, 8600 C,
and 8300 C. Based on the Jominy test, the hardness
IPTEK, T
The Journal for
fo Technologyy and Sciencee, Vol. 24, No. 1, April 2013
3
rapid coooling due to a higher coolinng rate suppoorted the
formationn of martensitee with the higgh hardness.
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on thhe testing resuults on EMS-45 steel usin
ng
Joonimy methood, some connclusions can be derived as
foollows:
1. The maxim
mum hardness was found onn the cooling tip
t
w the microo structure maartensite. This hardness vallue
with
deecreases and the microstruucture changeed into pearliite
duue to slow co
ooling when the distance away from the
t
coooling tip.
2. The highestt hardenability
y for Jominy test
t on EMS-445
stteel was achhieved at austenitation teemperature annd
hoolding time off 9000C and 40
4 minutes, resspectively.
3. Austenitatio
on temperaturre and holdinng time did not
n
giive significant effect on thee tip and the base cooling.
4. The highestt hardness andd the most rappid cooling was
w
acchieved usingg water while the lowest hardness and the
t
sllowest cooling
g was gained using
u
air as thhe medium.
5. The differen
nce between the
t test resultss with predictted
reesults was nott significant.
6. Jominy testt data can be used
u
as a referrence in the heeat
ning tool steell, as an effort to
trreatment proceess for harden
obbtain adequaate mechaniical propertiees and avooid
diistortion.
E. Avoidding Distorsioon
The haardenability curve
c
can bee devided innto four
hardness area and miccrostructures which are reelated to
distorsionn due to a rapiid cooling.
Figure 11 reveals the different microstructuure and
hardness as follows:
Area I hhad 85-100% martensite with
w high hardnness and
distortionn as a result off a high rapid cooling.
Area III was formedd by a rapid cooling
c
with 59-85%
martensitte. It had highh and homogeen hardness with
w low
distortionn.
Area III was occcopied by bainite
b
and pearlite
microstruuctures, it waas formed throough a slow cooling
rate resullting non hom
mogen and low
w hardness as well as
low distortion.
Area IV
V was form
med by slowesst cooling feerrit and
pearlit miicrostructures, it was not haappened hardnness and
very smalll distortion.
EMS-45
grindeed
wash
etcheed
sanded
m
microscope
polished
micro
strukturee
Dista
ance (mm)
Figure 5. H
Hardenability curve and micro struucture of EMS-455
stell w
with temperature 900
9 0C and holdinng tim 40 minute
70
60
HRC
50
40
40 menit
minutes
30 menit
minutes
30
20 menit
minutes
20
10
0
0
5 10 15 20 25 30
3 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Jara
ak (mm)
Dista
ance
(mm)
y curve of EMS-445 for temperaturre of 9000 C with different holdingg time i.e. 20, 30, and 40 minutes.
Figurre 7. Hardenability
Martensite
Martensite
Lower Bainite
10
100
(a)
Lower
Bainite
10
(b)
(c)
Figure 8. M
Micro structure of
o EMS-45 at tem
mperature 9000 C and
a diffrent holdinng time (a) 20 miinutes, (b) 30 min
nutes, (c) 40 minuutes.
A Water
Air
Result Test
T
Zehtab Prediction
P
Matja Prediction
SONG Prediction
Oil
M
Minyak
Air
u
udara
15
20
25
30
Jarak
Distance (mm)
35
40
45
50
55
60
(m
mm)
Distance (mm)
HRC
IPTEK, The Journal for Technology and Science, Vol. 24, No. 1, April 2013
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
II
III
11
IV
EMS 45
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Distance
Jarak (mm)
(mm)
Gambar 11. Hardenability curve of EMS-45 steel for testing at temperature of 9000 C and holding time 40 minutes
Material
Si
Mn
EMS 45
0,47 %
0,28 %
0,77 %
Material
EMS-45
EMS-45
EMS-45
EMS-45
EMS-45
EMS-45
EMS-45
TABLE 1.
THE COMPOSITION
P
S
0,01 %
0,07 %
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
Ni
Cu
0,03 %
0,01 %
0,02 %
TABLE 2.
HEAT TREATMENT OF SPECIMENT
Holding time (t)
Cooling media (sprayed)
40 minutes
Water
30 minutes
Water
20 minutes
Water
40 minutes
Water
40 minutes
Water
40 minutes
Oil
40 minutes
Air
REFERENCES
[1]
Cr
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
Sum of speciment
3 speciments
3 speciments
3 speciments
3 speciments
3 speciments
3 speciments
3 speciments
12
IPTEK, The Journal for Technology and Science, Vol. 24, No. 1, April 2013
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]