Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
This project was also carried out to understand the future Outlook of Aarambh Ngo
Another motive includes is child education in NGO. The scope of this project is
limited to study of Aarambh Ngo.
Child is age a person is or ceases to be a child is a constant debate in the India. The Census of
India considers children to be any person below the age of 14, as do most government
programmes. Biologically childhood is the stage between infancy and adulthood. According to
the UNCRC'a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless, under the
law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier'
I have tried to put my maximum effort to get the accurate statistical data. However
I would appreciate if any mistakes are brought to me by the reader.
TABLE OF CONTENT
S.NO
CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
01
INTRODUCTION
03
02
COMPANY PROFILE
28
03
38
04
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
45
05
DATAANALYSIS &INTERPRETATION
55
06
FINDINGS
58
07
SUGGESTION
60
08
CONCLUSION
62
09
64
INTRODUCTION
Who is a Child?
Defining what age a person is or ceases to be a child is a constant debate in the India. The
Census of India considers children to be any person below the age of 14, as do most
government programmes. Biologically childhood is the stage between infancy and adulthood.
According to the UNCRC'a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years
unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier'. This definition of
child allows for individual countries to determine according to the own discretion the age
limits of a child in their own laws. But in India various laws related to children define
regard to protection against kidnapping, abduction and related offenses the given age is
All forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as the sale and trafficking of
children, debt bondage and serfdom, and forced or compulsory labour, including forced
or compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflict;
The use, procuring, or offering of a child for prostitution, for the production of
pornography, or for pornographic performances;
The use, procuring, or offering of a child for illicit activities, in particular for the
production and trafficking of drugs as defined in the relevant international treaties;
Work which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to
harm the health, safety or morals of children.
At least 2 million children are trafficked annually for child labour and sexual exploitation. Most
child labourers are in the informal economic sector, where they are not protected by laws and
regulations. The worst forms of child labour are illegal and must be eradicated immediately.
Child labour involves at least one of the following characteristics:
Involves intolerable abuse, such as child slavery, child trafficking, debt bondage, forced
labour, or illicit activities
Of an estimated 215 child labourers around the globe: approximately 114 million (53%) are in
Asia and the Pacific; 14 million (7%) live in Latin America; and 65 million (30%) live in subSaharan Africa.
CHILDREN IN INDIA
Assuming that a child is any person below the age of eighteen let us exam the demographic state
of children in India. The total Population of India as recorded by UNICEF in 2008 is
1181412000 (1.18 Billion).
Indicator
Total
Urban
Rural
129618400
317341600
446960000
Child population
(446.96 Million)
(317.3416 Million)
126642000
Child
population (126.642 Million)
36726180
below 5 years old
10.72% of the total
(36.73 Million)
population
89915820
(89.92 Million)
92892220
227425780
(92.89 Million)
(227.43 Million)
(320.318 Million)
Population
below
international poverty
187723200
line of US $ 1.25 per
day
(187.7232 Million)
(42% in 2008)
classified as main workers from 4.3 percent in 1991 to 2.3 percent in 2001. But there was a
substantial increase in marginal workers in every category of worker irrespective of sex and
residence. As a result, despite the number of main workers declining from 9.08 million in 1991
to 5.78 million in 2001, the total number of children in the work force increased. A large part of
the increase was accounted for by the increase in marginal workers, which increased from 2.2
million in 1991 to 6.89 million in 2001. The trends between 1991 and 2001 of declining main
child workers along with increasing marginal workers may indicate the changing nature of work
done by children. This is also to be seen in the context of decelerating employment growth in
general in the economy during the last decade.
Poverty and lack of social security are the main causes of child labour. The increasing gap
between the rich and the poor, privatization of basic services and the neo-liberal economic
policies are causes major sections of the population out of employment and without basic needs.
This adversely affects children more than any other group. Entry of multi-national corporations
into industry without proper mechanisms to hold them accountable has lead to the use of child
labour. Lack of quality universal education has also contributed to children dropping out of
school and entering the labour force. A major concern is that the actual number of child labourers
goes un-detected. Laws that are meant to protect children from hazardous labour are ineffective
and not implemented correctly.
A growing phenomenon is using children as domestic workers in urban areas. The conditions in
which children work is completely unregulated and they are often made to work without food,
and very low wages, resembling situations of slavery. There are cases of physical, sexual and
emotional abuse of child domestic workers. The argument for domestic work is often that
families have placed their children in these homes for care and employment. There has been a
recent notification by the Ministry of Labour making child domestic work as well as employment
of children in dhabas, tea stalls and restaurants "hazardous" occupations.
The following are some of the situations in which children are engaged in work:
Agriculture- Children working long hours and under severe hardships on the fields. They are
also exposed to the hazards of working with modern machinery and chemicals.
of attaining basic necessities. More than one-fourth of the world's people live in extreme poverty,
according to 2005 U.N. statistics. The intensified poverty in parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin
America causes many children there to become child labourers.
10
the standard of living, as well as to improve public health and monitor the development and well
being of children in the Country.
Union laws guaranteeing Rights and entitlement to Children
A fairly comprehensive legal regime exists in India to protect the rights of Children as
encompassed in the Countrys Constitution. The age at which a person ceases to be a child varies
under different laws in India. Under the Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 1986, a
child is a person who has not completed 14 years of age. For the purposes of criminal
responsibility, the age limit is 7 (not punishable) and above 7 years to 12 years punishable on the
proof that the child understands the consequences of the act, under the Indian Penal Code. For
purposes of protection against kidnapping, abduction and related offences, its 16 years for boys
and 18 for girls. For special treatment under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of
Children) Act 2011, the age is 18 for both boys and girls. And the Protection of Women from
Domestic Violence Act
2005 defines a child as any person below the age of 18, and includes an adopted step- or foster
child.
Important Union laws Guaranteeing Rights and Entitlement to Children
1. The Guardian and Wards Act, 1890
2. The Reformatory Schools Act,1897
3. The prohibition of Child Marriage Act,2006
4. The Apprentices Act, 1961
5. The Children (Pledging of Laour) Act, 1933.
6. The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956
7. The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Ac, 1956
8. The Immoral Traffic prevention Act, 1956
9. The Womens and Childrens Institutions (Licensing) Act, 1956
10. The Young Persons harmful Publications Act, 1956
11. The Probation of Offenders Act, 1958
12. Orphanages and Other Charitable Homes (Supervision and Control) Act, 1960
13. The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986
11
14. The Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000, repealed the Juvenile
Justice Act 1986. The 2000 act also has been amended in 2006 and 2010.
15. The Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding bottles and Infant Foods (Regulation of Production,
Supply Distribution) Act, 1992 and its amendment of 2003
Important Schemes for Well- being of Children
1. Integrated Child Development Service Scheme
2. Integrated Child Protection Scheme
3. National awards for child Welfare.
4. National Child Awards for Exceptional Achievements.
5. Rajiv Gandhi Manav Seva Awards for Service to Children.
6. Balika Samriddhi Yojna.
7. Nutrition Programme For Adolescent Girls
8. Early Childhood education for 3-6 age group children.
9. Welfare of working children in need of Care and Protection
10. Childline services
11. Rajiv Gandhi National Creche Scheme for children of working mothers.
12. UJJAWALA : A Comprehensive Scheme for Prevention of trafficking and Resue,
Rehabilitation and Re-integration of Victims of Trafficking and Commercial Sexual
Exploitation
13. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
14. National Rural Health Mission
15. Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for empowerment of Adolescent Girls SABLA.
16. DhanaLakshami Conditional Cash Transfer for Girl Child with insurance cover
What needs to be done?
Given the magnitude and complexity of the problem and the relative ineffectiveness of the
government, many non-government organizations and collabourative efforts by the government
and non-government agencies are becoming more prevalent in recent years. Though many
organizations are focusing on eradicating child labour by mobilizing community participation
for universal primary education, there is a common attitude prevailing in our country to accept
12
13
schooling leaves some children with little else to do but work. The attitudes of parents also
contribute to child labour; some parents feel that children should work in order to develop
skills useful in the job market, instead of taking advantage of a formal education. This
abhorred practice is accepted as being necessary for poor families to earn an income. Thus,
an 12 extensive reform process is necessary to eliminate the proliferation of child labour in
India which strives to end the desperate poverty in the nation. Changing the structure of the
workforce and hiring the high number of currently unemployed adults in greatly improved
work conditions is only the first step in this lengthy process. Emergency relief should give
attention to the rehabilitation of agriculture, live stock and fisheries. New labour standards
and wages must be adopted and medical examinations and minimum nutrition requirements
must be established in India.
2. Campaign for strict implementation of Legislations:
NGOs and voluntary organisations can do an intensive campaign to spread across the civil
societyorganisations through networking to draw the attention of the policy makers,
implementators and the community. The organisations working on any issues should involve
in the campaign by putting the problem of child labour on the prime agenda. The campaign
should focus on the effective implementation of the various legislations. The strategies
should be aimed at change at the local, provincial, national and/or international levels. NGOs
can play a pivotal role in the process of universalisation of education by adopting innovative
approaches to quality education. Effective implementation of National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act (NREGA) would translate the Right to Workas envisaged in the Article 41 of
Indian Constitution to a statutory legal right. The NREGA heralds a promising era in poverty
alleviation. Poverty is not just income deficiency; the need for enabling environment both
physical and psychological needs to be addressed. The works are necessary for the rural
agriculture economy that has the potential to get this poor deprived community out of
poverty. Hence there is a need to get active during the implementation of the various
legislations.
3. Budget Advocacy:
14
The organisations need to take up the issue of budget analysis and advocacy for budget
allocation for the implementation of the policies. Most of the time the policies are
formulated without proper budget allocation which affect the process of implementation.
Budget analysis is an advocacy tool for developing public understanding on policy
priorities of the Government which will have a greater impact on those who have little
political influence (poor and marginalized). It is important to scrutinize the Government
Budgets from the perspective of child development. Mere analysis of the 13 Budgets
alone cannot influence the policy making unless it is supported by proper public action or
advocacy to promote the findings in public forums so as to influence the common
mindset. This would eventually empower the people to seek Governments accountability.
It will give widespread information about the performance of the Government and can
also become a ground for creating public pressure on the issues that affect the children.
There is a need to establish a strong lobby body or platform to work with Government to
increase allocation of budget for children. Coordinated and collective effort from the
NGOs and Civil Society Organizations strengthen the budget allocation for children. This
process would provide a large operative space and public support to the child labour
campaign. 93rd constitutional amendment to the constitution made the right to education
as a fundamental right is an opportunity to strengthen the campaign. The main motto of
the campaign should be to change political attitudes by socializing the issues of children
at the community level.
4. Community Action towards Child Education:
There is need to bring about wide spread public awareness towards initiating community
action in promoting school enrolment. Education helps a child to develop cognitively,
emotionally and socially, and needless to say, education is often gravely reduced by child
labour. We need to create a conducive climate in which community people at large would not
tolerate the child labour in any form any more. There is need to bring about awareness among
the poor parents so that they will develop a willingness to make any sacrifice to get their
children educated. It is possible only when they are convinced about the significance of
education. Once the child is released from labour, the child should be admitted either to
formal education or to informal education depending upon various factors like age, level of
15
understanding. This should be accompanied with vocational training depending upon their
own choice. Preparation should also be made for sustaining education outside of formal
school buildings, using community facilities and strengthening alternative education through
a variety of community channels. Influence and sensitize the political parties to include child
education and eradication of child labour in their election manifesto. Through training and
capacity building of central care givers, including 14
parents, teachers, and community health workers, a diversity of programmes can enhance the
communitys ability to provide education to children.
5. Engaging Institutions of Governance:
The institutions of governance at grass root can monitor the policies, programmes and laws
to ensure protection of childrens interests and rights. Gram Panchayat can play a responsible
role in identification of the projects in the Gram Panchayat areas and allocate employment
opportunities to the needy. It can also ensure child participation and choice in matters and
decisions affecting their lives. There is need to create community monitoring system through
their effective participation in the Gram Sabha. Strengthening community participation in the
whole process by way of conducting regular social audits of all the programmes is a
prerequisite. In doing so they seek authorities accountable and transparent towards effective
implementation of various government programmes meant for child education and
eradication of child labour.
REVISED NATIONAL CHILD LABOUR PROGRAMME (NCLP)
1. Transitional Education Centres
The current National Child Labour Programme (NCLP) needs to be revamped. NCLP schools
must be converted into Transitional Education Centres (TECs) which are both non-residential
and residential. It is very important that the guidelines for TECs are very flexible, adapting to the
local situation.Every child rescued from work would have to be brought to a local TEC and the
TEC would have to accept all children who are rescued from work. These TECs must act as
bridges and the children are to be handed over to the SSA programme. This will have to be
decided on a case-by-case basis. Each TEC should have facilities to accommodate at least 50
children at any given point of time. It is proposed to have 30 TECs (non-residential) in each of
16
the 600 districts in the country. These TECss would be equipped for at least 50 children at any
given point of time. However, it is expected that there would be even more number of children
due to the intensive campaign, awareness building as well as enforcement of law. The NCLP
scheme must be flexible enough to take all such children and if necessary merge a couple of
TECs in one place. It is envisaged that 45 lakh children would be benefited by this arrangement.
Some children who are rescued from work have no security in terms of their family or
community and are, therefore, in a highly vulnerable position of exploitation. The residential
TECs would be the first post where such rescued children would be sent. It is proposed to have
2 residential TECs in each district with 50 children in each. Even here, depending upon the
demand there must be flexibility to increase the residential TECs and if necessary, modify the
non-residential TECs to residential ones, within the budgets that are provided for. It is envisaged
that 3 lakh children would benefit from this over five years.
Migrant children
The NCLP needs to recognize the special situation of migrant child labourers. These could be
children who have runaway from home or children who migrate seasonally with their families.
Given the extent of intra-state migration, additional TECs must be set up in states/districts from
where families migrate and linkages must be established with local schools so that children have
a residential facility when their parents move out for work. temporary TECs could also be set up
in areas where people migrate for work such as to the brick kilns, salt pans, sugar cane areas, to
name a few. Local NGOs could be supported to run these temporary TECs so that children get
health and education facilities and are not roped into work.
NCLP Project Society at District level
Each district would continue to have a District Child Labour Project Society under the NCLP
program with the District Collector as its Chairperson and a committee that assists and advises
the staff. It would have to however expand its operations to going beyond running of special
schools. It would add the component of an intense social mobilisation through the social
mobilisers, along with taking up the TECs.
Social Mobilisation
17
Given that eradication of child labour is not an easy task, preventive strategies are more
sustainable in the long run. One of the major preventive strategies, which must feature in any
national child labour eradication policy, is the role of social mobilization and community
participation. It is vital to ensure that children stay at home and go to formal government schools
rather than leave home to work full time. There has to be a national campaign to invoke public
interest and large-scale awareness on this issue, there is a need for an extensive awareness
generation campaign launched over a period of time at the Centre and State on a sustained basis.
Required budgetary provisions for such a mass campaign must be provided for in 11th Plan.
Social Mobilisers
Child labourers are spread across the country; working in dispersed villages and slums. The
eradication of child labour cannot be done by the labour department alone, as it is so understaffed. Labour department needs to have a cadre of youth volunteers who can be trained as
Social Mobilisers who will be responsible for withdrawing children from work as well as
monitoring school dropouts and children with irregularity of attendance. It is understood that if
such children are not tracked they would join the labour force as child labour. It is proposed to
have 5 social mobilisers in each of the 6202 Blocks in the country. Each of the social mobilisers
would be responsible for 200 children and it is envisaged that through their activity the status of
more than 3 crore children would be monitored.
Survey of child labour
It is necessary that the government commission research and surveys on different aspects of child
labour in the country. This is important since the last countrywide enumeration 7 of the working
children was held in 2001 Census and the incidence of child labour may have undergone change
since then with population growth and the large-scale migration of workforce.
.
18
19
The department of Labours function is to identify and rescue child labour and
ensure that all the children who are out of school in an area are covered; Enforce
law- and action against employers of children; Counsel rescued children and
mainstream them into formal schools; Coordinate all the concerned departments
of education, police, youth, welfare panchayat raj, and women and child development and
establish protocols for collabourative action; Establish TECs for children rescued from labour.
2. Department of Education
The department of education has the task of integrating all out of school children which includes
child labour and school dropouts into the school system and ensure that children enjoy their right
to education. Their function is to prevent children from joining the labour force the education
department must ensure that all children in the 5-8 years age group are enrolled and retained in
schools; through SSA pay attention to children in the 9-14 age groups like child labour,
migrating children, street children, domestic child workers and school dropouts and never
enrolled children and provide for residential and non-residential bridge courses, seasonal hostels,
mobile schools and work-site schools for children who migrate with their families must from the
very beginning be linked to a formal government school
3. Department of Home/Police
The role of the police is, booking the right cases under the Child Labour Act and all other
relevant Acts; take complaints all missing children and track them and follow up in the best
interest of the child and their right to education.
4. Department of Youth Affairs
The Nehru Yuvak Kendra Sangatanas (NYKS) under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
has a huge network of youth clubs across the country. They
must spearhead a campaign against child labour and for childrens right to education in the entire
country.
5. Department of Panchayat Raj
20
The Ministry for Panchayat Raj /Rural Development is to ensure that all gram
panchayats fully monitor the status of children in their area. It must also provide
training for the gram panchayats to track children and protect their rights
6. Department of Women and Child Development
The Ministry must strengthen Child line and expanded to every district of the
country. A Juvenile Justice Board and a Child Welfare Committee (CWC) must be set up in every
district as required in the JJ Act of 2000. There is a need for the Labour department to coordinate
its activities with the CWC.
7. Involvement of Judiciary
There has to be an orientation for the judiciary and establishment of procedures for making the
courts child friendly. Children must not be allowed to make forays to the Court till they turn
hostile. There is a need to also establish mobile courts for quick and timely action to rescue
children and book cases.
21
vocational training centers set up by the labour departments is extremely poor. The labour
department should instead help older children to get placements in the job market.
TRAININGS
Youth volunteers, gram panchayats, school teachers, officers of labour department and so on
must all be given training about child labour and their respective roles in abolition of child
labour. Training modules are to be prepared on the issue of child labour and education. All the
participants must have a legal literacy and have a full knowledge of childrens rights and their
entitlements, the role of various departments, and awareness of the schemes and programs meant
for children.
EDUCATION AS AN INTERVENTION STRATEGY TO ELIMINATE AND PREVENT
CHILD LABOUR
Consolidated Good Practices of the International Programme on the Elimination of Child
Labour (IPEC )
Education is pivotal to eliminating and preventing child labour, to establishing a skilled
workforce and to promoting development based on the principles of social justice and human
rights. There has been progress in recent years in raising public consciousness of the problem of
child labour, of its pervasive and tenacious nature and of the awful prospect that it is growing in
some areas of the world, for example, in parts of sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, key UN and
other international agencies are now working together more effectively, which is critical to
sustaining the growing global movement to eliminate child labour. The basis of action to combat
the problem is the political will and commitment of individual governments and civil society to
address it. It has been shown that a phased and multi-sectoral strategy which motivates a broad
alliance of partners to acknowledge and act against child labour is most effective in bringing
about tangible and sustainable results. Primary education in most countries is not completely free
and in most developing countries schooling is not accessible to all children. Parents who send
their children to primary school must shoulder numerous indirect costs, such as uniforms and
textbooks. Furthermore, they incur the opportunity cost, which is the wage that the child would
earn if she or he was working instead of going to school. Still, while poverty is an important
pull factor, dragging children prematurely into the labour market, there are important push
22
factors, particularly social exclusion, within the education system itself, or within the local
communities in which schools are situated. Investments in primary education should be spread
more evenly, focusing more on children at risk. Not taking these children into special
consideration will jeopardize the goal of achieving universal primary education by 2015, one of
the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The lack of mechanisms to offset the opportunity
cost for very poor families is particularly important.
Good practices in education to eliminate and/or prevent child labour In India
ILO-IPEC, therefore, has acquired experience and expertise in a number of strategic areas
regarding education-related activities to eliminate or prevent child labour and reach out-ofschool children. On the basis of this experience, it has been possible to highlight some key
underlying principles that characterize some of the good practices that have been emerging, for
example:
Multi-sectoral approaches have a much more effective and sustained impact in the elimination
and prevention of child labour, combining the involvement of relevant government line
ministries, social partners and civil society.
Education is a necessary, but not sufficient, intervention in the case of children working in
hazardous and exploitative labour. In addition to receiving education of good quality and
relevance, working children also need to benefit from a protective rights-based environment and
access to legal, health and other services.
Child labour must be mainstreamed into Poverty Reducation Strategy Papers (PRSP), EFA,
national plans of action and other resource allocation frameworks.
Partnerships within the broader framework of the UN system and other international and
national organizations must be actively pursued and implemented.
Particular attention should be paid to the situation of girls work and education through gender
specific strategies, and to the situation of particularly vulnerable groups of children, for example,
the very young.
Formal education strategies are vital to the long-term success of interventions.
Practices should be grounded in country-specific realities when dealing with the issue of child
labour, while recognizing broader issues that may go beyond any one specific country. There are
a variety of approaches being undertaken using education as a means of combating child labour.
23
The identification of good practices in this area will help in the creation of a knowledge base that
can assist field practitioners, policy makers, agencies, organizations and other partners and may
be able to support work in mainstreaming child labour in EFA and poverty reduction strategies
and in other development approaches.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PRACTICE IN INDIA
India
This aims to eliminate child labour through the universalisation of quality formal education and
works towards the creation of awareness and demand for education among the poor. It started
working in the Ranga Reddy district of Andhra Pradesh in 1991 and universalisation of formal
primary education has been one of its key objectives. MVF maintains that children are not meant
to be workers and each child out of school is a potential worker. Their programmes therefore
target all children, believing that every child going to school means keeping the child away from
working. Moreover, providing schooling to child workers is only not a matter of building a childfriendly environment within the schools, but also promoting a broader, more political
environment in which going to school is part of the fundamental rights framework for children.
The geographical location of the action programme supported by ILO-IPEC, Kulkacherla
Mandal, is a very underdeveloped area and there is also a high concentration of girls working in
the production of hybrid cotton seeds in cotton farms. Many of these girls are from the Lambadi
tribes who are known to be migratory in nature. Supported by an approach using social
mobilization techniques, MFV 11 established residential bridge camps to facilitate the
transition of former child labourers into formal education and social mobilisation.
Impact of the practice
Effectiveness
In India, in spite of limited financial support from ILO-IPEC, MVFs bridge course was
particularly effective and, over the last decade or so, has been implemented in more than 6,000
villages, covering 137 mandals (municipalities) in 11 districts of Andhra Pradesh. It is estimated
that around 45,000 child labourers have benefited from the MVF bridge camps. MVF has been
an ardent advocate for the universalisation of primary education and the total elimination of child
24
labour. Its research and activities have indicated that these two goals are inextricably linked and
must be pursued together. An ILO-IPEC report subsequently revealed that there had been a
considerable reduction in the incidence of child labour in the area following the MVF
programme. It also successfully created a consensus at the community-level that school is the
only alternative to prevent children from working and, through this consensus, established a
social norm against child labour.
Sustainability
The MVF model was replicated on a wider scale by the Andhra Pradesh governments
Department of Social Welfare through its Back to School Project covering over 10,000
children each summer. MVF plays a significant role in providing technical support to state-led
educational programmes. Having the state assume the responsibility has been the best way to
ensure the sustainability of the bridge course strategy.
Replicability
The MVF has been working in Andhra Pradesh since 1992 and continues to expand its influence.
As mentioned above, the state-led Back to School Project essentially replicated the MVF
model and the organization played a significant role in providing technical support.
25
Governments to cover the entire country and address the needs of 192 million children in 1.1
million habitations.
The programme is looking to open new schools in those habitations without schooling facilities
and to strengthen existing school infrastructure through provision of additional class rooms,
toilets, drinking water, maintenance grant and school improvement grants.
Existing schools with inadequate teacher strength are provided with additional teachers, and the
capacity of existing teachers is being strengthened by extensive training, grants for developing
teaching-learning materials and strengthening of the academic support structure at a cluster,
block and district level. SSA seeks to provide quality elementary education including life skills.
SSA has a special focus on female education and children with special needs. SSA also seeks to
provide computer education to bridge the digital divide.
Its goals of 2011 were to do the following:
Open new schools in areas without them and to expand existing school infrastructures
and maintenance.
Address inadequate teacher numbers and provide training a development for existing
teachers.
Provide quality elementary education including life skills with a special focus on the
education of girls and of children with special needs, as well as computer education.
26
working at the grass roots level, some who are working with the victims, yet others who are
dealing with the legal aspects and the introduction of new policies in law and order. The
movement is not only rigorously active in domains sustaining child labour, but is also working
with equal vigor to prevent the problem at the grassroots level. Its vision is To create a child
friendly society, where all children are free from exploitation and receive free and quality
education. Its Mission is To identify, liberate, rehabilitate and educate children in servitude
through prevention, direct intervention, child and community participation, coalition building,
consumer action, promoting ethical trade practices and mass mobilisation.
27
According to the programme the Government of India will provide grains free of cost and the
States will provide the costs of other ingredients, salaries and infrastructure. Since most State
governments were unwilling to commit budgetary resources they just passed on the grains from
Government of India to the parents. This system was called provision of dry rations. On
November 28, 2001 the Supreme Court of India gave a famous direction that made it mandatory
for the state governments to provide cooked meals instead of dry rations. The direction was to
be implemented from June 2002, but was violated by most States. But with sustained pressure
from the court, media and in particular from the Right to Food Campaign more and more states
started providing cooked meals.
In May 2004 a new coalition government was formed in the centre, which promised universal
provision of cooked meals fully funded by the centre. This promise in its Common Minimum
Programme was followed by enhanced financial support to the states for cooking and building
sufficient infrastructure. Given this additional support the scheme has expanded its reach to
cover most children in primary schools in India. In 2005 it is expected to cover 130 million
children.
28
COMPANY
PROFILE
AARAMBH
29
AARAMBH is a non-profit charity organization based and working in Navi Mumbai (New
Bombay), India. This non-government organization (NGO) was created as a Community
Service Center for the most marginalized families living in urban slum communities and rural
areas.
Our goal is to provide educational, health and vocational skills tounderprivileged children and
women. AARAMBH is registered with the The Charity Commssioner Mumbai, The Income
Tax Department and the Home Minstry (FCRA) Government of India.
Please take a few minutes and browse through our website to learn more about us. Drop us a
note when you have the time. We'd love to hear from you and answer any questions that you
might have.
The Problem:Navi Mumbai ( New Bombay), a satellite township to Bombay with its broad roads and
beautiful railway stations is also home to thousands of migrants who have come to this city in
search of employment. They live in small shanties put on the side of roads, under flyovers and
along railway tracks. These areas have no sanitation and drinking water facilities. Diseases like
T.B., Malaria, etc are common and the worst sufferers are the children.
Sickness among children and poverty of parents force thousands of children to drop out of
school
even
before
they
are
10
years
old
Hundreds of children are forced to work 10 to 12 hours a day to support their families
Women and young girls face harassment and abuse at home and in the community
Girls as young as 14 and 15 years are forced into marriage due to social and cultural
pressures
Mission
Catalyze social and economic change in marginalized communities with focus on the rights of
underprivileged children and empowerment of women.
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When founded in 1996, our primary goal was to provide educational and health support to drop
outs & out-of-school children and enrol them into regular schools. We have succeeded in this
endeavour, growing from 70 children in one centre in 1996, to approximately 2000 children,
women and youth in 10 community centres today. We remain fully committed to providing
vulnerable children with an opportunity to receive education and realize their potential in life.
Over the past ten years, we have learnt that in order for the children to succeed, the families units
and communities that surround these children must also progress. Therefore, our mission today is
to empower people of these communities through participation and collective effort to secure
opportunities for growth and social justice
Our current objectives can best be summarized as follows:
Motivate parents from slum communities to send their children to schoo
Encourage women to acquire skills that will help them earn reasonable wages
Network with local governments & community groups to create bonds for collective action
towards
Our Programs:Consistent with our current mission, AARAMBHs programs cover children,
youth, and women in the slum communities of New Bombay. The following is a
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courses
college
Leadership skills
Our Future:We recognize that our success in attracting and retaining children-at-risk to this program is
dependent on mobilizing mothers and convincing them that AARAMBH is a productive and
useful opportunity for their children. We therefore have and will continue to include women in
our activities. We seek to empower women in slum communities in order to ensure their access
to health and economic services.
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Home placement finds its core importance among all our activities. AARALABH believes that
the Child belongs to his/her home and that is where the children can grow up best. Reinstating
the children back in their homes at the earliest after rehabilitation is the goal that AARALABH
pursues with intent. During the intervention time AARALABH absorbs them in the interim for a
period that may be necessary and which depends on the specific needs of the individual. The
counseling services in this direction and the formative measures undertaken are focused on
enabling and empowering the individual child to reintegrate them back into their families or
societies.
Education
Most of the children stop their education after their initial schooling. The reason behind this
scenario is that economic instability. AARALABH intends to support these children for their
higher education in different trades with the help of well wishers and like minded people who
could support these children to puruse the education further.
Vocational Training
Vocational training coupled with Non-Formal Education is provided to those children above 14
years of age, who show too much resistance towards formal education. This is because many
children from poor families find earning money as a better alternative compared to going to
schools. Therefore we try to provide them with this option at least to help them lead a better and
more responsible life. The vocational training includes welding, carpentry, two-wheeler
mechanism, computer training, tailoring etc. However, in the process whenever we discover that
a child has developed interest in formal education, we help him to make a switch.
Job Placement
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After completing the vocational training, we place these children in different job setting
according to their qualification. This will help them to construct their future, by making them to
find out their bread from their sweat.
Room Placement
Room placement for older boys nearing the age of 18 years is an activity to help them become
independent. The job placed boys are assisted in procuring a separate rented room outside
AARALABHs residential facility. Around 3-4 boys live together in a room, they pay the rent
jointly and stay together as a family with bonding.
Health Care
Giving better medical service to the children is one of our major concerns. It is our primary
responsibility to look after the children until they are reintegrated with their families. We
facilitate proper treatment for sick children and also conduct medical camps from time to time.
Personality Enhancement
Personality Enhancement has a vital aspect among our services. Such measures help to develop
positive attitudes in life, facilitate growth in resilience, recognize and understand the
personalities and bring awareness of hazards that adversely affect the physical health.
Child Labour Eradication
Child labour is a serious and extensive problem, with many children under the age of fourteen
working in hazardous situation. Child labour has been identified as harmful and hazardous to the
childs development needs, both mental and physical. AARALABH through its Child Labour
project aims at the termination of child labour gradually and to ensure the change in mindset of
these innocent kids to get in to normal and dignified life.
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HIV/AIDS Awareness
HIV/AIDS is considered as the dreadful disease of this century. It is also spreading at an
alarming rate. Being ranked second in case of HIV/AIDs patients, India is on the path to reach
the top spot. This is mainly due to the unawareness among the people. As a remedy to this, we
organize plenty of awareness programs in order to make young people on the streets to be aware
about HIV/AIDS and its transmission.
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OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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RESEARCH METHOLOGY
The methodology used in studying and understanding the perceived views of respondents
about the child labour and child education .
Sampling, by definition, is that part of statistical practice concerned with the selection of
individual observations intended to yield some knowledge about a population of concern,
especially for the purposes of statistical inference. Each observation measures one or more
properties of an observable entity enumerated to distinguish objects or individuals. In the case of
this project, the properties taken into concern are, the opinion of people regarding the knowledge
education and child labour policies and action,
The process of Sampling in the city of Mumbai was conducted among the company
employees and students ..
SOURCE OF DATA
In a broader sense we can say that two types of data are available to the researcher. They
are as follows:
1. Primary data: A structured questionnaire was prepared for the collection of primary data.
2. Secondary data: Secondary data are collected from the materials provided by the ngo , internet
and the company website.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Broadly speaking, we can classify the Research Designs into 3 types
Exploratory Research Design:
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This is generally used to clarify thoughts and opinions about the research problems or the
respondent population, or to provide insights on how to do more conclusive (casual) research.
Exploratory research studies are also known as Formularies Research Studies.
SAMPLING METHOD
Sampling Unit: students and company employees
Sampling Size: 30 Respondents.
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STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES:
Simple statistical techniques used, drawing of percentage. Tables for analyzing and
graphs for pictorial understating were used in the study.
SOURCE OF DATA:
In a broader sense we can say that two types of data are available to the researcher. They
are as follows:
1. Primary data: A structured questionnaire was prepared for the collection of primary data .
2. Secondary data: Secondary data are collected from the materials provided by the NGO .
A number of tables are prepared to bring out the main characteristics of the data.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT:
To elicit the primary data of the proposed study, questionnaires with structured questions
for the respondents shall be considered.
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PLAN OF ANALYSIS:
The collected data is
percentages are used wherever possible to make the presentation effective, tables, charts &
diagrams were used.
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DATA ANALYSIS
&
INTERPRETATION
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Frequency
21
5
3
2
Percentage
70%
15%
12%
3%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
a lot
little bit
not much
ANALYSIS
From 30 sample size 70% of respondents knows a lot about child labour , 15% knows a little
bit , 12% does not know much and rest 3 % wonders that still there exist child labour
Interpretation
From the above data we can interpret that our society is well aware of the Child labour
problem , still some people does not know about this problem .
What do you think creates awareness about Child Labour most effectively?
TABLE
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TELEVISION
INTERNET
NEWSPAPER
OTHER SOURCE
FREQUENCY
15
6
9
0
PERCENTAGE
50%
20%
30%
0%
GRAPH
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
TELEVISION
INTERNET
NEWSPAPER
OTHERS
ANALYSIS
from the above data 15 people(50%) of the sample size get information about child labour from
television , 6 people (20%) from internet , 9 people (30%) from newspaper.
INTERPRETATION
Media plays a vital role in this segment also . as 80% of the respondents gets information about
child labour from the electronic media i.e television and internet . Rest 20% gets it from
newspapers.
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Frequency
6
4
Percentage
20%
13%
17%
15
50%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
ANALYSIS
From all respondents 20% thinks that government can help to end child labour , 13% believes
that ngo can do things to end this problem, 17% of people thinks that business organisation can
help to shut this problem , and 50% of the respondents believes that a combination of all of them
I i.e government ,ngo , business organizations can take steps to end the child labour problem
Interpretation
People have a belief that the business organization , ngo and the government can take action by
collaboration among themselves . so that more funds can be raised and more positive action can
be taken to get rid of child labour problem.
Do you think children below the age of 14 going to work is right?
TABLE
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UP TO THEM
NECESSARILY EVIL
THEY SHOULD NOT
DOWN THEIR CHILDHOOD
FREQUENCY
6
9
CUT 7
PERCENTAGE
20%
30%
23.3%
26.6%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
ANALYSIS
20% of the respondents thinks it is up to the children whether he wants to work or not , 30% i.e
9 people think it is necessarily an evil to the society .
24% beliefs that the child should not cut down their childhood by engaging himself in this social
taboo . 27% ie 8 people thinks that its a horrible concept
INTERPRETATION
The society now a days does not accept the child labour , but still some problem is there , so
awareness is needed to abolish the problem . some people thinks that its up to the child whether
to do child labour or not , poverty is the main issue in many cases . child labour can be irradiated
by strong educational policy
Which gender do you think is more affected by Child Labour?
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Table
GENDER
MALE
FEMALE
BOTH
FREQUENCY
12
8
10
PERCENTAGE
40%
26.6%
33.3%
Pie chart
33%
40%
MALE
FEMAE
27%
BOTH
ANALYSIS
From 30 respondents 12 people (40%) thinks that there is more male child labour , 27% thinks
that there is more female child labour , and the rest around 33% means 10 people thinks that
there is equal ratio in both male and female child labour .
Interpretation
The society thinks that there exist both male and female child labour who works in different
industries . there is a belief that male child labours are more than the female child labours,
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yes
no
Pie chart
frequency
percentage
18
12
60%
40%
40%
60%
YES
NO
ANALYSIS
60% (18 person) of the respondents thinks that government is doing enough to end the child
labour issues . 40% (12) still thinks government should take better action to end such problems.
INTERPRETATION
Its a sign that major part of the society knows about the programs initiated by government such
as sarv sikhsya abhiyan , bachpan bachao andolan , and mid day meal programs in school . this is
obviously giving positive result , but still government is lacking behind something as the child
labour rate is not decreasing , so people beliefs that government is not doing enough to end this
problem
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Do you think Child Education will help to reduce the Child labour system ?
Table
yes
no
frequency
percentage
26
4
86.6%
13.4%
Pie chart
13%
YES
NO
87%
Analysis
87% respondents (26 out of 30 ) have a strong belief that
important than anything to end this problem . 13% says only child education is not enough to
control the child labour problem.
Interpretation
People thinks by providing child education we can reduce the child labour problem . but still it is
not enough , we have to go through deep and analyse the real problem , in some case poverty is
the main issue so we have to solve those kinds of issues first so that further action can be taken .
apart from child education skill training and other initiatives can also be taken
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Yes
No
percentage
30%
70%
30
70
YES
NO
Analysis
Out of 30 respondents only 9 ie 30% people are aware of the 1098 child helpline number. Rest
70% ie 21 are not aware of this number .
INTERPRETATION
1098 A phone number that spells hope for millions of children across India, CHILDLINE is
India's first 24-hour, free, emergency phone service for children in need of aid and assistance.
Whether you are a concerned adult or a child, you can dial 1098, the toll free number to access
our services
From the above data we can assume that still there is a lack of awareness in the society . so
awareness program must be done to get benefit from such initiatives like 1098 child helpline
number
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Do you think NGOs are taking initiative for the betterment of Orphan Child ?
TABLE
frequency
15
9
6
yes
No
Cant say
Pie chart
percentage
50%
30%
20%
20%
50%
30%
YES
NO
CANT SAY
Interpretation
15 people (50%) agrees that NGOs are doing well for the betterment of child orphans, 30% ie 9
people disagrees it and 6 people could not reply for the question.
Analysis
From the above data we can assume that ngos are doing well for thr betterment of orphan
students , ngos are providing education . skill training and other trainings for the orphan students
to make them able to sustain in the society in future . they are taking action against those who are
provoking child labour system in direct way . guiding the missing children , helping the poor
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children to get their education etc , so ngos are doing their work to get back those backward
child into the main stream of the society
FINDINGS
Finding
Eliminate Poverty
International financial institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
contributed to the rise in child labour when they called on countries heavily indebted to them to
reduce public expenditure on health care and new jobs. These structural adjustment programmes
have resulted in increased poverty and child labour. The World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund should rethink their loan plans to developing countries in an effort to increase
social expenditure rather than reduce it.
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SUGGESTION
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resourced, relevant and nearby. It is much easier to monitor school attendance that to
inspect factories and workshops. Sponsoring a child doesn't solve this problem - it might
make us feel good, but it only helps educate one child, isolating them from others in their
community.
Ban the worst forms of child labour Demand the government support the ILO
Convention
Give the jobs of child workers to their adult relatives This way, the family does not suffer,
and indeed should be better off, as adult wages are generally much higher than child
wages.
Education and training for women All studies show that when women are educated,
trained and empowered, the incidence of labour by their children, especially girl children,
drops dramatically
Family control of fertility - so that families are not burdened by children
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CONCLUSION
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CONCLUSION:
Child labour denies the child of his basic right that is the right to education. No
education means unskilled jobs and exploitative wages. This leads to the creation of an unskilled
adult labour force which causes early physical decay, economic insecurity, low quality of life
and ultimately high poverty. Thus child labour creates a vicious circle of poverty, unemployment,
underemployment and low wages. Over the years the Government of India has multiplied its
efforts to address the needs and rights of exploited children. Still, the issue remains grave and
demanding more rigorous measures. In order to eliminate the social evil of child labour there is a
need for more intensive initiatives to tackle poverty and promote education opportunities to all
children to help children and families in crisis.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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BIBLIOGRAPHY:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.aarambh.com
www,Wikipedia com
www.childlabour.tn.gov.in/.htm
Department of Economics and Statistics website
www.childlineindia.org.inl
www.ilocarib.org.tt
www.indianet.nl/
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ANNEXURE
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Questionnaire
1. How much have you heard about Child Labour?
A lot
A little bit
Not much
2. What do you think creates awareness about Child Labour most effectively?
Television
Internet
Newspapers
The governments
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NGOs
Business Organizations
Its up to them
Male
Female
Both equally
Yes
No
7. Do you think Child Education will help to reduce the Child labour system ?
Yes
No
Yes
No
9- Do you think NGOs are taking initiative for the betterment of Orphan
Child ?
A- Yes
B- No
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