Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Mechatronics
and
Digital Systems
Maki K. Habib
Mechanical Engineering Department
School of Sciences and Engineering
The American University in Cairo
maki@ieee.org
The birth of
Mechatronics
rd
inte
p
isci
lin
ne
ipli
isc
g, d
nin
r
a
e
n, l
t io
ova
Mechatronics as
inn
,
n
engineering
t io
uca
d
e
,
science discipline
ary
Nanotechnology, Processor
speeds, High memory capacity
biotechnology, Consumer
electronics, Intelligent systems,
Information and communication
,
technologies, Biomimetic,
gy
o
l
Rapid prototyping, Optoo
n
HAFM
h
electronics, Embedded
Tec
Mechatronics as
systems, Micro-technology
Durability, multi-functionality,
engineering and
and MEMs, Human
flexibility,, recycle and
quality of technology
environmental considerations.
computer interaction,
Mechatronics education has
Electronic and Advanced
Mechatronics
gained international recognition
Numerically controlled manufacturing, Knowledge
witnessed by the growing number
systems, Semiconductor based systems, Automation,
as technology
of universities offering under and
technology boom,
Informatics and networking
and practices
postgraduate Mechatronics
Automotive industry,
degree courses due to its role as a
(team based)
unifying interdisciplinary and
Consumer electronics
Uniqueness of Mechatronics as a
llig
nte
s, i
ice
t
c
pr a
Servo technology,
Microprocessors
System Engineering
1969
e,
e nc
Mechatronics as
interdisciplinary
education and
research identity
1980
1990
2000
Fig. 1. The evolution of Mechatronics.
Time line
2010
Mechatronics
fuses, permeates (to be diffuse/penetrate through), and
comprehends (understand the nature, perceive) modern
engineering science and technologies.
Mechatronics
regarded as a philosophy that supports
new ways of thinking,
innovations,
design methodologies (synthesis and analysis), and
practices
in the design of new intelligent products and engineering
systems.
Mechatronics
is a concurrent, and interdisciplinary engineering science
discipline that concentrates on achieving optimum
functional synergy from the earliest conceptual stages of
the design process.
Reliability,
Precision,
Smartness (thinking and decision making capabilities),
Flexibility,
Adaptability,
Robustness,
Compactness, and
Economical
features.
Prof. Dr. Maki K. Habib
Other topics of
interest
New topics
New topics
of interest
Biotechnology
Mechatronics
Knowledge Space
High Voltage
MEMs, VLSI,
Other new topics Power Systems
Microsystems Medical imaging &
of interest
Instrumentation
Smart
Mechatronics Foundational
Structures
and Core knowledge, such as
Computational
Mathematics, Physics, Electrical, Electronics,
Intelligence
Automotive
Electrical machines, Mechanics, System dynamics
Engineering
Precision
Engineering
Intelligent Control,
Real-time Systems
Biomimetics
Seeking knowledge
relevant to new
projects and area
of research
Team based
experience through
projects
Wireless Sensor
Human Adaptive Networks and Ambient
/Friendly
Intelligence
Mechatronics
Continuous
Self learning
Prof. Dr. Maki K. Habib
AUC_MENG 4779 Spring 2016Fig.2. Mechatronics
Knowledge Space paradigm.
New topics
New
professional
skills
Note:
The selection/overlapping of specialized topics
(beyond the foundational and core knowledge),
and their details depend on the interest of each
individual and the professional needs of the
relevant carrier.
Project coordinator
Schedule, milestones,
resources, constrains, work
assignment, documentation
Finance and
Sales personnel
Others personnel
as necessary
Estimate
manufacturing cost, and
assess production
feasibility
Design review, evaluation,
enhancement, life cycle
design factors, and human
factors considerations.
Plan, schedule, roles and
responsibilities, design
details, simulate, test, build
prototype, evaluate, optimize.
Short list, assess, shapeup
solutions, and select solution. Set
target functional requirements
and details specifications.
Brainstorming for new ideas and
solutions development. List
potential solutions, scenarios, logic
flow, priorities.
Design team
Technical and
Production personnel
Manufacturing
personnel
Type-writer,
Fax machine,
Computer Disk Drives
Video Camera,
Video recorder,
CD Rom Players,
Walk-man,
Auto-camera,
Cell phone,
Watches,
Microwave,
Washing machine,
Sewing machines,
Air-condition,
etc.
AUC_MENG 4779 Spring 2016
In DIGITAL electronics, current & voltage can assume only discrete values
(usually two).
e.g. V
In ANALOG systems, current & voltage levels are continuous & may
assume any value.
Real
World
Digital Electronics
The advantage of digital electronics are,
Analogue Systems
Most physical phenomena of interest are analogue
Transducers are simple
Potentially high precision
Number Systems
Numbers play an important part in our lives.
There are many number systems, such as decimal number
system. Each number constitutes at least one digit.
Digit
A digit is a symbol or numeral given to an element of a number
system.
Radix
The radix, or base of a counting system is defined as the number of
unique digits (It is the total number of digits allowed) in a given
number system.
10
Octal(base 8)
Decimal(base 10)
Binary(base 2)
Hexadecimal
(base16)
Examples
9810
Binary number(base 2)
10112
11
Positional system
Each digit carries a certain weight based on its
position.
346.17463.71 Position matters
Weight vs Position
10-1 10-2
tenths position
ones position
tens position
hundredth position
hundreds position
12
24
23
22
21
20
2-1 2-2
halves position
ones position
twos position
quarters position
fours position
Examples
Decimal Example
346.1710 (3 10 2 ) (4 101 ) (6 100 ) (110 1 ) (7 10 2 )
300
40
0.1
0.07
Binary Example
1101.012 1 23 1 2 2 0 21 1 20 0 2 1 1 2 2
8 4
13.2510
.25
13
5310
n
0
1
2n
20=1
21=1
n
8
9
2n
28=256
29=512
22=4
23=8
10
210=1024
24=16
11
211=2048
25=32
12
212=4096
26=64
20
220=1M
27=128
30
230=1G
14
Decimal-To-Binary Conversions(method 1)
The decimal number is simply expressed as a sum of
powers of 2, and then 1s and 0s are written in the
appropriate bit positions.
34610 256 90
5010 32 18
32 16 2
1 25 1 2 4 1 21
5010 110010 2
256 64 26
256 64 16 10
256 64 16 8 2
1 28 1 26 1 2 4 1 23 1 21
34610 101011010 2
15
Remainder
50/2 =
25
25/2 =
12
12/2 =
6/2 =
3/2 =
1/2
LSB
MSB
5010=1100102
AUC_MENG 4779 Spring 2016
Remainder
346/2
173
173/2
86
86/2
43
43/2
21
21/2
10
10/2
5/2
2/2
1/2
34610=1010110102
AUC_MENG 4779 Spring 2016
16
Examples
How many different values can be represented with N
binary digits? Decimal digits? Octal digits? Radix Z
digits?
Decimal:
1 digit
..
Binary:
0-9
10 different values
2 digits
6 digits
1 digit
2 digits
0,1
00,01,10,11
4 different values=22
2n different values
n digits
2 different values=21
Octal-to-Decimal Conversion
Octal-to-Decimal Conversion
372 3 (82 ) 7 (81) 2 (80 )
8
3 64 7 8 2 1
250
10
24.6 2 (81) 4 (80 ) 6 (8 1)
8
20.75
10
AUC_MENG 4779 Spring 2016
17
Decimal-to-Octal Conversion
Convert 26610 to Octal
Quotient
Remainder
266/8 =
33
33/8 =
4/8
LSB
MSB
26610=4128
Octal-to-Binary Conversion
Convert 4728 to binary
4
7
2
18
Binary-to-Octal Conversion
Convert 1001110102 to octal
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
28
68
Octal-to-Hex Conversion
Convert B2F16 to octal
B2F16
=5
AUC_MENG 4779 Spring 2016
78
{Convert to octal}
19
BCD Code
If each digit of a decimal number is represented by
its binary equivalent, the result is a code called
binary-code-decimal (BCD).
8
(decimal)
(BCD)
3 (decimal)
Examples
Convert 0110100000111001(BCD) to its decimal
equivalent.
Convert the BCD number 011111000001 to its decimal
equivalent.
20
Review Questions
Represent the decimal value 178 by its straight
binary equivalent. Then encode the same
decimal number using BCD.
How many bits are required to represent an
eight-digit decimal number in BCD?
What is an advantage of encoding a decimal
number in BCD as compared with straight
binary? What is a disadvantage?
21
22
Review Questions
How many bytes are needed to represent 23510
in binary?
What is the largest decimal value that can be
represented in BCD using two bytes?
Alphanumeric Codes
Codes representing letters of the alphabet,
punctuation marks, and other special characters as
well as numbers are called alphanumeric codes.
The most widely used alphanumeric code is the
American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII).
The ASCII(pronounced askee) code is a sevenbit code.
23
24
Truth Tables
How a logic circuits output depends on the logic
levels present at the inputs.
25
26
Summary of OR operation
Produce a result of 1 whenever any input is 1.
Otherwise 0,
An OR gate is a logic circuit that performs an
OR operation on the circuit's input,
The expression X = A + B is read as
X equals A OR B
27
Example
Example3
28
Review Questions
What is the only set of input conditions that will
produce a LOW output for any OR gate?
Write the Boolean expression for a six-input OR
gate
If the A input in previous example is
permanently kept at the 1 level, what will the
resultant output waveform be?
29
30
Review Questions
What is the only input combination that will
produce a HIGH at the output of a five-input
AND gate?
What logic level should be applied to the second
input of a two-input AND gate if the logic signal
at the first input is to be inhibited(prevented) from
reaching the output?
True or false: An AND gate output will always
differ from an OR gate output for the same input
conditions.
NOT operation
Truth table, Symbol, Sample waveform
31
0+1=1
1+0=1
1+1=1
01=0
10=0
11=1
AND
00=0
NOT
1=0
0=1 (NOTE THE SYMBOL USED FOR
NOT!)
AUC_MENG 4779 Spring 2016
32
Parentheses
(Often needed to establish precedence;
sometimes used optionally for clarity)
How to interpret AB+C?
Is it AB ORed with C ?
Is it A ANDed with B+C ?
Order of precedence for Boolean algebra: AND before OR.
Parentheses make the expression clearer, but they are not
needed for the case on the preceding slide.
33
More Examples
Precedence
First, perform all inversions of single terms,
Perform all operations with parentheses,
Perform an AND operation before an OR,
operation unless parentheses indicate otherwise,
If an expression has a bar over it, perform the
operations inside the expression first and then invert
the result
34
35
Example
Draw the circuit diagram to implement the expression
x ( A B )( B C )
Review Question
Draw the circuit diagram that implements the
expression
x ABC ( A D)
Using gates having no more than three inputs.
36
Example
37
Example
Determine the Boolean expression for a three-input
NOR gate followed by an INVERTER
NAND Gate
Symbol, Equivalent circuit, truth table
38
Example
Example
Implement the logic circuit that has the expression
x AB C D
39
Example
Determine the output level in last example for
A=B=C=1 and D=0
Review Questions
What is the only set of input conditions that will
produce a HIGH output from a three-input NOR
gate?
Determine the output level in last example for
A=B=1, C=D=0,
Change the NOR gate at last example to a NAND
gate, and change the NAND to a NOR. What is the
new expression for x?
AUC_MENG 4779 Spring 2016
40
Multivariable Theorems
x+y = y+x
xy = yx
commutativity
(x+y) + z = x + (y + z)
(xy)z = x(yz)
associativity
x(y+z) = xy + xz
x + xy = x
pf:
x+xy = x1 + xy = x(1+y) = x1 = x
41
Examples
Simplify the expression
Simplify z A B A B
Simplify x ACD ABCD
y ABD AB D
Review Questions
Simplify
Simplify
Simplify
y AC ABC
y A BC D ABC D
y AD ABD
42
Demorgans Theorems
x y x y
x y x y
Example
Simplify the expression z A C B D to one having
only single variables inverted.
43
Implications of DeMorgans
Theorems(II)
44
Example
Determine the output expression for the below circuit
and simplify it using DeMorgans Theorem
Review Questions
Using DeMorgans Theorems to convert the
expressions to one that has only single-variable
inversions.
z A B C
z ABC
y R ST Q
45
46
Example
Example
47
48
Points of Consideration
The equivalences can be extended to gates with any number
of inputs.
None of the standard symbols have bubbles on their inputs,
and all the alternate symbols do.
The standard and alternate symbols for each gate represent
the same physical circuit; there is no difference in the
circuits represented by the two symbols.
NAND and NOR gates are inverting gates, and so both the
standard and the alternate symbols for each will have a
bubble on either the input or the output, AND and OR gates
are non-inverting gates, and so the alternate symbols for
each will have bubbles on both inputs and output.
AUC_MENG 4779 Spring 2016
Logic-symbol interpretation
Active High/Low
When an input or output line on a logic circuit
symbol has no bubble on it, that line is said to be
active-High, otherwise it is active-Low.
49
50
Review Questions
Write the interpretation of the operation performed by
the below gate symbols,
XOR Gate
The XOR gate is an exclusive OR gate.
It will output a logic 1 if there is an exclusive logic 1 at input A or B.
Exclusive means: Only one input can be high at one time.
XOR
Input A
Output X
Input B
X AB
51
XNOR
The XNOR gate is an exclusive OR gate with an NOT gate at the output. It
will output a logic 0 if there is an exclusive logic 1 at input A or B.
XNOR
Input A
Output X
Input B
X AB
Prof. Dr. Maki K. Habib
Truth Tables
Another way (in addition to logic equations) to define certain
functionality
Problem: their sizes grow exponentially with number of
inputs.
inputs
x1
x2
x3
y1
y2
outputs
52
Minterms
Maxterms
Terms Designation
Terms
Designation
P0
S0
P1
S1
P2
S2
P3
S3
P4
S4
P5
S5
P6
S6
P7
S7
Example
Row
Input
SOP
Output
1
Number
X = P3 + P5 + P6
3
0
POS
X = S0S1S2S4S7
53
outputs
x1
x2
x3
y1
y2
y1 = x1*x2*x3
y2 = x1*x2*x3
54
Note:
1. Boolean functions expressed as a sum
of products (SOP) or a product
of sums (POS) are said to be in
canonical form.
1. Note the POS is not the complement
of the SOP expression.
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0
1
55
56
x2
x3
x1 x2
00 01 11 10
x3
0
y = x1*x2 + x2*x3
y = x1*x3 + x2
Example 4:
00 01
11
10
00
01
11
10
10
00
01
11
10
11
x1x2
x3x4
00 01
x3x4
00 01 11 10
x3
x1x2
Example 3:
57
58
Decoders/ Demultiplexers
1 to 4 Line Demux
59
Encoders
Multiplexers
60
Inputs
Outputs
x
y
c
s
---------------0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
Design Example
HA
s
cout
FA
cin
Half-Adder Implementations
x
y
_
x
_
y
x
y
x
y
s
(a) AND/XOR half-adder.
_
c
s
y
(c) NAND-gate half-adder with complemented carry.
61
Full-Adder Implementations
y x
y x
cout
HA
cout
HA
cin
cin
s
(a) Built of half-adders.
y
Mux
cout
0
1
2
3
0
1
s
0
1
2
3
cin
62