Serial Bus Debug

Hands-on Class: Switched Mode
Power Supply Measurements
Agenda
In this workshop well be learning
SMPS background and basics
Non-ideal behavior in switching components (switches, inductors, capacitors)
Key SMPS measurements
Measurement Accuracy (averaging, decimation and filtering)
Hands On Example: averaging, decimation and filtering
Hands On Example: measuring switching voltage and inductor current
Hands On Example: input and output current and voltage ripple
3/3/2014
FAST: Advanced Triggering
Agenda
3/3/2014
Power Systems: Everywhere, in Every Size

MicroWatts to MegaWatts
2.56 mm2 500 mW LED Driver
Small Off-Line Power Supply
3 MW Wind Power Controller
03.03.2014
SMPS Applications
AC/DC Power Supplies for Industry DC Drives/Welding/Motion Control

AC/AC Power Supplies for Industry Synchronous Drives
DC/DC Power Supplies Internal to Industrial Equipment
DC/AC for Automotive & Aircraft AC drives / AC Power
DC/DC Low-voltage for Automotive & Aircraft Numerous Systems Applications
DC/DC High-voltage for Automotive & Aircraft Lighting, DC drives
AC/DC Power Supplies for Consumer Household Equipment

DC/DC Power Supplies Internal to Consumer Household Equipment
DC/AC Power Supplies Internal to Consumer Household Equipment
Power Tools
AC/DC Power Supplies for Consumer Electronics
DC/DC Supplies internal to Consumer Electronics
AC/DC Power supplies for Portable Electronics

DC/DC Power Supplies Internal to Portable Electronics
03.03.2014
Modern Power Supplies:

Inductors, Capacitors and Fast Switches
Use Lossless Components, In Switching Operation
Inductors store energy, and can deliver the energy at arbitrary voltage
Capacitors store energy between pumping operations of inductors
Replace Linear Series Pass And Shunt Regulators
Linear regulators turn excess voltage into thermal energy
Effectively Variable Transformer Operation
Able To Provide Increase/Decrease, Or Both, In Voltage

Able To Operate Over Wide Ranges Of Input Voltage
03.03.2014
Modern Power Supplies:

Inductors, Capacitors and Fast Switches
The Conflicting Drivers For Efficient Power Conversion
Minimize Losses In Active And Passive Components
Minimize Cost
Minimize Size
Maximize Reliability
Minimize Adverse Effects On Other Systems

03.03.2014
Switched mode power supply basics

Vs(t)
l Basic DC-DC converter

l Switches A and B alternately charge and discharge inductor through
load
l Switches are realized using power MOSFET, IGBT and diodes
SMPS | 3
Voltage regulation in SMPS

Vs(t)
Vg
Vs = DVg
0
DTs
(1-D)Ts
l Average voltage at the load is controlled by the duty cycle D

l Waveform assumes an ideal switch
SMPS | 4
Synchronous converter using FET switches
l Transistors Qa and Qb act as switches A and B

l Must operate in break before make mode to prevent high current
through transistors
l Voltage at the load determined by the duty cycle
SMPS | 6
Agenda
3/3/2014
11
The Conflicting Drivers For Efficient Power Conversion:

What Are These, Why Are They Important, And What Are The Trade-offs In SMPS
Technology For The Following Goals?
Switching
Faster Transitions, Higher Frequencies

Lower Rds(on)
Lower Gate Drive
Integrate
03.03.2014
12

Why Are These Important, And What Are The Trade-offs In SMPS Technology For
The Following Goals?
Inductors
Lower DCR
Lower ACR
Reduced Parasitic Capacitance
Reduced Size
Reduced Magnetic Leakage
03.03.2014
13

Why Are These Important, And What Are The Trade-offs In SMPS Technology For
The Following Goals?
Capacitors
Smaller
Lower ESR
Lower Cost
03.03.2014
14
SMPS Passive Components Issues

Non-Ideal Behavior
Parasitic R/C of Inductors

Inductor Saturation
Inductor Core Losses
Inductor Copper Losses
ESR and ESL of Capacitors
Dielectric and Aging in Electrolytic Capacitors
Heat sensitivity of Electrolytic Capacitors
Aging and Voltage Effects in Ceramic Capacitors
Piezoelectric Effects in Ceramic Capacitors
Impedance vs. Frequency in Ceramic Capacitors
03.03.2014
15
Agenda
3/3/2014
16
Understanding What to Measure

Understanding Power Flow and Topology
The Basic SMPS - Buck Converter Topology
A diode often replaces one switch
03.03.2014
17

Measurement Points
Vin
Vsw
Vind
Vout
Iind
03.03.2014
18

Why these points?

What will we see at each point?
Vin
Vsw
Vind
Vout
Iind
03.03.2014
19

The Basic SMPS - Buck Converter Topology Probing The Test Points
Probe Types for Each Point
Active SE Voltage
(Voltage Range!)
Vsw
Passive Voltage
Vin
Iin
Active
Differential
(Common
Mode Range!)
Vind
Iind
Passive Voltage
Vout
Iout
Current Probe
03.03.2014
20

A more complete picture of the components and measurement points
03.03.2014
21
RT-ZF20 Why deskewing?

Skew between voltage and current probe leads to wrong power measurement
results
Positive
Positive voltage
voltage vs
vs current
current pulse
pulse skew
skew
Power
Power measurement
measurement too
too low
low
Negative voltage vs current pulse skew

Power measurement too high
Deskewed, accurate measurement
Deskewing with reference voltage and current

pulses essential for accurate power measurements
Feb. 2013
RT-ZF20 - Power Deskew Fixture
22
RT-ZF20 How to deskew

1. Connect RT-ZF20 to USB
2. Connect current probe and voltage probe
to RT-ZF20
3. Overlay current and voltage pulse
Trigger condition rising + falling edge
Adjust vertical scale to same pulse height
4. Adjust Deskew parameter of scope for current probe

Voltage pulse
Current pulse
Deskew
Different propagation delay between current and voltage pulse
Feb. 2013
RT-ZF20 - Power Deskew Fixture
Current and voltage pulse aligned
23

The Basic SMPS - Buck Converter Basic Waveforms
Vswitch
Vout
Iinductor
03.03.2014
24

The Basic SMPS - Buck Converter Load Transient Well-Damped Response, Little Overshoot
ILoad
Vout
03.03.2014
25

The Basic SMPS 1.4 MHz Buck Converter Vout Ripple Spectrum
Iinductor
Vout
Spikes at multiples of Fswitch
03.03.2014
26
Agenda
3/3/2014
27
Maximizing measurement accuracy

Large dynamic range required for accurately measuring switching loss
On state is tens to hundreds (even thousands) of volts
Off state is often only several mV to a few volts
Typical 8-bit A/D provides only 6 to 7 effective bits (43 dB S/N)
This is equivalent to 39 - 78 mV out of 5 V
Three possibilities to improve signal to noise
Use waveform averaging
High resolution decimation (trade off sample rate and bandwidth for S/N)
Overdrive instrument front end
Waveform averaging
Increases resolution by averaging samples
Effective in reducing thermal (random) noise

Will distort time varying waveforms
Can also reduce displayed rise time
Can not reduce deterministic noise sources such as interleaving artifacts
Noise reduction using averaging
Zoom of this
segment
1 mV on 5 V
scale (12.6 bits)
50 averages
High Resolution Mode

Combine consecutive
samples from A/D
converter with weighting
Preserves real time
sampling no smearing
of dynamic signals
Reduces bandwidth
based on decimated
sampling rate
Compatible with
segmented memory so
that each cycle can be
analyzed
Combine
samples for
each point
High Resolution Decimation Mode
Decimate 10
Gs/s to 1 Gs/s
~ 500 MHz BW
4.6 mV on 5 V
scale (10.4 bits)
Combining averaging and high resolution mode
Decimate 10
Gs/s to 1 Gs/s
50 averages
~ 500 MHz BW
500 uV on 5 V
scale (13.5 bits)
Viewing Multiple Waveforms
Resolution is Reduced by Half
Full scale waveform
Half scale waveform
Using Multiple Grids
Agenda
3/3/2014
37
What are we going to look at

The output voltage of the power supply
0.1
Measure
Vout
2.2 H
0.1
5 or
20
100 F x3
Vsw
3/3/2014
38
Hands on Lab
Averaging, High Resolution and Filtering
VSW
3/3/2014
GND
40
Waveform Averaging
Probe the Vsw point on the demo board
Set the demo board to mode "3." (20
load)
Press "Autosetup"
Measure the RMS value of the waveform to
the left of the center of the screen. Use
measurement gating to select the region of
the waveform to measure
Compare the value for the following settings
No averaging
50 averages
"High Res" mode with sampling rate set to
1 Gs/s and no averaging
50 averages and "High Res" mode with a
sampling rate of 1 Gs/s
3/3/2014
41
Waveform Averaging and Decimation

High Res
3/3/2014
Average
42
Hands on Lab
Hands On Example: Measure SMPS Output

and Input voltage and Current Ripple
Vout
3/3/2014
GND
Iout
44
Measure output voltage (small load)
Preset the oscilloscope

Connect passive probe to channel 1 of the scope
Probe the signal at the V_OUT pin on the demo board
Set demo board to mode "3." note the period (20 load)
Autoset scope
Measure p-p and mean
voltage
Ratio of P-P to mean = 2%

Mean voltage = 1.79 V
3/3/2014
45
Measure output voltage (large load)

Set demo board to "4." (5 load)
Measure the p-p and mean voltage
Mean voltage drops to 1.77 V

Ratio of P-P to mean = 30%
3/3/2014
46
Measure output voltage spectrum

Touch FFT tool on tool bar and then
the output voltage waveform (CH1)
Set FFT start-stop frequency to 0 and
500 MHz, Res BW to 120 KHz
20 load
Note the increase in the spectrum
in the region above 100 MHz with
the higher load
5 load
3/3/2014
47
Hands on Lab
Hands On Example: Measure Switch Node

Voltage and Inductor Voltage and Current
Inductor Current Waveform
SMPS | 4
SMPS | 4
SMPS | 4
SMPS | 4
SMPS | 4
IL
3/3/2014
Vsw
GND
54
Measure Switch Node Voltage
Set the demo board to mode "4." (5 load)

Move probe (still on channel 1) to switch voltage node on demo board
Adjust vertical scale to 1 V/div and horizontal to 100 ns/div
Set the decimation to "High Res" and Wfm Arithmetic to "Average" and the
average count to 50
Note large overshoot ( 4 V) and 500 mV pre-shoot
Rise time is 1.3 ns
3/3/2014
55

Reduce the output load by switching to mode "3." (20 load)
Note slower rise time and smaller overshoot ( 15.1 ns, 1 V)
3/3/2014
56
Measure Switch Node Voltage and Current

Set demo board to mode "4." ( 5 load)
Connect current probe to channel 2
Set the decimation to "high res" and the
wfm arithmetic to " average" on channel 2

with and averaging count of 50
Select pre-defined probe = "RT-ZC20" for
channel 2
Lock the jaw on the current probe and
press the "DEMAG" button on the probe
near the scope connection
Use the "ZERO ADJ" control to center the
trace at 0 A
Adjust vertical scale of channel 2 to 100
mA/div
Use smart grid to create a second grid for
the current waveform
3/3/2014
57
Setting up the Current Probe
3/3/2014
58

Set demo board to mode "3." (20 load)
3/3/2014
59
Measure Inductor Voltage and Current

Connect passive probe to channel 3
Set scale to 1V/div
Set acquisition to "High Res" with Wfm Arithmetic = "Average" and an average
count of 50 for Ch3
Define math waveform M1 = Ch1 Ch3
Predicted current ripple:

Ts = 950 ns
D = 0.35
L = 2.2 H
2*I = 3.2*950e-9*0.35
(2.2e-6)
= 484 mA
3/3/2014
60
Set demo board mode to "4." (5 load)

Set the vertical scale for channels 1 and 3 to 2 V/div
Measure p-p current ( ~ 700 mA)
Use inductor current equation to compute L based on p-p current
Note the onset of saturation in the inductor
Measured current ripple:

2*I = 720 mA
Equivalent Inductance:
L = 950e-9*.35*3/0.721
= 1.39 H
3/3/2014
61
"Extra Credit"
Create math waveform M2 = (integral(M1)/2.2e-6)[A]
Set the scale of M2 to 100 mA/div
Adjust the horizontal reference point so that the minimum of M2 and Ch2 are
equal in the center of the screen
Measurements
on M1
P-P current of Ch2
Note that ideal current
waveform is much
smaller than the actual
current (ch2). This
indicates that the
inductor is partially
saturated
3/3/2014
62
"Extra Credit 2"

Set the board to mode "3."
Adjust the horizontal reference point so that the minimum of M2 and Ch2 are
equal in the center of the screen
Measurements
on M1
P-P current of Ch2
The ideal current
waveform amplitude
matches the measured
current. Note that the
actual current is not
linear indicating some
resistance in the inductor
3/3/2014
63
Conclusion
Increasing the load to 5 results in reduced voltage (by approximately 200 mV)
and increased voltage ripple
Increased spectral power at 200 MHz
3% ripple voltage
Examining the switching node revealed that the inductor appears to be the root
cause
Non-linear IL with 5 load
Higher IL over predicted value for rated inductor value
Decreased rise time of Vsw with increased load
Very high inductor current ripple with increased load
Comparing measured to ideal waveforms using math
Measured values do not agree with expected values
Results indicate that inductor is undersized ( core saturation, copper loss)
3/3/2014
64

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Hands-on Class: Switched Mode

Power Supply Measurements

FAST: Advanced Triggering

FAST: Advanced Triggering

Power Systems: Everywhere, in Every Size

2.56 mm2 500 mW LED Driver

Small Off-Line Power Supply

3 MW Wind Power Controller

AC/DC Power Supplies for Industry DC Drives/Welding/Motion Control

AC/DC Power Supplies for Consumer Household Equipment

AC/DC Power supplies for Portable Electronics

Modern Power Supplies:

Replace Linear Series Pass And Shunt Regulators

Linear regulators turn excess voltage into thermal energy

Effectively Variable Transformer Operation

Able To Provide Increase/Decrease, Or Both, In Voltage

Modern Power Supplies:

Minimize Losses In Active And Passive Components

Minimize Adverse Effects On Other Systems

Switched mode power supply basics

l Basic DC-DC converter

Voltage regulation in SMPS

l Average voltage at the load is controlled by the duty cycle D

Synchronous converter using FET switches

l Transistors Qa and Qb act as switches A and B

FAST: Advanced Triggering

The Conflicting Drivers For Efficient Power Conversion:

Faster Transitions, Higher Frequencies

The Conflicting Drivers For Efficient Power Conversion:

The Conflicting Drivers For Efficient Power Conversion:

SMPS Passive Components Issues

Parasitic R/C of Inductors

FAST: Advanced Triggering

Understanding What to Measure

A diode often replaces one switch

Understanding What to Measure

Understanding What to Measure

Why these points?

Understanding What to Measure

Understanding Power Flow and Topology

RT-ZF20 Why deskewing?

Negative voltage vs current pulse skew

Deskewed, accurate measurement

Deskewing with reference voltage and current

RT-ZF20 - Power Deskew Fixture

RT-ZF20 How to deskew

3. Overlay current and voltage pulse

Trigger condition rising + falling edge

Adjust vertical scale to same pulse height

4. Adjust Deskew parameter of scope for current probe

Different propagation delay between current and voltage pulse

RT-ZF20 - Power Deskew Fixture

Current and voltage pulse aligned

Understanding Power Flow and Topology

Understanding Power Flow and Topology

Understanding Power Flow and Topology

Spikes at multiples of Fswitch

FAST: Advanced Triggering

Maximizing measurement accuracy

Increases resolution by averaging samples

Effective in reducing thermal (random) noise

Noise reduction using averaging

High Resolution Mode

High Resolution Decimation Mode