List of useful formulae for Phys 123, Midterm 3

Ch. 14
Hookes law for spring:

F =kx

, k is spring constant

For a horizontal mass-spring system: E = mv2/2 + kx2/2 , E is total energy

Simple Harmonic Motion: x(t) = A cos ( t + )
f = 1/T ; = 2f ; vmax = A ; amax = 2 A
For a mass-spring system: = (k/m)1/2 ; for a simple pendulum: = (g/L)1/2
Energy of an under-damped oscillator: E(t) = () m 2 A2(t) = Eo exp[t/]
where is the time constant
Quality Factor Q = o 2 / (|E|/E)cycle
Ch. 15
Speed of a string wave: vstring = (Tension/)1/2 , = Mass/Length (kg/m)
Harmonic Wave Function: y(x,t) = A sin ( kx t + )
Speed of a harmonic wave:
Intensity of a wave:

with k = 2/

v = f = /k

I = Pav / A

Intensity level of a sound wave:

= (10 dB) log (I/I0)

For a wave incident on a boundary surface:

r = (v2v1) / (v2+v1)

= 2v2 / (v2+v1)

Doppler Effect for Sound: fr = fs ( v ur ) / ( v us )

where: ur = velocity of receiver , us = velocity of source , v = speed of sound
Ch. 16
sin1 + sin2 = 2 cos[(12)/2] sin[(1+2)/2]
Beat frequency:

f = f1 f2

Phase difference due to path difference:

= 2 ( x / )

For standing waves on a string fixed at both ends:

with f1 = v/2L and n = 1,2,3,

fn = nf1

For standing waves on a string fixed at one end, free at the other:
with f1 = v/4L and n = 1,3,5,

fn = nf1

Ch. 30
For a plane EM wave moving to the right along +x axis:
Ey = E0 sin(kx t)
c2 = 1 / (0 0)

; Bz = B0 sin(kx t)

B0 = E0 / c

c = 3 108 m/s

Ch. 31
Index of Refraction:

n = c/v

with

Law of Reflection:

1 = 1

Snells Law of Refraction:

n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2

Total Internal Reflection:

sin C = n2 / n1

Polarization by Absorption (Law of Malus):

Polarization by Reflection:

nair = 1.0

with n1 > n2
I = I0 cos2

n1 sinP = n2 sin2

with 2 = 90o P

Ch. 32
Mirror equation:

1/s + 1/s = 1/f

Lateral magnification by mirror:

Image formed by refraction:

Thin-Lens equation:

m = y/y = s/s

n1/s + n2/s = (n2 n1) / r

Magnification due to refraction:

Lens-makers equation:

where f = r/2

m = y/y = (n1 s) / (n2 s)

1/f = (n/nair 1) (1/r1 1/r2)

1/s + 1/s = 1/f

Power of a lens: P = 1/f

(in Diopters = m-1)

Lateral magnification by lens:

m = y/y = s/s

Angular magnification of a Simple Magnifier:

M = / o = xnp / f

Magnifying power of a Microscope: M = mo Me w/ mo = L/fo and Me = xnp/fe

Magnifying Power of a Telescope: M = e/o w/ tano = y/s = y/fo and tane = y/fe
Ch. 33
Phase difference due to path-length difference:

= 2 (r/)

Two-slit Interference maxima: d sinm = m

where m = 0,1,2,3,

Two-slit Interference minima:

d sinm = (m )

where m = 1,2,3,

Distance of mth fringe from the central point of the screen: ym = L tanm
Intensity of light from interference:

I = 4I0 cos2(/2)

Diffraction minima for single slit of width :

sinn = n

First diffraction minimum for circular aperture of diameter D:

where n = 1,2,3,
sin1 = 1.22 / D

Resolving power of a grating: R = / || = mN , m = order number, N = # of slits

Ch. 34
Energy of a photon:

E = hf = hc/ and

E = pc

Photoelectric effect:

Kmax = hf

Compton scattering:

s i = C (1 cos)

( = work function)

de Broglie wavelength of a particle of mass m:

with C = h/mec = 2.426 pm

= h/p = h/(mv) = h/(2mK)

Probability of finding a particle in a region of length dx: P(x) dx = 2(x) dx

Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle:

x px hbar

with hbar = h/2

Energies of a particle in a one-dimensional box of length L: En = n2 h2 / (8mL2)

with n = 1,2,3, quantum number

Standing wave functions for a particle in a one-dimensional box of length L:

n (x) = (2/L)1/2 sin(nx/L)
Expectation value of a function F(x): F(x) = F(x) 2(x) dx
Bound state energy levels for Hydrogen: En = 13.6 eV/n2
Constants and Conversion Factors
Acceleration of gravity: g = 9.81 m/s2
e = 1.6 10 19 Coulombs
1 eV = 1.6 10-19 J
c = 3 108 m/s

Speed of light:

Plancks constant: h = 6.63 10-34 Js = 4.14 10-15 eVs

hc = 1240 eVnm
Powers of 10
109
106
103
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15

giga
mega
kilo
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto

G
M
K
m

n
p
f

with n = 1,2,3,