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Contents
Overview ..............................................................................................................................
What is Data Studio? ..........................................................................................................
VIP-CORE Initialization Data File ..............................................................................
VIP-EXEC Recurrent Data File ...................................................................................
Starting Data Studio............................................................................................................
Understanding the Data Studio Interface............................................................................
User Interface Conventions .........................................................................................
Color-Coded Entry Fields ......................................................................................
Options Tree ..........................................................................................................
Menu Options ..............................................................................................................
Shortcut Menus ............................................................................................................
Toolbar Icons ...............................................................................................................
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Overview
What is Data Studio?
VIP Data Studio is an application which automates the creation of the
initialization and recurrent data files that are submitted to the reservoir
simulator.
The output files created by Data Studio are in the ASCII keyword/option
format used by the simulator. Data Studio lets you enter data within a
context-driven interface and automatically translates the information
into the required format. As you enter data, the interface dynamically
changes to reflect data-dependent options. The application also traps for
and identifies some basic input errors so you can correct them before
you begin the simulation.
Data Studio includes the most common simulation options. However, it
does not include all the specialized options available in VIP-CORE and
VIP-EXECUTIVE. It provides an Include File panel through which you
can add include files or enter advanced keyword options. Or you can use
a text editor to modify the initialization and recurrent data files output
by Data Studio to include additional keyword options. A complete list
of keyword options is provided in the VIP-CORE Reference Manual and
VIP-EXECUTIVE Reference Manual.
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Utility Data, including simulation start date, grid size and number
of components, and physical property constants.
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Data Studio lets you import and edit well production history data, well
name/location data, and well perforation data for use in your reservoir
model. It also lets you generate certain types of data automatically from
production data, such as a list of well constraints to be applied on
specific days during the simulation.
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1.
Make sure you have an open study and case for the current
simulation run. The VIP Data Studio menu option is inactive until
a study and case is selected.
2.
Select Input > VIP Data Studio from the DESKTOP-VIP Main
Menu. This opens VIP Data Studio main window, as shown next.
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Toolbar
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Refer to the illustration above. Click the icon to close a branch of the
Options list. Click the icon to open a branch of the Options List.
Click on an option in the list to select it. The associated panel opens in
the right pane of the window.
Data Status Indicators
Notice the data status indicators in the above illustration. These icons
dynamically update to reflect the status of the data within each panel. A
red indicator means that data required for the initialization or recurrent
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Menu Options
The following options are available from the pull-down menus along
the top of the main window.
Menu Name
Purpose
File
Open, close and save cases; open, close and save VIP data files;
retrieve recent cases and data files; print data.
Edit
View
Simulation Data
Window
Help
Shortcut Menus
Several shortcut menus are available for access by clicking the right
mouse button in different parts of the programs main window.
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Toolbar Icons
Common options are available using icons on the toolbar. You can
determine the purpose of an icon by moving the mouse over it and
reading the pop-up description, or observing the longer description on
the Status line. You can select an icon by clicking it with the mouse.
Many of these icons correspond to specific menu options that are also
available on the pull-down menus. Selecting an icon may bring up an
additional dialog box as needed to complete the operation.
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Basic Operations
Introduction
There are several basic operations on the File and View menu that you
should understand before getting started, including:
Printing data
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Basic Operations:Introduction
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open a new case file with your own preferred case name
You can work on the case file, and then save it using the current name
or any other name you want to save it as. The following procedures
explain how to open, close and save case files in VIP Data Studio.
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Folder where
new file will
be saved
Filename
to use
for new file
Creation Mode
Options
2.
3.
Enter Case name. Type the Case name in the Case Name entry
field. As you type the name, the initialization (i.dat), restart (r.dat)
and well file names are also created.
4.
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Save the Case. Click the OK button to create and open the new
Case. Notice that your new Case name now appears on the title bar
at the top of the VIP Data Studio main window. For example:
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Grid data
Grid definition, porosity, and permeability arrays
Basic water and rock properties
Fluid model
Output, equilibrium, PVT, and rock type regions
Rock and fluid table correlation data (with preview button)
PVT Data
Equilibrium data
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2.
Enter the data. Complete each panel. Click the Back button at any
time to return to a previous panel Click the Next button to move
between panels. The Next button will be inactive until all required
data has been entered and meets error-checking rules.
3.
The initialization file displays in the lower portion of the Data Studio
window. The data you entered populates the panels. No red Status
Indicators (required data missing) should display on the Options Tree.
If desired, you can continue adding optional information.
Fill New Case by Parsing Existing Data Set
This option opens two additional fields that let you select an existing
initialization *i.dat and/or restart *r.dat file from which data will be
copied into the new name.
If you click the NO button, only the data recognized by Data Studio
will be included in the new data file(s). If you click the YES button, the
data will be saved as the specified file name to the current directory so
it can be added as an include file.
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Select File > Recent Cases on the VIP Data Studio menu bar, to
see if the case you want to open is available on the Recent Cases
submenu. If not, select File > Open Case, or press Ctrl-O to
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Folder
being viewed
Files
in this
folder
File
selected
for opening
2.
If you do not see the desired case, use the Look in drop-down list
to locate the folder where the case is located.
3.
Select the desired File name from the file list and click Open.
4.
Notice that your selected case name now appears on the title bar at
the top of the VIP Data Studio main window.
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VIP Data Studio case files (*.vds) store the data and program
options that you use when working on a case. They make it easy to
start up VIP Data Studio and resume work on a particular case.
VIP-CORE data files (*i.dat) and VIP-EXEC data files (*r.dat) are
specially formatted to work with the VIP simulators. They are
stored and used with the simulation case studies that you create in
DESKTOP-VIP.
Notice that VIP-CORE data files have an *i.dat extension and VIPEXEC data files have a *r.dat extension. For example, a typical
simulation data file might be named newcaser.dat or fieldstudyr.dat.
You can use VIP Data Studio to create new VIP-CORE and VIP-EXEC
data files or work with existing ones. The following set of procedures
explains how to do this.
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Select File > Recent VIP CORE Data Files or Recent EXEC
Data Files to see if the data file you want to open is listed on the
submenu. If so, select it. If not, select File > Open VIP CORE
Data File or Open VIP EXEC Data File to display the following
dialog box:
Folder
being viewed
List of
files in
this folder
File
selected
for opening
2.
If you do not see the desired VIP data file in this list, use the Look
in drop-down list to locate the folder where the data file is stored.
3.
Click the desired File name in the file list and click the Open
button.
The VIP data file must have a file extension of i.dat (CORE) or
*r.dat (EXEC), which is the standard filename ending for this type
of file. Notice that the selected simulation data file now appears in
the editing window at the bottom of the VIP Data Studio main
window. You can use this window to view and edit the contents of
the data file. Standard editing controls are provided. You can insert
the text cursor on any line, type new text, backspace, delete, cut/
copy/paste, insert, move the cursor up or down, and perform other
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Select File > Save VIP Data File As > CORE Data File or
EXEC Data File. This displays the following dialog box:
Folder where
file will
be saved
List of
existing
files
Filename
to use
for new
version
2.
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Use the Save in drop-down list to locate the folder where you want
the data file to be stored.
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3.
Type in the File name you want to use for saving this data file.
The data file must have a file extension of *i.dat (CORE) or *r.dat
(EXEC), which is the standard filename ending for this type of
file.
4.
Click the Save button to begin saving the data file under a new
name. You will see a progress box, informing you that the file is
being copied.
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Use the mouse to grab the handle. In other words, move the mouse
over the handle and hold down the left mouse button.
Toolbar
handle
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2.
Drag the mouse to any other location in the main window where
you want the toolbar to be located and release the left mouse
button. This drops the toolbar at the selected location.
3.
If you drop the toolbar into any gray area of the main window, it
reappears at that location. If you drop the toolbar into any white
area of the main window (e.g., into the production data
worksheet), it floats at the selected location inside its own tiny
inset window, as shown here:
4.
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Click open the View menu and examine the first two options:
When these options are checked, it means that the toolbar and/or
status bar are currently displayed. When unchecked, the toolbar
and status bar are hidden.
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2.
Selecting the Status Bar option turns the status bar on/off
automatically.
3.
4.
In the Toolbar control panel, click any of the check boxes to turn
them on or off: You will see the VIP Data Studio window change
dynamically as you click each option:
File - shows or hides the 10 icons related to File menu and Edit
menu options (new, open, save, cut, copy, paste, delete, print).
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Click the Close button when finished to close the panel. Other
options that you can perform using this panel are covered next.
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2.
This panel has two tabs displayed across the top of it: Toolbars
and Commands.
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The Toolbars tab shows the same basic options found on the
Toolbars control panel.
The Commands tab shows the complete set of icons available
with each standard toolbar category.
3.
Click the Commands tab to see the available icons for each
toolbar.
4.
Use this panel interactively with the toolbar at the top of the
window.
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You can drag any icon from this panel and drop it into any
toolbar currently displayed in the VIP Data Studio main
window, as desired. To do this, move the mouse over the icon
in the panel and hold down the left mouse button as you move
the mouse into the VIP Data Studio main window. Continue
dragging the icon until it is at the location where you want to
insert it, then let go of the mouse button to insert it.
You can remove any icon from the toolbars currently displayed
In the VIP Data Studio main window. To do this, move the
mouse over the icon to be discarded and hold down the left
mouse button as you move the mouse away from the toolbar.
When you let go of the mouse button, the icon disappears.
Click the OK button to close the Customize panel and the Close
button to close the Toolbar control panel.
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1.
2.
When the Customize panel appears, click the New button under
the Toolbars tab. This displays the following field:
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3.
Enter the desired Toolbar name and click OK. You will see an
empty toolbar inset floating inside the main window:
4.
Select the Commands tab on the Customize panel, then select the
Category containing the icons you want to place on the new
toolbar.
5.
Drag the icons from the Customize panel into the new Tool inset
area.
6.
Drag the toolbar inset containing the new icons into the Toolbar
area of the main window and drop it between any other two
existing toolbars.
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1.
2.
3.
To delete any of the new toolbars that you created, click the name
of the toolbar and then click the Delete button.
4.
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1.
Select View > User Options to display the User Options control
panel.
2.
Make sure the Dates-Units tab is selected at the top of this panel.
3.
4.
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Option
How To Use It
Default Date
Formats
Full Date or
Time from
Simulation
Start Date
Click the toggle to display either the full data (DD-Month-YYYY) or the time
from the start of the simulation.
Y2K Pivot
Year
Use the scroll arrows or retype the number to reflect the correct Y2K Pivot
Year. This number will be used to convert from two- to four-digit dates for Y2K
purposes. Any two-digit years below this number will be converted to 20xx
dates and years above this number will be converted to 19xx dates. Specifying
30 as the Y2K Pivot Year, for example, converts years from 1-30 as 2001,
2002, etc. and years from 31-99 as 1931, 1932, etc.
Field Units/
Metric Units
Select whether you want default units to be field units (English units) or metric
units. Metric unit pressure options are kPa, kg/cm2, or bar.
Floating point
precision
Use the scroll arrows or retype the number to indicate the default number of
decimal positions for display of numeric values.
Well
Averaging
Frequency
Select the default time interval over which you want to average well data. For
example, you may want to average data over six month intervals. If so, select 6
as the frequency number and Month as the date unit.
Print Options /
Frequency
This lets you specify the types and frequency of reports to be generated during
the simulation. To see a list of all available reports, click the button to the right
of the Print Options field. Use the Frequency field to the right of the Print
Options field to select a default frequency for reports. For example, you may
want the reports to be generated every three months during the simulation.
Default Unit
Formats
Default Time
Frequencies
For more details on the use of this feature, see Setting the Date List Options
on page 230. For more details on available PRINT options, see the VIP-EXEC
Reference Manual.
Well
Constraints
View Mode
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By Well/ By
Constraint
Within the well constraints table, you have the option of viewing data by well or
by wells meeting specific criteria (i.e., gas producers at maximum rate). This
toggle lets you define the default display when you first open a session.
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Option
How To Use It
Default Time
Frequencies
(contd)
Plot Options /
Frequency
PLOT options are a standard feature of VIP that let you specify data sets to be
generated for use with PLOTVIEW. To see a list of all available options, click
the button to the right of the PLOT Options field. Use the Frequency field to
the right of the PLOT Options field to select a default frequency for generating
data sets. For example, you may want plot data to be generated at the gathering
center level and at the field level every three months during the simulation.
For more details on the use of this feature, see Setting the Date List Options
on page 230. For more details on available PLOT options, see the VIP-EXEC
Reference Manual.
Map Options/
Frequency
MAP options are a standard feature of VIP that let you specify data sets to be
generated for use with 3DVIEW. To see a list of all available options, click the
button to the right of the MAP Options field. Use the Frequency field to the
right of the MAP Options field to select a default frequency for generating data
sets. For example, you may want to generate a set of pressures, saturations, and
fluid volumes every month during the simulation.
For more details on the use of this feature, see Setting the Date List Options
on page 230. For more details on available MAP options, see the VIP-EXEC
Reference Manual.
Restart
Options /
Frequency
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Use the check box to indicate whether you want restart records to be written
that will allow you to restart the simulation at a specific point in time. Use the
Frequency field to specify the default frequency of the restart records.
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1.
Select View > User Options to display the User Options control
panel.
2.
Make sure the Color and Chart tab is selected at the top of this
panel.
3.
Notice the color codes in the top half of this panel. These are the
colors that will be used to chart the indicated values in any
displayed charts. This type of color-coding makes it easy to
distinguish between different types of data.
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4.
5.
6.
Repeat the last two steps for each color that you want to change.
7.
Notice the line width values in the bottom half of the Display
Options panel. These are the line widths (in pixels) that will be
used to chart the indicated values in any displayed charts. You can
make the line widths thicker or thinner for each data type by
incrementing/decrementing this value. To change a line width
value, click on it and retype or use the scroll arrows that appear
when the cursor is focused in the current table cell.
8.
Notice the line types and symbols. These are the line types and
symbols that will be used to chart the indicated values in any
displayed charts. Click in the field to display the drop-down menu.
Select the line type or symbol from the menu.
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9.
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1.
Select View > User Options to display the User Options control
panel.
2.
Make sure the Reservoir Model tab is selected at the top of this
panel.
3.
4.
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Option
How To Use It
Default Fluid
Formulation
Click the toggle to define the default fluid model and corresponding molecular
weight that will be selected under the CORE - Basic Utilities tab. If you select
enhanced black oil, you can also specify oil and gas phase.
Default
Number of
Table Entries
saturation,
black oil
(above bubble
point and
below bubble
point)
Click the stepper to define the number of table entries when the correlation
option is used.
Default
Producer Rate
Constraints
Oil or Gas
Producer
This option indicates that you want to constrain wells using a maximum oil rate,
at which point the well may automatically switchover to gas production. The
gas-oil ratio (GOR) controlling switchover is entered on this panel, as well.
Total Liquid
Producer
This option indicates that you want to constrain wells using a maximum liquid
rate, which is the sum of the oil and water phase.
Producer with
Each Phase
Specified
This option indicates that you want to constrain wells using a specified rate for
each of the oil, gas and water phases. These rates are specified elsewhere in VIP
Data Studio, and are covered where appropriate in this manual.
GOR Switch
The gas-oil ratio switch for converting to/from oil-gas production. Available
only if you select the Oil or Gas Producer option.
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Select View > User Options to display the User Options control
panel.
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2.
Make sure the VIP Data File Generation tab is selected at the top
of this panel.
3.
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Category
How To Use It
ASCII Data
Format
Date Cards
Specify whether you want the date records in your VIPEXEC data file to be in DATE format (DDMMYYYY) or
in TIME format (number of days since beginning of
simulation).
Well List
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4.
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Category
How To Use It
Comments
Observed Data
File
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VIP EXEC data file. You must specify a filename that will be
used for saving the keyword data file generated by the program.
Observed data file. At the same time as you are generating the
EXEC data file, you will also be able to create an observed data
file to be used for history matching in PLOTVIEW. If you plan to
do this, you must specify the name to be used for the observed data
file.
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1.
Select Simulation Data > Related Files on the main menu bar.
This displays the following dialog box:
2.
Click the buttons to the right of each field and use the resulting file
selection dialogs to identify these three types of files:
File Type
Purpose
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3.
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File Type
Purpose
Observation file
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Data OK
Error
Open Options
branch to view
error description
The message box displays the status of each branch of the options tree.
If an error is detected, click the (+) beside the branch to open the
individual options. A more detailed error message is listed beside each
option that is not correct.
Whether or not you choose to correct the errors at this time, click the
Generate button to create the *i.dat or *r.dat file or both. The VIPformatted keyword file opens in the lower part of the display window
as shown below.
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Printing Data
The worksheet display in the top half of the main window lets you view
both raw data and charts derived from the data. Conveniently, VIP Data
Studio lets you set up, preview, and print copies of this data on paper,
as desired. The procedures for doing this are covered on the following
pages.
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1.
Select File > Print Setup to display the Print Setup dialog box.
2.
Make sure the correct printer is selected in the Name field. If not,
select the correct printer.
3.
Make sure the correct paper Size, Source and Orientation are
selected in the lower half of this dialog box. If not, change the
options appropriately.
4.
Click the Properties button to view and/or change other printerspecific options.
5.
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Select File > Print Preview to display the Print Preview window.
2.
Use the Next Page button to preview all the pages in the print job.
If there are any charts, they will appear on the last pages of the
preview. Other buttons are available:
3.
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Use the Prev Page button to move back through the preview.
Use the Zoom In/Zoom Out buttons to get a better view of the
previewed pages.
When you are finished previewing the print job, click the Print
button if you are ready to begin printing, or click the Close button
to close the preview window. Instructions on printing the job are
covered next.
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If you are looking at the Print Preview window, click the Print
button. Otherwise, select File > Print.
Either method displays the Print dialog box:
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2.
Make sure the correct printer is selected in the Name field. If not,
select the correct printer.
3.
Make sure the correct Print Range and Number of Copies are
selected in the lower half of this dialog box. If not, change the
options appropriately. The Selection option will print only cells
that are currently selected in the worksheet.
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4.
5.
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There are two ways to add external include data. You can specify an
external file. Or you can key the information directly into the panel.
Both options are described.
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The Data Section Selection pane lists every section of the CORE or
EXEC template structure as shown below. When you select a section
folder for the current include information, the folder opens within the
display. When include data has been added to a section, a red asterisk
displays by the folder.
Section contains include
data (red asterisk)
Selected section for
current include file
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Include Files
This option lets you attach external include files to the current CORE
or EXEC data file.
One File per Section except .inc files
Note that, except for .inc files, each include file must have data only for a single
section.
Recall that you can create a new CORE or EXEC data file by parsing an existing
file. When you do, any unrecognized keywords are placed in the current directory
with the extension .inc. You can select these files following the procedures
described below. But, since the data was extracted from particular sections, this
information is retained and sections are assigned automatically.
Move up a line
Move down aline
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1.
Define the section. In the Data Section Selection pane, click on the
folder for the data section in which the file should be included.
2.
Add a line. Click the Add Line button as shown above. A line is
added to the list.
3.
4.
Select the include file. Filter and select the include file to add.
Click the Open button to close the dialog box when the file is
selected.
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When you regenerate the file, an include statement is added to the data
file at the beginning of the selected section of the CORE or EXEC data
file as shown below.
Include statement within Grid
section of *i.dat file
When you have multiple include files, you can view the contents of any
file by clicking on the file name and clicking the
. The
name of the currently open inclue file displays on the Include File tab.
You can also use the right mouse button menu in the include file
display area as shown below.
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Open include file. This open opens the File Selection dialog box
and displays the contents of the selected file.
Save include file as. Opens the File Save dialog box to let you save
the file under a new name.
Find. Opens the Find dialog box to let you search the file for a
particular search string.
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External Data
This option lets you enter keyword data directly onto the panel to be
written into the current CORE or EXEC file.
One command procedure per section
Note that you must perform the procedure separately for commands within
different sections of the *i.dat or *r.dat file.
Define the section. In the Data Section Selection pane, click on the
folder for the data section in which the file should be included.
2.
Type in the command. Click in the entry field as shown below and
type the keyword command (or series of commands within the
same section of the date file). Your entry must conform to all
simulator format requirements in order to be valid. Data Studio
cannot perform validity checks on your entries.
3.
Update external data. When the command has been entered, click
the
button located at the bottom of the pane. The
command is added to the buffer and the screen clears. You can
perform another command procedure.
When you regenerate the file, the commands are added directly to the
CORE or EXEC data file at the beginning of the selected section as
shown below.
Keyword command within
Grid section of *i.dat file
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General utility data is divided into two branches: basic and advanced.
Basic options include the options used in most datasets: grid system,
fluid model, output array controls, fluid and reservoir constants, and
dimensions data. Advanced data options allow more specialized input
for defining a special reservoir model: initialization options, EOS-PVT
options, and saturation table and hysteresis options.
Utilities branches
Click the (+) button beside Utility Data on the options tree. Then
double-click on the utility data icon
beside the Basic Options or
Advanced Options branch to open the associated tabs. When you
double-click on a tab, the related entry pane opens. Each option is
described in detail.
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General Information
1.
Changing Units
If you change the units, you will receive a dialog box giving you the option
to recalculate the units or simply relabel the existing units.
3.
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Grid System
There are two ways to define the grid. You can specify grid files that
were created within the GridGenr application.
GridGenr Recommended
The GridGenr application lets you easily create complex grids. This is the
recommended method for defining all but very simple grids.
Procedures for specifying GridGenr files and defining simple grids are
described below.
Specify GridGenr Files
Perform the following steps to specify GridGenr files:
1.
Open the File Definition pane. Click the Use Gridgenr Grid Files
toggle. The file definition pane opens as shown below.
2.
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2.
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1.
2.
3.
Enter inner radius. Then enter in the Inner Radius field the
distance in (ft) m from the origin to the inner edge of the first
gridblock. For a single well study, it is usually the wellbore radius.
The inner radius must be greater than zero.
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Activate LGR pane. With your root grid defined, click the Use
Local Grid Refinement toggle to activate the LGR pane as shown
below.
Your root grid and any previously defined LGRs display in the
pane.
Local Grid Refinement Information
The Local Grid Refinement chapter of the VIP-CORE Reference Manual
provides a detailed introduction to creating LGRs.
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LGR Formats
When you create, delete, or edit an LGR file within Data Studio, the LGR
definition is written or updated directly in the initialization file. When you specify
a GridGenr LGR, an include statement is written in the initialization file
When you have selected GridGenr LGR files, you can deactivate the Use
GridGenr Files toggle to create, delete or edit the LGR data. When you deactivate
the toggle, the include statement is removed from the initialization file and all LGR
information defined from the the Grid System pane is written directly into the
initialization file. Your GridGenr properties and fault file include statements are
retained in the initialization file.
If you reactivate the Use GridGenr Files toggle, the include statement for your
GridGenr LGR is restored and the LGR information defined from the Grid System
pane is deleted from the initialization file.
Add LGR
Perform the following steps to add an LGR:
1.
With your pointer over the parent grid icon , select the Add
LGR option from the right mouse button menu. The LGR
Definition dialog box opens with the parent grid defined in the
dialog box title.
Parent Grid Definition
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GridGenr Recommended
The GridGenr application lets you easily create local grid refinements. This
is the recommended method for defining all but very simple, rectangular
LGRs.
2.
Specify LGR name. Click in the Refinement Name entry field and
enter an LGR name of up to 8 characters.
3.
Radial
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4.
5.
beside the
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Enter well interesections. Click in the Location field and enter the
point where the well intersects the face of the gridblock.
Values must be fractions, with 0.5 being the gridblock center.
8.
9.
Specify inner radius. Click in the Inner Radius entry field and
enter the distance from the origin to the inner edge of the first
gridblock.
This value must be greater than 0.
10. Specify angular direction data (radial grid only). If you have
selected a radial grid refinement, click the up or down stepper
arrow located next to the Number of Refinements in the
Angular Direction field and define the number.
The number of refinements can be 1 or any integer multipe of 4.
11. Specify outer radius. Click in the Minimum Outer Radius for
Innermost Ring of Gridblock entry field and enter the value.
This is an optional entry that will default to 0.
Delete LGR
You can delete a GridGenr or defined LGR from the initialization file.
If you are removing a GridGenr LGR file from the initialization file,
you must first deactivate the Use GridGenr Grid Files toggle. The
LGR names will remain in the display.
Perform the following step to delete an LGR:
1.
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If the LGR was included from GridGenr, the original .lgr file is not
deleted from the directory, but the include statement in the current
initialization file is removed. If the LGR was defined within the Data
Studio, the data is deleted.
Edit LGR Properties
You can reopen a Local Grid Refinement Definition dialog box to edit
previously defined properties. If you are editing a GridGenr LGR file,
you must first deactivate the Use GridGenr Grid Files toggle. The
LGR names will remain in the display.
Perform the following steps to edit LGR properties:
1.
2.
Edit the properties. Edit the data and then click OK to close the
definition window.
If the LGR was included from GridGenr, the original .lgr file is not
changed, but the include statement in the current initialization file is
removed and the modified LGR definition is placed directly into the
initialization file.
Exclude or Add gridblocks to LGR
Since LGRs must be defined as a single rectangular region, you can
exclude or add coarse gridblocks from the parent grid to further refine a
non-rectangular LGR area.
Perform the following steps to remove or add gridblocks.
1.
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Define the gridblocks. Click the right mouse button to select the
Add Row or Remove Row option. When you add a row, the
columns display I,J, K ranges. Click in the cells to activate the up
or down stepper arrow to define the range of gridblocks to
exclude or add.
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Fluid Model
Click the Fluid Model tab to open the Fluid Model panel.
Fluid Model tab
Fluid Properties
for selected model
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Compositional: Models diverse fluid mixtures using Ncomponent (i.e. C1, C2) fluid description to simulate phase
behavior as a function of pressure and composition. Fluid
composition varies with time and space.
Select fluid model. Click the toggle beside the model to select.
a.
b.
c.
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d.
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Output Data
Click the Output Data tab to define the controls for the initialization
array and print data that will be generated.
Output tab
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1.
2.
Select map options. Click the plus (+) symbol beside a topic folder
to open the associated selection list. (Or click the minus (-) symbol
to close it.) Then click the check boxes to select the arrays as
shown below.
NONE
ADD
When you have selected all the map options, click OK to close the
Map Selection dialog box.
3.
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Hydrocarbon
component
defined
Selected for
mapping
4.
Liquid
Gas
Overall
Do not use VDB option. The default is to write the map data
directly to the VDB file. Click the Do Not Use VDB toggle to
write the data to a map file outside the VDB. (The file will be
placed in your working directory with the name
<case_name>.map.)
Import the map file into the VDB
You can use the VIP Convert utility to import the map file into the VDB.
5.
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Print Options
These options define the array data that will be printed in the
simulation region output files.
Warning
Because of the large volume of data that can be generated, print options should be
used judiciously.
Define tables and arrays to print. Click the Print All or Print
None toggle in the Processed Tables and Arrays field to print all or
none of the data within any/all of the groups.
Or click the toggle beside the specific groups to print in the
Individual Group Print Controls field. Then click the button
beside the group name to open the Print Option dialog box.
Click the plus (+) symbol beside a topic folder to open the
associated selection list. (Or click the minus (-) symbol to close it.)
Then click the check boxes to select the arrays as shown below.
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When you have selected all the print options, click OK to close the
Map Selection dialog box.
Print Format
Click the toggle to activate the following changes in print format:
1.
2.
3.
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2.
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3.
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Specify output region datum depth. For each region, you can
specify the standard datum depth used to calculate datum pressure
for the region. Click the Specify Output Regions Datum Depth
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For each region, click in the Regions Datum Depth entry field
and enter the depth in your default units. Then click OK to close
the dialog box. The values you entered are transferred to the
Specify Output Regions Datum Depth field for display.
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Water Properties
Water property parameters are mandatory unless you have selected the
thermal reservoir model. These options are not used in VIP-THERM.
The displayed units depend on your selection under the Units-Grid
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Define stock tank water density. Click in the entry field and enter
the stock tank water density.
2.
Define water formation volume factor. Click in the entry field and
enter the water formation volume factor at the initial datum
reservoir pressure for the first equilibrium region.
3.
Define water viscosity. Click in the entry field and enter the water
viscosity.
4.
Define water compressibility. Click in the entry field and enter the
water compressibility.
Reservoir Constants
Reservoir constant parameters are mandatory. The displayed units
depend on your selection under the Units-Grid System tab. Perform the
following steps to complete the Reservoir Constants parameters:
1.
Define rock compressibility. Click in the entry field and enter the
rock compressibility.
2.
Define reservoir temperature. Click in the entry field and enter the
initial reservoir temperature.
Defining Temperature by Gridblock or Depth
If you have a Thermal or compositional model, you can define reservoir
temperature by depth or gridblock as described Other Arrays on
page 135. However, this field cannot be blank. Enter an arbitrary value if
you plan to use temperature vs. depth or values by gridblock.
Standard conditions
Standard condition displayed units depend on your selection under the
Units-Grid System tab. Perform the following steps to complete the
Standard Conditions parameters:
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1.
Define standard pressure. Click in the entry field and enter the
standard pressure.
Standard pressure default
The default is 14.65 psia (101.325 Kpa or 1.03353 kg/cm2.
2.
Define standard temperature. Click in the entry field and enter the
standard temperature.
Standard temperature default
The default is 60oF (15oC).
2.
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Dimension Data
These options let you to change the default dimensions for any
initialization run.
Dimensions tab
Click to open
Dimensions
options dialog
box
If these values are set too high, the simulation run will use more
memory than necessary. If they are set too low, enough memory will
not be allocated to complete the run.
The following dimension maximums are automatically defined based
on your data:
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Separator batteries
Depth values for composition vs. depth.
Equilibrium regions
Saturation regions
Tracked hydrocarbon types
Tracked water types
Table entries in Carter-Tracy
Points in each undersaturated curve
Undersaturated curves (oil and gas)
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Output regions
Entries in each saturation table input - from list of type
Stages per battery
Unique PVT regions
Compaction regions
Water-induced compaction table
SWINIT in any water-induced compaction table
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Select dimensions. Click the plus (+) symbol beside a topic folder
to open the associated selection list. (Or click the minus (-) symbol
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to close it.) Then click the check boxes to select the dimensions as
shown below.
3.
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Change the dimension value. Click in the Value field for each
parameter to activate the up or down stepper arrow . Increase or
decrease the value as necessary for your dataset. The minumum
allowed value is the VIP default.
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Reservoir Model
These options let you to define advanced reservoir modelling options.
Reservoir Model tab
Thermal option (license required): This option invokes VIPTHERM (thermal, compositional, or dead oil model). When
selected, this option activates the Thermal Arrays option within
the Grid Data branch and lets you define arrays for reference rock
heat capacity or thermal conductivity. Refer to Other Arrays on
page 135.
Some Thermal Options Unavailable
Note that not all VIP-THERM options are now available in Data Studio.
You can edit the initialization file to define these options.
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2. Select miscible type. Click the Miscible Type toggle and select
either the original Todd and Longstaff model (three
component: water, oil, solvent) or the four component model
(four component: water, gas, oil, solvent).
Grid Dimensions
When you select the three component model, two hydrocarbon components
are automatically selected within the Fluid Model panel. When you select
the four component model, three hydrocarbon components are au
tomatically selected on the Fluid Model panel.
Used with
1st Contact
Interpolation
parameter increases
linearly
Miscibility pressure
function of total
hydrocarbon comp
Minimum solvent
saturaton to maintain
miscibility
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Parameter
Used with
1st Contact
Miscibility pressure
lower and upper bounds
Interpolation
parameter increases
linearly
Miscibility pressure
function of total
hydrocarbon comp
Rock compaction option: This option lets you input pore volume
and permeability changes based on water saturation history.
Compaction Tables
When this option is selected, it activates the Compaction Tables option
under the Tables branch of the options tree as as described on Advanced
Reservoir Model Tables on page 119.
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2. Select compaction table type. Click the toggle and select the
Compaction Table Type: pressure, water, or both.
3. If you selected pressure or both, select calculation method.
Click the toggle to select the method of calculation. Activate
either Irreversible (use minimum pressure) or Reversible (use
current gridblock pressure).
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Initialization Options
These options let you define advanced equilibrium and nonequilibrium initializations..
Initialiation Options tab
Initialization Type
The default initialization procedure is to always produce an equilibrium
system, which is to say that regardless of which input data options are
used, capillary pressure adjustments are computed for each gridblock
which will ensure that the phases are in equilibrium. Non-equilibrium
can be specified to deactivate the computation of the capillary pressure
adjustments.
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Initialization Algorithm
Click the toggle to select the initialization algorithm The default is
gridblock center initialization.
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Vertical Equilibrium
The vertical equilibrium with completely segregated fluids may be
invoked for the water and oil phases, the gas and oil phases, or both.
Click to activate the Water-Oil and/or Gas-Oil option. When
activated, the Number of Sublayers to Divide Each Gridblock option
opens. The default value is 10. Click the up or down stepper arrow
located next to the field to increase or decrease the value.
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Offband Connections
By default, non-standard gridblock connections between layers of the
grid system where pinchouts occur are generated automatically
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whenever two layers are separated by one or more inactive blocks if the
total thickness separating them is less than tolerance.
Inactive blocks
Except for the thermal model, a block is inactive whenever pore volume = 0.
When the thermal model is used, a block with zero pore volume or zero total
volume are considered inactive.
By default, faults are connected only when they are logically vertical
blocks.
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For each active grid, click in the PV Cutoff entry field and enter
the value. The simulator will set blocks with pore volumes less
than or equal to this value to zero.
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Click the check box beside any grid refinement you want tested
separately against the tolerance for pinchout connection.
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EOS-PVT Options
These options let you deactivate black-oil table monotonicity and
hydrocarbon compressibility checking and activate PVT interpolation.
EOS-PVT Options tab
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Capillary Pressure
These options invoke capillary pressure hysteresis.
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Relative Permeability
These options are used to invoke oil and/or gas phase relative
permeability hysteresis.
1.
Activate the option. Click the toggle to activate the Use Oil Phase
Rel Perm Hysteresis and or Use Gas Phase Rel Perm Hysteresis
toggle.
2.
3.
4.
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Region Management
These options let you specify and manage the number of regions. The
Region Management options are located on the bottom of the pane.
Edit description
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2.
Previous
Active
region
Open
menu
Last
Next
Once selected, you can complete the entry fields for the active region.
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Delete region
Build Tables
When building equilibrium or property tables, the right mouse button
menu options let you build the rows as shown below.
Click in a row with the right mouse button and select to:
Insert Before Row. Insert a new row above the current row.
Insert After Row. Insert a new row below the current row.
Set Row Number. Opens a dialog box from which you can click the
up or down stepper arrow to define the total number of rows for
the table (including the current ones). Additional rows are added to
the bottom of the table.
Define Tables
There are two ways to define tables:
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Import Tables
Perform the following steps to import an existing table:
1.
Open the Select File dialog box. With the rock properties region
active, click the Import from File button located at the bottom of
the pane.
2.
Select the file. Click the Files of Type drop-down menu and select
the format of the file to import. Then filter and select the file.
When you click OK, the dialog box closes. If the initialization file
contains multiple tables, the Table Import Selection dialog box
opens as shown below.
Available
tables
3.
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Select the table. Click on the table name in the list of available
tables to display the corresponding curves. Click the OK button
when the table you want to select is highlighted.
CORE - Defining Table Data:Region Management
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Values
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You can click and drag any point to edit the curve. When you press
your right mouse button, your pointer becomes an up or down arrow
( ). Drag the arrow to the new value and release MB1. The curve and
the corresponding table entries are updated.
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Initialization Data
VIP-CORE can initialize multiple reservoirs (called equilibrium
regions) within the same model. Initialization data includes all data
necessary to define the equilibrium region tables.
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2.
Phase Contact
The phase contact display depends on the fluid model you have
selected. Perform the following steps to enter the phase contacts.
1.
Specify capillary pressure. Click in the entry field(s) and enter the
capillary pressure at the model-dependent contact.
For black oil, enhanced black oil, compositional, and K-Values
fluid models, enter the water-oil and gas-oil capillary pressure at
water-oil and gas-oil contact, psia (kPa), where pcwoc = po - pw.
For Gas-Water fluid models, enter the gas-water capillary
pressure, psia (kPa), where pcgw = pg - pw.
2.
b.
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2.
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Varying by Depth
Click the Depth Varying toggle to activate the applicable equilibrium
tables. For saturation tables, enter the values in the Depth and PSAT
fields as shown in the saturation table below.
For different phases of an enhanced black oil model, you will have
toggles for additional oil-gas or gas-oil ratios. In the live oil/wet gas
model shown below, the selected option is to use solution gas ration
instead of saturation.
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Constants
Black Oil
Saturation Pressure
Saturation Pressure
Gas-Water
none
none
Water-Oil
Saturation Pressure
none
Saturation Pressure
Saturation Pressure
Saturation Pressure
Saturation Pressure
K-Values
Saturation pressure (with optional temperature) and MANDATORY component mole fractions for main phasea,b
Compositional
Saturation pressure (with optional temperature) and MANDATORY component mole fractions for main phasea,b
a. Main phase is gas above the gas-oil contact and oil below.
b. You can invoke super-critical initialization to initialize fluid systems which are always one phase but
are gas condensate overlaying volatile oils. The compositions are such that they are always above the
equilibrium two phase envelope at the reservoir temperature and pressure. The gas-oil contact is
defined by looking at the heaviest component k-value to insure it is less than one because there is no
two phase region in the reservoir at initial conditions. The initial reservoir pressure/depth values are
used as the starting point for the initial pressure profile calculations.
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Click the (+) button beside Rock Property Tables on the options tree.
Then double-click on the rock property icon
beside the table to
select. The related entry pane opens.
Rock property table options depend on the fluid model you have
selected. Each option is described in detail.
Rock Type Region Index
When you define the rock property regions, you will define the associated gridblock ranges
within the Region Arrays branch of the Grid Data tree. Refer to Other Arrays on
page 135.
Water-Oil Table
Water saturation tables define the rock properties that depend on water
saturation: relative permeability of water, relative permeability of oil in
the presence of water, and water-oil capillary pressure.
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Description
SW
KRW
KROW
Relative permeability of oil in the presence of water (in an oilwater system) at a given water saturation. Values must decrease
with increasing water saturation. If this is an imbibition table,
krow must be less than or equal to the corresponding drainage
curve value.
PCWO
Description
SG
KRG
KRWG
PCGW
Define endpoints. Click in the entry fields and enter values for:
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2.
Define curves shape. Click in the Exponent entry fields and enter
the gas (mandatory), water (mandatory), and capillary pressure
exponents to define the shape of the curve.
3.
Option
Column
Description
Rock CompactionTable
Pressure History
Pressure (PSIA)
DSW
PVMULT
TAMULT
Transmissibility multipliers
TVMULT
Vertical transmissibility
multipliers (optional)
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Click the (+) button beside Fluid Property Tables on the options tree.
Then double-click on the rock fluid property icon beside the table to
select. The related entry pane opens.
Rock fluid table options depend on the fluid model you have selected.
Each option is described in detail.
PVT Region Index
When you define the fluid property regions, you will define the associated gridblock ranges
within the Region Arrays branch of the Grid Data tree. Refer to Other Arrays on
page 135.
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Fluid Models
Description
PSAT
RS
Black Oil
Water-Oil
Enhanced Black Oil (live oil)
RV
BO
Black Oil
Water-Oil
Enhanced Black Oil (live oil/dead oil)
Values of oil formation volume factor corresponding to each value of psat, rb/STB (cm/STCM).
BG
Black Oil
Gas-Water
Enhanced Black Oil (wet gas/dry gas)
Values of gas formation volume factor corresponding to each value of psat, rb/STB (cm/STCM).
GR
Black Oil
VO
Black Oil
Water-Oil
Enhanced Black Oil (live oil/dead oil)
VG
Black Oil
Gas-Water
Enhanced Black Oil (dry gas/wet gas)
K-Values (all fluid types)
ZG
ZO
VO
X1
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Fluid Models
Description
YNC
Values of gas mole fraction of the last (nc) component corresponding to each value of psat.
KV-N
MW
Compositional onlya
TC
Compositional only
Critical temperature.
PC
Compositional only
Critical pressure.
ZC
Compositional only
Acentric
Compositional only
Omegaa
Compositional only
Omegab
Compositional only
a. For compositional fluid models, you specify the EOS type. You can activate the 3-parameter EOS version. You can also specify Binary Interaction Coefficients for components defined for the Fluid Model.
You can also define separator batteries as described on page 125.
2.
3.
122
Define PVT conditions. Click in the entry fields and enter values
for:
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2.
3.
4.
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Define Fluid PVT conditions. Click in the entry fields and enter
values for:
Temperature (mandatory)
123
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124
3.
4.
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As you build the table, the surface battery design panel dynamically
updates.
1.
2.
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3.
Select options. Click the plus (+) symbol beside the Density and
Molecular Weight topic folder to open the associated selection
list. (Or click the minus (-) symbol to close it.) Then click the
check boxes to select the parameters as shown below.
2.
Column Name
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Description
DP
BOFAC
VOFAC
127
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Reservoir properties can vary spatially. A value for any one of these
properties must be given for each gridblock in the reservoir model The
field of values required to specify a reservoir property is called an
array.
Click the (+) button beside the Grid Data options tree. Then doubleclick on the icon beside the grid array to select. The related entry pane
opens. The Definition Arrays panels is shown above. Grid array
procedures and definitions are described in this chapter.
Overview of Arrays
An overview of array data is provided in the Grid Data Arrays chapter of the VIP-CORE
Reference Manual.
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Array Panel
There is a standard user interface for entering most array definition.
Standard definition procedures are described in this section. Then
individual array definitions are described in the next section.
The top line shows you which arrays you have already defined. The
bottom line shows you which arrays are mandatory.
Note: Last Array Does Not Display on the Roadmap
Array data is not saved until you perform another action. The last array you
define is saved when you leave the panel. Therefore, it will not display on
the Roadmap unless you return to the panel.
Import Arrays
When you import text (.cor) or binary (.bin) files from other
applications such as GridGenr or ZMap, include statements are added
to the initialization file. Perform the following steps to import array
data files:
1.
Specify the file type and select the file. Click the Include (text) or
Binary File toggle as shown below to specify the file type.
The File Selection dialog box opens. Filter and select the file to
include. The file name displays in the File Name field.
2.
130
Load other properties (optional). If you want to load all other grid
arrays from the same file, click the Load Properties button. You
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Define Arrays
Arrays can be defined as a constant, multiple of a property, or as a
variable. Procedures for each are described.
Undoing an array definition
Note that you can "undo" an existing array definition at any time by clicking the
Enter the constant. Click in the entry field and enter the value.
Define Multiple
Perform the following steps to define a multiple:
1.
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3.
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Enter the multiplier. Click in the Multiplier Value field and enter
the multiplier.
Define Variable
Perform the following steps to define a variable in the X, Y, Z direction
or for all grid values:
1.
3.
132
Enter the values. Click in the Multiplier Value field and enter the
multiplier.
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Properties
Physical Properties
Input Format
Selection Options
Properties
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Input Format
Selection Options
Gridblock pore volume and transmissibility arrays
Properties
Pore volume of each gridblock
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Other Arrays
Array Type
Region
Properties
Integer values defining distinct ranges for equilibrium regions. Each region may have different
water-oil and gas-oil contacts. Each value in this array directly refers to an equilibrium region
defined specified in Initialization pane. Default sets the entire array to 1; i.e., only one set of
contacts input for equilibrium data.
Integer values distinguishing areas with differing PVT properties. Each value in the this array
directly refers to a set of input PVT tables defined in the Fluid Properties pane.
Integer values defining different regions for output purposes. Gridblocks with the same integer
value are grouped together and considered a single region for output of average pressure,
cumulative injected volumes, cumulative produced volumes, net influx, and current fluids in
place in the Region Summary.
Integer values that distinguish areas containing rock types which require unique saturationdependent tables for inter-gridblock flow. Each value in this array directly refers to a set of
relative permeability/capillary pressure tables defined in the Rock Properties pane.
User-specified
Initialization
Saturation Table
Endpoint
Transmissibility
Multiplier
The X/Y/Z direction transmissibility multiplier for gridblock (i,j,k) is defined at the boundary
between blocks (i-1,j,k) and (i,j,k) and controls flow between them. For i = 1, TMX is zero. For
j = 1, TMY is zero. For k = 1, TMZ is zero.
Thermala
Reference rock-specific heat capacity (values at starndard temperature). Actual values are
calculated from reference values using the equation CPR = CPR0 (1 + DCPRDT (T-TS)).
Reference thermal conductivity in the X, Y, or Z direction (applied to gridblock center). Values
correspond to liquid-filled pore volume. Actual values are calculated from reference values
using the equation KT = KT0 (1 x DKDSG x SG), where KT is thermal conductivity.
Transmissibility/
Pore Volume
Modifications
a. Options available only if the Therm reservoir model is selected. Note that not all VIP-THERM options are now
available in Data Studio. You can edit the initialization file to define these options in keyword format.
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Array
Thermal
Properties
Reference rock heat capacity at standard temperature.
Reference thermal conductivity in X, Y, and Z directions.
Duala
Matrix
Fracture
a. These options activate under each existing array in the options tree. Click the plus (+) icon beside each
array to open the Dual suboptions.
136
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137
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138
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Select a Function
Click on a function name in the list to select it. You can then define or
edit the selected function name.
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x ); ;
ADD is the sum of the values of the two input arrays in a grid
block y = x1 + x2;
CORE - Defining Grid Array Data:Functions for Array Definition
139
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DIV is the ratio of the values of the two input arrays in a grid
block,
y =
MULT is the product of the values of the two input arrays in a grid
block y = x1 x2
MIN is the minimum of the values of the two input arrays in a grid
block y = min (x1,x2)
2.
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The selected dialog box opens. The arrays you have defined are
available for selection in the Input dialog box. All arrays are
available for selection in the Output dialog box.
Work Arrays
Note that work arrays are available for intermediate functions.
IREGION Arrays
Note that if you define IREGION as an input or output array, any extra
regions you have defined are not included in the calculation.
3.
Select input and output arrays. Click the plus (+) symbol beside
the Array topic folder to open the associated selection list. (Or
click the minus (-) symbol to close it.) Then click the check boxes
to select the function input and output array(s) as shown below.
Click +/- to open/close topic folder
(Red asterisk (*) symbol indicates
folder contains selections)
Click check box to select/deselect
parameter
Error Checking
Note that your input/output array fields will tag inconsistencies between the
analytical function you selected and the arrays that you have specified. In the
example below, the MAX function (maximum of the values of two input arrays)
has been selected, but only one input array has been specified. The (?) in the input
array field shows that an array is missing.
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4.
Click in the Values field and enter a value for each required
coefficient. Click OK to close the dialog box.
Interpolation
Perform the following steps to define an interpolation function.
1.
2.
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The selected dialog box opens. The arrays you have defined are
available for selection in the Input dialog box. All arrays are
available for selection in the Output dialog box.
Work Arrays
Note that work arrays are available for intermediate functions.
IREGION Arrays
Note that if you define IREGION as an input or output array, any extra
regions you have defined are not included in the calculation.
3.
Select input and output arrays. Click the plus (+) symbol beside
the Array topic folder to open the associated selection list. (Or
click the minus (-) symbol to close it.) Then click the check boxes
to select the function input and output array(s) as shown below
Click +/- to open/close topic folder
(Red asterisk (*) symbol indicates
folder contains selections)
Click check box to select/deselect
parameter
4.
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5.
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2.
3.
Define Range
You can limit the function to a specific region or gridblock range, value
range, or distance as described below.
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Gridblock Range
The default is to apply the function to all gridblocks in all regions.
Click the Select Gridblock Range toggle to activate the gridblock
range options as shown below.
Select the region type. Click the down arrow next to the Specify
Region Type field and select the type from the list of regions you
defined within the Region Arrays panel.
2.
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Limit by Gridblocks
Click the Specify Gridblock Range toggle to limit the function by I, J,
K range. The Gridblock Range fields open as shown below.
Click the up or down stepper arrow beside the From/To fields in each
direction to define the range over which the function is applied.In the
above example, the function will be applied in gridblocks 1 through 10
in all directions.
Value Range
You can limit the output array to within specific bounds for input value
read and/or output value calculated. You can also limit by the distance
between the gridblock and the input point used for the calculation.
Note
You may need to scroll down to locate these options.
Limit by Value
Perform the following steps to limit the output array by defining a
minimum and maximum value.All interpolated values not within the
bounds you define are set to the minimum or maximum value. If these
bounds are not defined, the default is (+/-)1.e+12.
1.
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Array dialog box lists all the function output arrays you have
defined.
2.
Enter the bounds. Click in the entry field and enter the value. Click
OK to close the dialog box. The value(s) you entered display in
the entry field.
Limit by Distance
This option lets you define the range of points to use for the polynomial
fit for each property. The larger the number (in property units), the
more range of influence each point will have over distant points along
the curve. The default is 1E+12 (use all points).
R2003.4
1.
2.
Enter the range for each input array. Click in the entry field and
enter the maximum range value (in property units). Click OK to
close the dialog box. The value(s) you entered display in the entry
field.
CORE - Defining Grid Array Data:Functions for Array Definition
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You can modify the array by a constant value or replace a section of the
array with a selected value. Options are described below.
148
Move up
modification list
Move down
modification list
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2.
Specify the array. Click the Array to Override option and select
the array type from the drop-down menu.
3.
Select the include file. Click the Include File icon. The File
Selection dialog box opens. Filter and select the include file. Click
the OK button to close the File Selection dialog box.
4.
Specify the type of first array modification. Click the Type of First
Array Modification in Include File option and select either
Constant or Values from the drop-down menu. This field should
identify the first modification card in the include file.
5.
Close the dialog box. Click the OK button to close the dialog box.
The modification displays in the Modification Management list.
Specify a Constant
Perform the following steps to specify a constant override.
150
1.
2.
Specify the array. Click the Array to Override option and select
the array type from the drop-down menu.
3.
Specify the gridblock range. Click in the entry field and click the
up or down stepper arrow beside the From/To fields for the I, J,
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4.
5.
6.
Close the dialog box. Click the OK button to close the dialog box.
The modification displays in the Modification Management list.
2.
3.
Specify the value range. There are two options for defining the
values. You can:
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Enter the grid range and click the OK button to close the table.
4.
152
Close the dialog box. Click the OK button to close the dialog box.
The modification displays in the Modification Management list.
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Reservoir
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Aquifer
re
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154
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Select the method. Under the Aquifer Type pane, click to activate
the Carter-Tracy option. The properties for the Carter-Tracey
method open.
2.
2 c hr s
1
t
e
B1 = ----------------------------
where
3.
ct
re
156
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where:
2
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Net thickness
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158
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Select the method. Under the Aquifer Type pane, click to activate
the Fetkovich option. The properties for the Fetkovich method
open.
2.
7.08 k h
pi = -------------------------------------, for radial flow
re
ln ---- 3
r o
4 k b h
pi = ----------------------------, for linear flow
d
where
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ro
re
159
3.
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4.
ct
wi
pi
Specify initial volume of water in place and total fluid and rock
compressibility (optional, see step 3). Click in the entry fields and
enter the volume of water in place (as defined above)
Then enter the total compressibility of the rock and fluid in the
aquifer, 1/psia (1/kPa).
5.
160
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2.
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=n
+n
n
-n
*n
/n
XCALC
YCALC
ZCALC
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If you are attaching the aquifer to a grid section, there are six
additional options which enableyou to assign an aquifer to an
irregular grid boundary. Starting on the specified face of the
window and moving inward, the aquifer is attached to the first
active gridblock encountered within the window. The options are:
162
II+
JJ+
KK+
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Search for and edit data where wells switch function (e.g.,
producer to injector, gas injector to water injector)
The procedures for performing the tasks listed above are provided on
the following pages of this chapter.
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Importing
The first step in compiling data for VIP Data Studio is to import
production history data from OpenWorks or a prepared file, or to build
a production history from scratch by typing it directly into the
worksheet area of the main window.
Production data can be imported from OpenWorks Oracle or plain text
data file in comma-delimited format or in columns separated by tabs or
blank spaces. Assuming the data is formatted in a consistent way, VIP
Data Studio can easily parse the formatted file and help you
determine the purpose and contents of each column of data in the file.
The import process uses a wizard that displays the incoming data,
lets you set certain defaults for dates and units, and lets you edit the
column headings, as appropriate. The procedures for importing data
vary slightly, depending on whether you are importing from
OpenWorks or a plain text file. Use the appropriate procedure on the
following pages.
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Click the button that corresponds to the data source and click OK.
Using VIP without OpenWorks
If you are not in an OpenWorks environment, or if you select to import from
an ASCII file, proceed to Step 6.
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2.
Click on the project to select and click OK. The Select Well List
dialog box opens.
3.
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4.
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How It Works
Choose data
columns to
import
Choose Date
Format
Data
provider
Zones to
import
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Field
How It Works
Production
date is end of
production
interval
Choose
Display
Format
When the data is complete, click OK. The second Import Data
Wizard opens.
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5.
How It Works
Date
Selection
Select the desired Import from and Import to date for your
data. The dates shown here are the default start and end dates
of the production data. It is not recommended that you
change the Start Date, however you may want to set the End
Date much later than the end date of your production data if
you want to simulate a production run that continues well
into the future.
You can click on the date to retype it, or you can click the
down arrow icon to select from a calendar.
Add Sum
over Zones
of
Production
Data to
OpenWorks
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Field
How It Works
Action
Selection
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Folder
being viewed
List of
files in
this folder
File
selected
for importing
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7.
Click the Files of type field and select from the menu the type of
file to be imported. Files of the selected type are then listed in the
display.
8.
Select the file to be imported from the file list in the center of this
dialog box. This places the selected name in the File name field. If
you do not see the desired file, use the Look in drop-down list to
locate the folder where the data file is located.
171
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Click the Open button to begin reading in the data file. This opens
the first page of a wizard used to import the data:
The wizard gives you a preview of the production data in the file,
with a scrollbar that you can use to scroll down through the data
and review it. Several option buttons along the bottom are preset
based on the User Options you chose in the previous chapter.
10. Review the data and set the data options as follows:
172
Field
How It Works
Change Date
Format
Click this check box if you want to specify how the dates in
the production data file should be interpreted. A special
drop-down list appears, with up to 19 different choices for
how the date column can be interpreted. For instance, D/M/
Y means to interpret the dates as day, followed by month,
followed by year, separated by slashes.
Add Missing
Rows for
Frequency
Click this check box if you want the software to assume a set
frequency for production values. When activated, selection
fields open to let you define the frequency. The program will
then add a null date entry for missing periods.
Choose
Units
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11. Click the Next button when finished to continue to the next panel
of the wizard.
If the program is unable to interpret the day/hour format (e.g., if
the date of each production interval is expressed as days rather
than in a standard date format such as D/M/Y, you will see the
following dialog box.
12. Enter the correct start date and click the OK button to continue to
the next panel of the wizard.
For each column of data in the file, VIP Data Studio attempts to
identify the column heading, column title and data type. This page
of the wizard shows the results of this interpretation process, and
lets you adjust the formatting selections column-by-column.
13. Use the horizontal scrollbar to review all the columns parsed. Use
the Back button if necessary to compare each column to the
displayed version of the original data file.
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Click Column
Title field to open
drop-down list
174
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You can specify the units your production data is in. The software
will convert the data from the specified units to those required by
VIP:
Metric Units
Liquid (Oil, Water)
Volume
Rate
Cumulative
Volume
Rate
Cumulative
Gas
Field Units
Liquid (Oil, Water)
Volume
Barrels (STB)
Rate
Barrels/Day
(STB/Day)
Cumulative
Volume
Rate
Cumulative
Gas
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Or you can activate the Enter Conversion Factor toggle and enter a
conversion rate to the specified units. In the example below,
gallons are converted to STB.
You can also deselect data field(s) for import by clicking the
Ignore Data toggle. (Click Import Data toggle to reselect.)
15. Click the Next button when finished to continue to the next panel
of the wizard.
16. Review the data and set the data options as follows:
176
Field
How It Works
Well
Selection
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How It Works
Data Range
Selection
Select the desired Start Date and End Date for your list of
dates. The dates shown here are the default start and end
dates of the production data. It is not recommended that you
change the Start Date, however you may want to set the End
Date much later than the end date of your production data if
you want to simulate a production run that continues well
into the future.
You can click on the date to retype it, or you can click the
down arrow icon to select from a calendar.
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Field
How It Works
Action
Selection
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Let program take action ... You can let the program
automatically correct switchovers and/or undefined values.
When you select the option, the dialog box expands to provide
the following options.
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Folder
being viewed
List of
files in
this folder
File
selected
for importing
182
2.
Click open the drop-down menu on the Files of type list and select
Tabular Well Production Data ASCII File as the file type to be
imported.
3.
When you select a filename and click the Open button, you will
start a wizard that is quite similar to the one used for importing PA
files, but with slight differences.
4.
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As the data is being imported into VIP Data Studio, the program
automatically assigns a start date for the production history cycle
based on the way it interprets these first few lines of data.
In the example shown above, it assumes that the data represents
monthly production, and that the production values apply to the entire
month. Based on this logic, it assumes that production started on April
1, 1988 and that the data given on 5/1/1988 is for the prior month
period from 4/1/1988 and 5/1/1988.
If the date is in other formats, VIP Data Studio takes action as follows:
Date Format
Action Taken
D/M/Y or M/D/Y
M/Y
Days
Regardless of what the system puts as a start date, you can always
change the start date using Production Data > Change Production
Interval Start Date. When you select this option, the following dialog
box opens:
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HEADER1
val1(1)
|
val1(k)
val1(1)
|
val1(k)
|
|
|
val1(1)
|
val1(k)
HEADER2
val2(1)
|
val2(k)
val2(1)
|
val2(k)
|
|
|
val2(1)
|
val2(k)
HEADERn
valn(1)
|
valn(k)
valn(1)
|
valn(k)
|
|
|
valn(1)
|
valn(k)
Where:
184
The first column header must be WELL or NAME and the second
DATE or a date format, the following headers identify the type of
production data being imported.
Only positive real values are de facto imported into VIP Data
Studio, all other values (including negative values or character
symbol) will be marked as undefined (X symbol).
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Example:
R2003.4
Well
Date
Qg
Qo
Qw
thp
B01
1/1/98
25.64
10.25
2.34
80.43
B01
2/1/98
24.32
12.43
1.45
79.12
B01
3/1/98
25.32
14.12
2.54
76.54
B01
4/1/98
22.31
-1
2.43
75.43
B01
5/1/98
21.23
13.21
3.45
B01
6/1/98
19.45
12.12
4.56
73.45
B01
7/1/98
11.65
4.23
74.56
B01
8/1/98
24.65
13.54
2.34
72.34
B01
9/1/98
23.43
11.12
3.22
71.34
B01
10/1/98
20.43
15.23
2.54
70.12
B02
1/1/98
44.54
20.25
7.37
96.59
B02
2/1/98
54.38
12.73
4.55
94.42
B02
3/1/98
27.32
24.12
4.74
93.64
B02
4/1/98
52.31
25.64
2.03
B02
5/1/98
27.23
23.91
7.48
90.02
B02
6/1/98
39.45
22.18
5.56
88.48
B02
7/1/98
35.76
21.65
3.28
87.66
B02
8/1/98
24.95
23.84
6.94
86.37
B02
9/1/98
43.43
21.12
5.22
85.74
B02
10/1/98
50.43
25.03
4.58
83.10
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New Format
The new format is:
DATE (or DATE format)
WELL Name1
date1
|
datek
WELL Name2
date1
|
datek
|
|
|
WELL NameN
date1
|
datek
186
HEADER1
HEADER2
HEADERn
val1(1)
|
val1(k)
val2(1)
|
val2(k)
valn(1)
|
valn(k)
val1(1)
|
val1(k)
|
|
|
val2(1)
|
val2(k)
|
|
|
val1(1)
|
val1(k)
val2(1)
|
val2(k)
valn(1)
|
valn(k)
|
|
|
valn(1)
|
valn(k)
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Where:
R2003.4
After the header and before production data entries for each well, a
line with the keyword WELL or NAME plus the well name must
be entered
Only positive real values are de facto imported into VIP Data
Studio, all other values (including negative values or character
symbol) will be marked as undefined (X symbol).
187
Landmark
Example:
m/d/yy
Qg
Qo
Qw
thp
1/1/98
25.64
10.25
2.34
80.43
2/1/98
24.32
12.43
1.45
79.12
3/1/98
25.32
14.12
2.54
76.54
4/1/98
22.31
-1
2.43
75.43
5/1/98
21.23
13.21
3.45
6/1/98
19.45
12.12
4.56
73.45
7/1/98
11.65
4.23
74.56
8/1/98
24.65
13.54
2.34
72.34
9/1/98
23.43
11.12
3.22
71.34
10/1/98
20.43
15.23
2.54
70.12
1/1/98
44.54
20.25
7.37
96.59
2/1/98
54.38
12.73
4.55
94.42
3/1/98
27.32
24.12
4.74
93.64
4/1/98
52.31
25.64
2.03
5/1/98
27.23
23.91
7.48
90.02
6/1/98
39.45
22.18
5.56
88.48
7/1/98
35.76
21.65
3.28
87.66
8/1/98
24.95
23.84
6.94
86.37
9/1/98
43.43
21.12
5.22
85.74
10/1/98
50.43
25.03
4.58
83.10
Well B01
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Header line is optional, if found VIP Data Studio will try to use it
to guess the types for each column in step 2 of the import wizard.
If omitted the user will have to specify in the same step 2 the
column for the well name, the column for the date plus the type for
all other columns.
Only positive real values are de facto imported into VIP Data
Studio, all other values (including negative values or character
symbol) will be marked as undefined (X symbol).
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The file must be imported following step 1 and step 2 of the import
wizard. On step 3 the user can specify either to replace the current
production data or to append the imported production data to the
current one.
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Importing a data file with production data for B02 from 01/12/1997 to
01/10/1998, step 1 of the import wizard:
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Select Add new wells to current production data, well B02 and
Finish. The case production data will now have production data
available for well B01 and B02 from 01/12/1997 to 01/10/1998.
Append New Production Data Records to Existing Production Data
If new production data records are found for existing wells, this option
will be available on step 3 of the import wizard.
Current production data is available for well B02 from 01/12/1997 to
01/08/1998:
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We import now a production data file with production data for well B02
from 01/08/1998 to 01/10/1998, step1 of the wizard:
Step 3 of the wiard now gives the option to append the new entries:
Select Add new production data entries for existing wells well
B02 and press Finish button, the case has now production data
available for well B02 from 01/12/1997 to 01/10/1998 for Gas, Oil,
Water production and Tubing-Head pressure.
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Scroll down
to view more rows
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For instance, the following drop-down lists are available at the bottom
of the Production Data worksheet when the level is set to gathering
center. At this level, you can select a specific gathering center (on the
right), and then view the data for each well in the gathering center.
Change data view to:
First well
Previous well
Next well
Last well
Gathering center
selected
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Level Selected
View Data By
Field
Area
Area
Flow station
Flow station
Gathering center
Gathering center
Well
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2.
3.
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Review the changes that VIP Data Studio has made, and adjust the
values in the worksheet to fine-tune the result.
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Hiding Columns
You can temporarily hide or display columns by double-clicking the
column heading:
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1.
2.
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2.
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How To Use It
Flow
Display
Format
Precision
Display
Format
Date
Display
Format
3.
To test any of your selections, click the Apply button at the bottom
of the Properties dialog box.
4.
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There are several different ways you can control the view of these
charts as explained on the following pages.
Purpose
View/Zoom In
View/Zoom Out
View/Original Size
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Inserting/Removing Charts
You can control exactly which values are plotted in the worksheet area
by selecting them from a list. Follow these steps:
1.
Right click on any worksheet cell and select Insert Chart from the
shortcut menu. This displays a list of available data.
The list shows all the data values available to be charted under
Available Data and all the data values that are actually charted
under Active Data. At first, these two lists are the same, indicating
that VIP Data Studio has already charted all available data.
2.
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You can move data values on/off the Active list by selecting the
data type and then clicking the arrow buttons to move it between
lists. Clicking the left arrow button moves a selected data type off
the Active list. You can move it back onto the Active list by
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2.
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3.
4.
To test any of your selections, click the Apply button at the bottom
of the Properties dialog box.
5.
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Option
Purpose/How To Use It
Chart Title
These are the column headings in the worksheet. Click to retype any column heading, as
desired. Use the Tab kay or Shift-Tab to move between columns.
Line Color
These are the colors used to plot data values in the charts at the far right on your worksheet,
for both production data and averaged data (if available). Click any color to change it and
select a new color from the palette. For details see Setting the Default Color and Chart
Options on page 31.
Line Width
These are the line widths (in screen pixels) used to plot data values in the production charts.
Separate widths can be specified for both production data and averaged data (if available).
Click any value and use the scroll arrows to change it, or simply retype the value.
Background
This controls the background color of the production charts. Click this button to select a
new color from the palette. For details see Setting the Default Color and Chart Options on
page 31.
Font
This controls the font used on the production charts. Click this button to select a new font
type, style, or size, then click OK when finished, or Cancel to avoid changing the font.
Horizontal
Grid Lines
Turn on this checkbox if you want horizontal grid lines to appear on the production charts.
Avg. Interval
Grid Lines
Turn on this checkbox if you want vertical grid lines to appear on the charts for data
averaging intervals (not available unless data has been averaged).
Symbols
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2.
3.
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Scroll through all - lets you manually search for and edit each
of the switchover events or undefined values. Or you can
Cancel and search another time using the Check Production
Data Consistency option on the Production Data menu.
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1.
206
What It Finds
Producer to Injector
Injector to Producer
2.
3.
Click the Find Next button to begin searching. You can also use
Find First or Find Last to move to the first or last instance of the
selected well switchover type.
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2.
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This panel shows the Start Date and End Date for the production
data. You can select a Frequency for averaging and see the
resulting interval dates in the Date List, or you can define varying
intervals between data ranges.
2.
Specify the interval. You can specify the interval in one of two
ways:
advanced
options
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Note that the Advanced and Regular buttons let you move
between the dialog box for each option.
The default start and end dates correspond to the production
start and end dates.
Click the Add Interval button. The Select Date dialog box
opens.
Click the down arrow icon ( ) to select the interval start date
from the calendar. Use the double arrow icons (
) to
change the year and the single arrow icons (
) to change the
month. Once you see the desired month/year for the Start or End
Date, click the desired date to select it.
Click OK to close the Select Date dialog box. The date you
entered displays in the Start Date field of the current interval and
the End Date field of the previous interval.
Click in the Frequency field. When you click in the field, scroll
arrows let you increment or decrement the frequency value from 1100.
Then click in the Frequency Units field. When you click in the
field, a pull-down menu lets you select between hours, days,
weeks, months, or years.
You can also click the Delete Interval button and select the start
date of intervals you want to delete as shown below.
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Click Apply on the Data List Selection dialog box to compute the
varying intervals.
You must click Apply...
Note that you must click the Apply button for the varying intervals to be
computed.
3.
Once you have chosen the desired frequency, click the OK button
to average the data based on that frequency.
You can also use the Cancel button to close this panel without
averaging the data. If you clicked OK above, the program adds
extra columns to the worksheet to show the averaged interval and
the data averaged over that interval (see picture on previous page).
It also updates the charts to the right of the worksheet area.
4.
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Make sure the data has been averaged to your satisfaction. VIP
Data Studio will use this data when generating the VIP-EXEC
simulation data file. Averaging should not skip important dates
such as a well shut-in. You can manually change any value in the
worksheet and the data will be reaveraged automatically.
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212
1.
Scroll to the right of the worksheet and view the averaged data in
the chart.
2.
If you do not see the horizontal grid lines in the chart, select
Production Data> Properties then click the Production Charts
tab and turn on the Averaged Interval Grid Lines checkbox.
3.
You can drag these grid lines left or right to interactively adjust the
averaging interval. To begin this process, move the mouse to the
top of the grid line until you see a large black vertical arrow
appear.
4.
Without moving the mouse from its current position, hold down
the left mouse button until the arrow turns into a double white
horizontal arrow. Keep holding the mouse as you drag the grid line
left or right. As you drag the grid line, the axis annotation changes
automatically to match the current grid line position.
5.
Release the mouse when the grid line is at the desired position.
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This panel lists three types of problems with the well data as it
currently exists within your case. It shows:
2.
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wells that have production data but have not been defined in
the Wells Names and Locations view
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Specify associated
well name
This option is useful if you have a single well listed under one or
more names. Perform the following steps to associate two wells:
Associated wells are now listed under the well ID of the name you
specified. Removed wells are deleted from the database. Any
associated data is also removed.
4.
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worklist. This manual assumes that you have not set up such
constraints. However, some users may have already done so.
This panel shows the Start and End Dates of both your
simulation data and production data. It also points any
problems that may still exist with your data, such as whether
your production data needs averaging. If necessary, click the
Cancel button to return to the program and adjust the start/end
dates, or correct other problems, before restarting the wizard.
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216
Option
What It Does
Append production
data to data
Ignore production
data
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5.
This panel shows wells defined for the simulation and lets you
control how the observed data file and BHP/THP data will be
generated.
If you have on time, BHP, and/or THP data in your data, additional
fields are available for selection. Activate the BHP/THP cards to
define the limiting bottomhole pressure or tubing head pressure.
When ontime information has been loaded for production data,
activate the Generate ON TIME card for wells from production
data toggle if you want to generate ontime cards and corrected
rates (to maintain volumetric) for the wells. Otherwise, production
over the entire date interval is assumed.
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The observed data file can be generated directly from either the
raw or averaged production data, per your selection, and is used
primarily for history matching using the SimResults or
PLOTVIEW program. Using visualization programs like
PLOTVIEW and 3DVIEW, you can compare the result of your
simulation to the actual production data to determine how well
your model is working. PLOTVIEW shows simulated and
observed data side-by-side on the same plot for making detailed
comparisons.
6.
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Press the Finish button at the bottom of the wizard to complete the
well types and constraints generation.
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1.
2.
Select Clear Grid Data from the shortcut menu. You will see this
message:
3.
Click the Yes button to clear all data from the Production Data
worksheet. Otherwise, click No.
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When the production data is defined, the Utility options let you specify:
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Simulation interval - controls the start and ending dates for the
simulation. Enter the dates manually or select from a calendar by
clicking the down arrow.
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files, map files, or both from drop-down menus. If you select not
to write map files to the VDB, you can select the map file format
from the drop-down menu.
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Several DIM options are set automatically when you generate a VIPEXEC data file, based on some simple consistency checks that VIP
Data Studio does on your worksheet data. The automatically set DIM
options include NPRFMX, NWMAX, NPRFTOT, NAREAX,
NFSMAX, and NGCMAX. For instance, VIP Data Studio will verify
the number of wells and perforations in your compiled worksheet data
and set the maximum number of perforations (NPRFMX) and
maximum number of wells (NWMAX) accordingly. The same types of
checks are performed for the other automatic DIM options.
You can use the Dimension Data panel to specify other DIM options.
Follow these steps:
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1.
2.
Open the various folders on this panel by clicking the (+) sign next
to each folder. You will see many of the DIM options described in
the VIP-EXEC Reference Manual.
3.
4.
5.
Click inside the Value column on the display and type in the value
for this dimension setting, or use the scroll arrows to set the
dimension.
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Edit the records, for instance, you may want to change the types
of output produced on a specific date.
The procedures in this chapter explain how to perform each of the tasks
listed above. It is assumed that you understand the purpose of PRINT,
PLOT, MAPOUT, and RESTART records as explained in the VIPEXEC Reference Manual.
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This display lets you set up a list of Run Dates and then designate
various events that will occur on those dates, such as:
PRINT options - reports that will be printed on certain dates
MAP options - map records that will be generated on certain dates for
use by 3DVIEW
Mole Fraction Map Fields for Compositional Model
If you have a compositional fluid model, you will have three additional fields
(MAPX Options, MAPY Options, and MAPZ Options). These put mile fraction
of the selected component into the map file, where X is liquid, Y is gas, and Z
is overall.
PLOT options - plot records that will be generated on certain dates for
use by PLOTVIEW
RESTART - - restart records that will be captured on certain dates for
use in starting new simulations at different dates (use carefully since
these generate large output files that can quickly fill up your hard drive)
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2.
This dialog box lets you define the Start Date and End Date for
the entire list of dates that you will be generating. You can also
indicate the type and frequency for four different types of VIPEXEC data records: PRINT, PLOT, MAPOUT, and RESTART.
3.
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Select the desired Start Date and End Date for your list of
dates.Notice that these are already set to the defaults listed on the
Dates-Units tab of the User Options panel (as covered under
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4.
5.
When finished setting up the date list options, click the OK button
to close this panel.The date list is generated automatically and
looks something like this:
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How To Use It
Print Options /
Frequency
Specify the PRINT options to be used and default frequency for the print options. PRINT
records will be generated for the simulation on the frequency specified. To see a list of all
available PRINT options, click the button to the right of the Print Options field. Major
categories are shown as folders, which you can open by clicking the (+) icon. Put a check
next to each option desired, then click OK to close the option list.
To select a default frequency for the PRINT options, set the Frequency value to the right of
the Print Options field.
Click to
expand folders
Click to turn on
appropriate
checkboxes
Once selected, these options will be included as keywords in any VIP-EXEC data file that
you generate with VIP Data Studio, until the next time you change them.
Note: You can use the MB3 Change Print Option option for cell to define multiple
reports, each with its own frequency. Refer to Adding or Changing the Selected Options in
a Cell on page 235.
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How To Use It
Plot Options /
Frequency
Specify the PLOT options to be used and default frequency for the PLOT options. PLOT
records will be generated for the simulation on the frequency specified.
This works the same way as the PRINT options discussed above. The only difference is the
option list that you see:
Map Options/
Frequency
Specify the MAPOUT options to be used and default frequency for the MAPOUT options.
MAPOUT records will be generated for the simulation on the frequency specified.
This works the same way as the PRINT options discussed earlier. The only difference is the
option list that you see:
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How To Use It
Output Options
Note: when this option is set, it is not used unless the Array option is active within the
corresponding Print command.
Create special reports such as timestep summaries, well/performation status changes,
convergence information, automatic workovers, recompletion unit status changes, and
condensate information. The Action Options dialog box opens as shown below.
This option lets you shift values by a constant factor and change average pore-volume
pressure from total to hydrocarbon only,
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How To Use It
Spreadsheet
Summary
Options
Select the Change Spreadsheet File for Cell option on the right mouse button drop-down
menu in any of the Spreadsheet Summary fields (Well, Gather, Flow Station, Area, Field
Region) to open the Spreadsheet Summary Options dialog box.
Use this dialog box to select the spreadsheet format and data.
Restart Options /
Frequency
Use the check box to indicate whether you want RESTART records to be written. When the
box is checked, a Frequency field displays so you can specify the frequency of the
RESTART records.
6.
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Use the procedures in the rest of this chapter to change the date
list, as needed to make it conform to your needs.
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234
1.
Right-click on the date list at the point where you want to insert a
new date (i.e., on the row above where you want the date inserted).
You should see the following shortcut menu:
2.
3.
Type in the date you want to add to the list, or select it from the
pop-up calendar that appears when you click the down-arrow
button ( ).
4.
Click the OK button. This adds an empty row to the chart. You
will now need to manually specify the options that apply in each
column of the Output Options worksheet, as explained next.
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Option to select
Selecting the Change Print Option for Cell option displays the
Select Print Options dialog for the appropriate option type.
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2.
Click the Add Option button to add a new report. The Print Option
dialog box opens as shown below.
3.
4.
Put a check next to each option desired, then click OK. The Select
Frequency dialog box opens as shown below.
Select the print frequency and click OK. You return to the Select
Print Option dialog box with all selected reports listed.
You can then click and highlight an individual report in the list to
delete it (Remove button), replace it (Modify button), or change
the frequency.
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If desired, you can turn Restart on or off on any date in this worksheet.
To do this, click the check box until the check is on or off.
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1.
Move your mouse cursor to the exact cell where you want to apply
a frequency modifier. For instance, you might want to apply a
frequency modifier to the fourth cell in the Print Options column.
2.
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3.
4.
5.
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Option
What It Does
Switch Output
Option off
Activate Output
Option every X
timesteps
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1.
2.
Select Clear Grid Data from the shortcut menu. You will see this
message:
3.
Click the Yes button to clear all data from the Date Summary
worksheet. Otherwise, click No.
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Review and edit the well list, and sort it in various ways
Import and edit a well perforation list based on the .fpf files
produced in GRIDGENR/ARRAY. Or import well trajectory and
perforation data from OpenWorks, a .gtf file, or a formatted text
file, edit the perforations, and adjust them to the simulation grid
Define and edit the well management level data and define
production/injection target rates and ontime factors
The procedures in this chapter explain how to perform each of the tasks
listed above.
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Double-click here
This display lets you set up a list of wells that will come online during
the simulation, including:
Effective Date - the date on which the well becomes visible to the
simulation and begins producing or injecting as specific flow rates
Well Number - the number of the well
Well Name - the name of the well
I Location - the I direction gridblock coordinate of the well in the
simulation grid
J location - the J direction gridblock coordinate of the well in the
simulation grid
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2.
3.
If you do not see the desired file, use the Look in drop-down list to
locate the folder where the .wij file is stored.
Folder being
scanned
List of files
in this folder
File name
selected
for inclusion
When looking for a folder, you also have the following options:
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4.
Click the desired File name in the file list and click the Open
button.
This reads in data from the .wij file and fills in the worksheet with
the resulting data. For instance:
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You can sort the list of wells based on any data type. For example, you
may want to sort the list by Effective Date, Well Name, Well Number,
or any of the other column headings.
To sort the list based on a particular data type, click the appropriate
column heading for that data type. For instance, if you click the Well
Number column heading, the list will be resorted by Well Number.
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1.
2.
3.
Select Edit > Cut to delete the selected cells or Edit > Copy to
copy them. Or you can press Ctrl-X to cut or Ctrl-C to copy.
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247
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You can paste the selected cells by clicking on the top cell in the
area to be pasted, and then selecting Edit > Paste (or Ctrl-V).
VIP Data Studio performs basic validation to make sure the data
remains consistent within the spreadsheet. If you try to cut, copy,
or paste inconsistent data types, it will display an error message.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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Right click on the row you want to delete, then select Delete Well
from the shortcut menu. This displays the following message:
2.
3.
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Right click on any cell in the worksheet, then select Delete Wells
from the shortcut menu. This displays the following dialog box:
2.
3.
Hold down the Control key and click on all the wells you want to
delete. Use the scrollbar to see the entire list.
4.
Make sure all wells to be deleted are highlighted, then click the
OK button to delete them (or click Cancel if you change your
mind and do not want to delete any wells).
If you click OK, the appropriate rows are deleted from the
worksheet.
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1.
2.
Select Clear Grid Data from the shortcut menu. You will see this
message:
3.
Click the Yes button to clear all data from the worksheet.
Otherwise, click No.
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This display lets you set up a list of well perforations that will come
online during the simulation, including the following data:
Effective Date - the date on which the perforation becomes effective
during the simulation.
Well - the name of the well in which the perforation is located.
Layer No. - the vertical simulation grid layer in which the perforation
is located.
I/J location - the simulation gridblock coordinates of the well
perforation.
Grid Name - the name of the local grid refinement file where the well
is located, if applicable. Default is root (i.e., no LGR file).
These are the standard data fields typically found in perforation data.
However, many more fields may be available, depending on the source
of the data.
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2.
3.
The default lists only the fpf files. If you are importing from
another ASCII file format, click the Files of Type pull-down menu
and select All Files.
4.
If you do not see the desired file, use the Look in drop-down list to
locate the folder where the .fpf file is stored.
Folder being
scanned
List of files
in this folder
File name
selected
for import
When looking for a folder, you also have the following options:
5.
Click the desired File name in the file list and click the Open
button.
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Simulation Grid
Perforation Wizard
VIP Format
Perforations
VDB
Perforate/Plug
Add/Delete Perforations
Change Length
Geological Layers/Faults
Mapped to Simulation Grid
Modified Perforations
The Perforation Wizard lets you load well trajectory and perforation
data from:
Openworks.
Note: Order-dependent Imports
It is highly recommended that you import data in order (i.e., traces before
perforations and perforations before markers.
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The perforation wizard guides you through the steps necessary to load
the file as described below.
1.
on the toolbar.
2.
Select the grid from the VDB. The grid definition wizard is panel
shown below.
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Select the text and/or .gtf well file(s). The well file definition
wizard is panel shown below.
File types
Use the Files of Type menu on the File Selection dialog box to filter the
available .txt or .gtf files.
Select the date format from the drop-down menu. Click the toggle
to define whether the units are in field or metric.
Importing OpenWorks Perforation Data
If you are importing data from OpenWorks, activate the Import Well Data
from Openworks toggle. Then click the
button and select the
OpenWorks project, wells to import, and interpreter.
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Then click the Next Button. If you imported a well trajectory file
with markers, the marker mapping panel opens as described in the
next step. If you did not import markers, proceed to step 5.
4.
Click in Marker
Type field to
open marker
type drop-down
menu.
Click in
Simulation
Layer field to
activate
simulation
layer selection
stepper
Import existing
marker file.
Save defined
connections
as marker file.
This panel lets you assign markers for geological layers or faults to
the top or bottom of a simulation layer in order to adjust for
discrepancies between the simulation grid and the structural
layers. The simulator will then compute the location of the
perforation in terms of the gridblock. This can improve the
accuracy of the simulation, especially in highly dipping areas
where the gridblock is too coarse to track the structure.
Well Trace
For each imported marker ID, select the marker type and use the
stepper to map it to the appropriate simulation layer. Options are to
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Then click the Next Button. The marker locations are recalculated.
5.
Error report
Open
perforations
in 3DView
Perforation well/time
selection menus
Sort by perforation
length cutoff
If you did not map markers, the panel displays as shown above. If
you mapped markers, the corrected perforations are color-coded,
by default green for corrected depths and orange for deleted
perforations.
Error Reporting
Note the message Simulation Grid Perforations could not be calculated for some
perforation intervals. The program ignores intervals where well trace did not
intersect the reservoir. Click the View Intervals button to open a listing of
ignored intervals.
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Description
Well
Well name
Date
Effective Date
Status (Editable)
IW
JW
Layer
Length (Editable)
ANGLA
ANGLV
PWDEP
Click the
button to open 3DView and view the
perforations.
Find perforation
cut-off length
Cut-off
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Perforate or plug
Change
perforation length
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Add/delete
perforations
Click the Next button when you are ready to export the
perforations.
6.
EXEC - Working with Well Data: Setting Up the Well Perforation List
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If you have perforations less than the specified cut-off value, click
the toggle to remove them or set their status to off. The default is
to keep them.
Click the Finish button to perform the import/export and close the
Wizard.
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[BORE]
[MD]
name1
[bore1]
X1,1,1
Y1,1,1
Z1,1,1
[MD]1,1,1
[bore k]
Xi,1,k
Yi,1,k
Zi,1,k
[MD]i,1,k
[bore p]
Xi,n.p
Yi,n,p
Zi,n,p
[MD]i,n,p
name1
namen
where:
namen
Borep
Xi,n,p
Yi,n,p
Zi,n,p
MDi,n,p
Example:
264
WELL
MD
W1
W1
W1
6100
6000
5750
5000
5000
5000
0.00
4812.50
4860.08
0.00
4813.54
5068.03
EXEC - Working with Well Data: Setting Up the Well Perforation List
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5500
5600
5700
5000
5200
5100
4910.26
0.00
4932.24
5323.01
0.00
5013.62
[BORE]
DATE
EVENT
MDTOP
[MDBOT]
name1
[bore1]
date,1,1
event1,1,1
MDT1,1,1
[MDB]1,1,1
[bore k]
datei,1,k
eventi,1,k
MDTi,1,k
[MDB]i,1,k
[bore p]
datei,n.p
eventi,n,p
MDTi,n,p
[MDB]i,n,p
DATE
WELL
[BORE]
EVENT
MDTOP
[MDBOT]
date,1,l,1
name1
[bore1]
event1,1,1
MDT1,1,1
[MDB]1,1,1
[bore k]
eventi,1,k
MDTi,1,k
[MDB]i,1,k
[bore p]
eventi,n,p
MDTi,n,p
[MDB]i,n,p
name1
namen
or:
datei,1,k
name1
datei,n.p
namen
where:
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namen
Borep
datei,n,p
eventi,n,p
ith event for pth bore of nth well. Event can be either
PERF or PLUG. For a PLUG event, the interval
must have had a PERF event at a previous date.
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MDTOPi,n,p
MDBOTi,n,p
Examples:
WELL
W1
W1
W1
W2
DATE
01/01/1998
01/05/1998
01/10/1998
01/01/1998
EVENT
PERF
PLUG
PERF
PERF
MDTOP
5835.51
6035.51
6666.98
4932.23
MDBOT
6249.06
7090.54
5324.19
WELL
W1
W2
W1
W2
EVENT
PERF
PERF
PLUG
PERF
MDTOP
5835.51
4932.23
6035.51
5122.02
MDBOT
6249.06
5324.19
5201.54
[BORE]
MD
PICK
name1
[bore1]
MD1,1,1
pick1,1,1
[bore k]
MDi,1,k
picki,1,k
[bore p]
MDi,n,p
picki,n,p
name1
namen
where:
namen
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Borep
MDi,n,p
picki,n,p
Example:
WELL
W1
W1
W1
MD
5835.51
6249.06
6666.98
PICK
Perf1
Fault1
Perf2
Notes
R2003.4
For true vertical wells, to define a trace only one record per well
with a name, X and Y location might be specified. Header cards
needed will be reduced to (WELL X Y).
For true vertical wells, true vertical depth can be entered for
Perforation Events. Use TVDTOP/TVDBOT header instead of
MDTOP/MDBOT. For Markers use TVD header instead of MD.
For input file names, gtf extension is reserved for backcompatibility with GridGenr.
Comments can be added to the data files with same format as VIP
(C at beginning of line of after ! at the end of a data line).
267
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You can click the toggles to change the number of columns or the
delimiter that the program should recognize. Click the Next button
when the format is correct. The Import Wizard proceeds to the next
dialog box. If you titled each column with a valid keyword, the data
type should appear correctly as shown below.
Pop-up menu
268
EXEC - Working with Well Data: Setting Up the Well Perforation List
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If a keyword was not included or could not be read, click in the header
row and select the data type from the pop-up menu. Click Ignore Data
for any column you do not wish to import.
When all columns have been defined or ignored, the Finish button
becomes active. Click Finish to load the data. The keywords for which
data is loaded displays in the message area.
The perforations then open in the spreadsheet.
269
Landmark
defined before the simulation start date, for each well only the more
recent one will be kept and its Effective Date will be set to the
simulation start date.
Important: because of perforation format in VIP, if a well has sets of
perforations defined at different dates, all the perforations active at a
date have to be defined at that same date:
For example if well N1 has a perforation in layer 1 from date 1 1 1995
and another perforation in layer 2 from date 1 2 1995, 3 entries must be
present for the well in the Perf View as shown, one for perforation in
layer 1 at 1 1 1995 and two for perforations in layer 1 and 2 at 1 2 1995.
If only perforation in layer 2 was present, it would cause VIP to have
only perforation (the one in layer 2) active after 1 2 1995.
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You can sort the list of perforations based on any data type. For
example, you may want to sort the list by Effective Date, Well Name,
or any of the other column headings.
To sort the list based on a particular data type, click the appropriate
column heading for that data type. For instance, if you click the Well
Number column heading, the list will be resorted by Well Number.
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272
1.
2.
Notice the folders tagged with a red mark. These contain data
types already shown in the worksheet. You can open any folder by
clicking the (+) sign to the left of it. When you open a red-tagged
folder, the selected data fields are indicated by a check in the check
box next to the data field name.
3.
Review all the data types and turn check boxes on or off,
depending on how you want the worksheet to be organized.
4.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Use the scrollable list on the right to select the well being
perforated.
5.
6.
273
7.
Landmark
274
1.
In the worksheet, locate the well that you want to add a perforation
to. Right-click on the well to see the following shortcut menu:
2.
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Landmark
3.
Enter the Layer Number of the simulation grid layer in which the
well will be perfed, or enter the Depth to Top and Depth to
Bottom of the perforation interval, in the units requested.
4.
2.
To remove multiple perforations on a well-by-well basis, rightclick anywhere in the worksheet, then select Delete Wells
Perforations from the shortcut menu. This displays the following
dialog box:
3.
Hold down the Control key and click on all the wells you want to
delete. Use the scrollbar to see the entire list.
4.
Make sure all wells to be deleted are highlighted, then click the
OK button to delete them (or click Cancel if you change your
mind and do not want to delete any wells).
If you click OK, all the rows are deleted from the worksheet that
contain the selected wells.
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To remove multiple perforations on a layer-by-layer basis, rightclick anywhere in the worksheet, then select Delete Layer
Perforations from the shortcut menu. This displays the following
dialog box:
Stepper Buttons
Increase Number
Decrease Number
2.
Use the Scroll Arrows to increment or decrement the first and last
(inclusive) layer of perforations to remove.
3.
Click the OK button to delete them (or click Cancel if you change
your mind and do not want to delete any perforations).
If you click OK, all the perforations are deleted from the
worksheet that contains the selected layers.
276
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1.
2.
Select Clear Grid Data from the shortcut menu. You will see this
message:
3.
Click the Yes button to clear all data from the worksheet.
Otherwise, click No.
277
Landmark
The dates are those generated on the Dates Summary worksheet. The
wells are those generated on the Well Names and Locations worksheet.
278
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Setting Constraints
A definition for each type of constraint is provided. Procedures for
setting constraints are then detailed.
Definitions
Constraints are defined as summarized in the table below.
Constraint
Description
Keyword
???WAG,
Maximum Rate
QMAX
Water Limit
The maximum water cut, water rate, or gas ratio for a production well.
WLIMIT
Gas Limit
GLIMIT
Well Economic
Limit
ECOLIM
Fraction On-Time
ONTIME
Gas Injector
Composition
The composition of the injected gas for injection wells using the STD
or RES options and not identified as MI wells (with MI plant in the
major gas sales option).
YINJ
Well Index
WI
Reference Depth
The depth to which the flowing and limiting bottomhole pressures are
referenced.
WLWDAT
Bottomhole Pressure
BHP
Tubinghead Pressure
THP
Hydraulic Table
Assignment
ITUBE
Number of the gas producer THP table that defines the z-factors and
viscosities in the wellbore for this well.
GTHPWL
Tubing Length
TUBE
Well Type
Well Constraints
Pressure Constraints
Hydraulic Tables
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Constraint
Tubing Diameter/
Friction Factor
Keyword
DIAM
XFON,
XFOFF
Minimum rate to which well rate is cut back when a phase target is
being satisfied at any well management level.
TRGQMN
Crossflow Model
Well Crossflow
Calculations
Targeting
Minimum Rate for
Targeting
Calculation
Right-click the selected cell and select the constraint option from
from the pull-down menu as shown below. Or double-click with
the left mouse button.
This displays a dialog box you can use to define the constraint
parameters.
2.
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Well Type
The Well Type dialog box is shown below.
Use the radio buttons to define the well as a producer, injector, or water
alternating gas. Then define the following based on the well type you
specified.
Well Type
Parameters
Producer
Injector
Water Alternating
Gas
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Enter the desired maximum flow rates to be applied to the selected well
on the selected date. If this is a producing well for which you selected
Specify each Fluid Phase within the Well Type dialog box, then this
dialog box provides entry fields for each fluid. If you selected a water
alternating gas well type within the Well Type dialog box, then this
dialog box provides entry fields for water and gas.
Water Limit
You can specify a water limit for any given well on any available
effective date from the dialog box as shown below.
Click the toggle to select the limit option. Then enter the Water cut
limit value.
Gas Limit
You can specify a gas limit for any given well on any available
effective date from the dialog box as shown below.
Click the toggle to select the limit option. Then enter the Gas/oil ratio
limit value.
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Click the toggle to select minimum oil, gas, water, or liquid option.
Then enter the Rate Value.
Fraction On-Time
You can specify a fraction on-time for any given well from the dialog
box as shown below.
284
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Each component you defined under the Fluid Model tab of the CORE - Basic Utilities panel displays in the dialog box. Click in the
corresponding Mole Fraction entry field and enter the value. Values
must sum to 1.0.
Well Index
You can specify a well index for any given well from the dialog box as
shown below
Click the toggle to select the index format. The dialog box expands to
display the Well Index Data topic block. The data fields vary depending
on the format you selected:
If you selected to define the well index directly, enter the Well
Index.
Reference Depth
You can specify the depth to which the flowing and limiting bottomhole
pressures are referenced from the dialog box as shown below.
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Bottomhole Pressure
You can specify a bottomhole pressure constraint for any given well on
any available effective date from the dialog box as shown below.
286
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Use the stepper to select the bottomhole pressure table number that will
define tubing prssure losses for this well. Then enter the following:
Enter the number of the gas producer THP table that defines the Zfactors and viscocities in the wellbore for this well.
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Tubing Length
You can define the tubing length that, in conjunction with tubing
diameter data, relates tubinghead pressure to bottomhole pressure from
the dialog box as shown below.
288
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Enter the inside diameter of the tubing and the tubing roughness factor.
FrictionFactor Calculation
Friction factors are calculated by the Jain equation.
Click the button beside the phase to select and enter the corresponding
minimum value.
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Expand the diagram to its full extent by clicking on the (+) signs.Rightclick any of the symbols in the diagram and notice the shortcut menus:
Symbol
290
Shortcut Menu
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Landmark
Shortcut Menu
For the selected date/time, these menus let you add, delete, and rename
new components and assign targets and rates.
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When you select the Add option on a Gathering Center, the Well List
opens as shown below.
292
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If you activate the gas phase, you can choose to include gaslift gas.
Injection rate (ITARG). The following dialog box opens. Click the
toggle(s) to activate the phase and enter the corresponding target.
For each phase, you can select to shutin producer wells when the
corresponding rate is not met.
For each phase, you can select to shutin injectors when the
corresponding rate is not met.
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294
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Index
A
aquifers
Carter-Tracey Algorithm 156
definition 153
Fetkovich algorithm 159
area
definition of 290
arrays
advanced reservoir model 136
defining 131
definition arrays 133
functions for array definition 137
importing 130
physical properties arrays 133
region arrays 134
saturation Table Endpoint 135
thermal 135
transmissibility Multiplier 135
transmissibility/Pore Volume Modifications 135
user-specified Initialization 135
using the Roadmap 130
averaging data 208
B
barriers for low pore-volume gridblocks 95
black-oil table monotonicity (deactivate) 99
bottomhole pressure
specifying 283, 284, 285, 286
C
capillary pressure hysteresis 101
case files
existing 14
saving and closing 15
working with 10
chart properties
changing 203
charts
production data 201
closing a case 15
color coding 5
colors
setting 31, 34
common well IDs 246
connection across pinchout and fault tolerances 95
constraints
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Index
ccxcv
Landmark
D
data
averaging 208
data files
closing 19
creating new 16
opening existing 17
saving 18
understanding 16
data status indicators 5
dates
changing the date list 234
of perforations 271
setting preferences for 28
setting up the date list 228
Dates Summary worksheet 226
default color and line widths
setting 31, 34
dimension data
automatically set (CORE) 78
specifying (CORE) 77, 79
specifying (EXEC) 223
E
effective dates
for wells 242
of perforations 271
error checking
data status indicators 5
entry field level 5
simulation file generation 40
existing case 14
external data
entering 49
F
field
definition of 290
flow rate
specifying 282
flow station
definition of 290
fluid model
defining 64
ccxcvi
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types of 63
functions for array definition
defining 139, 149
limiting range 144
functions for array definitions
defining 137
G
gas injector composition
specifying as a constraint 284
gathering center
definition of 290
Generating CORE or EXEC file 40
graphs
production data 201
grid system
creating LGRs 56
defining 54
including GridGenr files 53
H
hydrocarbon compressibility checking (deactivate) 99
I
I/J location 242
icons
on toolbar 8
importing production data 164
INCLUDE files
attaching 47
specifying sections 46
initialization
algorithm 92
equilibrium 92
non-equilibrium 92
vertical 94
L
line widths
setting 31, 34
local grid refinement 243, 252
M
MAP Options (CORE) 67
MAP options (EXEC) 226
MAPOUT options (EXEC) 231
menu options 7
ccxcvii
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Landmark
menus 4
shortcuts 7
O
observed data file
specifying 38
offband connections 95
opening an existing case 14
OpenWorks
importing production data 165
options tree 5
output 228
output data options
setting 35
output frequency (EXEC) 237
output regions (CORE) 72
P
perforation
data types 252
perforations
adding columns to worksheet 272
adding to well 274
adding to worksheet 273
deleting 275, 276
effective dates 271
setting up a list 253
PLOT options (EXEC) 226, 231
preferences
setting 27
pressure
specifying 282
PRINT options (CORE) 70
PRINT options (EXEC) 226, 230
printing 41
basic steps 43
print preview 42
setup 41
production data
averaging 208
charts 201
importing 164
importing from OpenWorks 165
Production Data worksheet 195
clearing 219
Properties 133
PVT interpolation (activate) 99
R
region data
ccxcviii
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Landmark
S
saving a case 15
separator batteries 125
shortcut menus 7
sorting columns 247
specifying EXEC output 228
standard pressure 77
standard temperature 77
start date
adjusting 183
starting the program 3
status bar
controlling display of 21
status messages
where found 4
switchovers
working 205
T
tables
editing 110
importing 109
toolbar icons 8
toolbars 4
changing location of 20
controlling display of 21
creating new 24
customizing 22
resetting or deleting 24
U
units
R2003.4
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Landmark
V
VIP Data Studio
product definition 1
starting the program 3
understanding the interface 4
VIP-EXEC data file
specifying name of 38
W
water-oil capillary pressure hysteresis 102
well constraints
viewing and editing 278
well data
available features 241
Well ID table file
specifying 38
well management hierarchy 290
Well Names and Locations worksheet 242
Well Perforations worksheet 252
well type
specifying 281
wells
adding a new well 248
adding perforations 274
changing well list 247
defining common IDs 246
deleting 249
effective dates 242
setting up well list 244
Wells Dates worksheet 278
worksheet
cut,copy,paste 247
worksheets 4
adding columns 272
Dates Summary 226
Production Data 195
Well Names and Locations 242
Well Perforations 252
Wells Dates 278
ccc
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Z
zoom features 201
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cccii
Landmark
R2003.4