Data Layers & Ethernet

Data Layers & Ethernet

Contents
1
1.1
2
2.1
3
3.1
4
5
6
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

OSI Pile
General Description
How the Layers work
Data Incapsulation and Decapsulation
The first two Layers Physical and Data
Media Access Control Address (MAC)
The third and fourth layer- Network and Transport
OSI and TCP
Data Layer Summary
Ethernet
What is Ethernet
IEEE 802 and Data Layers
Ethernet Frame
Physical Medium

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2011 Nokia Siemens Networks

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3
5
6
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
17
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Data Layers & Ethernet

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2011 Nokia Siemens Networks

Data Layers & Ethernet

1
1.1

OSI Pile
General Description

The ISO/OSI reference model describes, in general, the architecture of any

Network, using 7 layers (note: call processing and transport systems in
communication networks also comply with this model).
Depending on the function, the software in the network supervision systems
communicates using layers 4 through 7. The communication within the data
networks themselves takes place in layers 2 and 3. Data network protocols,
such as the network layer in OSI or IP, are implemented in layer 3. Layer 2 define
the communication between the elements in a common LAN or in a point-to-point
connection between two SDH network elements.
OSI = Open System Interconnectivity, branch of ISO (International Standard
Organization).

Fig. 1 OSI Pile first representation

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Data Layers & Ethernet

Another representation of the layers functionalities is the border between software

applications and functionalities concerning the data transport.

Fig. 2 OSI Pile second representation

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Data Layers & Ethernet

How the Layers work

One of the main rules is the horizontal and vertical operability between layers in the
data inter-change.
If one layer in one of the two hosts, connected in a peer to peer communication has a
different software protocol, the communication cannot be established.

Fig. 3 horizontal and Vertical operabilty

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Data Layers & Ethernet

2.1

Data Incapsulation and Decapsulation

In a peer to peer communication each layer adds a label to the data packets
(encapsulation) or takes off a label (decapsulation), in order to develop the
functionalities of each layer.

Fig. 4 Data Encapsulation and Decapsulation

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Data Layers & Ethernet

The first two Layers Physical and Data

LLC = Link Layer Control

MAC = Media AccessControl

Fig. 5 Physical and Data Layer

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2011 Nokia Siemens Networks

Data Layers & Ethernet

In the physical layer there is the specification concerning: voltage, signal

propagation speed through the cable and connectors pin out.
Its function is bit transportation between devices.
In the data link the aggregation of bits into bytes, and bytes into
frames is performed. The access to the media, established via MAC address, the
error detection and recovery is part of the data layer functions as well.
Layer 2 defines and describes data connections between elements of the
same network.
In LAN networks the LAN-MAC addresses associated to the network elements are
used for this purpose. In this case, layer 2 is represented by the Ethernet protocol.
Communication is carried out by means of data telegrams, which use the
source and destination addresses of the participating computers. The addresses are
entered in a section of the telegram reserved for layer 2.
In SDH networks (DCC channels), layer 2 is represented either by LAPD (ISDN
connection protocol) or by PPP. Since this involves a point-to-point connection
via DCC channels, no separate addresses are required. In other type of
network the layer two is characterized by other service byte designed ad hoc.
SDH network elements connected to a LAN must be assigned by LAN-MAC
address when put into service. Bridges, routers and computers are supplied
with addresses by the vendor.

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Data Layers & Ethernet

3.1

Media Access Control Address (MAC)

MAC address or Ethernet address identifies an individual interface card. It is

composed by 6 bytes in hexadecimal format (12 digits). The first 3 byte represent the
Vendor code, the second 3 bytes represent the serial number of the specific device.
080006 = Siemens code. The MAC address is "burned" into ROM memory of the
network card.

Fig. 6 MAC Address

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Data Layers & Ethernet

The third and fourth layer- Network and

Transport

Layer 3 deals with the communication within the network and between different
networks. Each network element also requires its own network-specific address for
this. The network-specific source and destination addresses are also entered in the
data telegram, created for communication in layer 2. However, such entry is made in
a section of the telegram reserved for layer 3. A Dataset can be operated in layer 3
with independent protocols.
Layer 4 deals with packets control and delivery. The main purpose of this layer is to
find the best and correct way for communication inside the network.

Fig. 7 Network and Transport Layer

10

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Data Layers & Ethernet

OSI and TCP

Basically two protocols can be used in the network layer, the TCP/IP and OSI/ NSAP.
The Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol is the so called "Standard de
facto" in (almost) all the computers and data networks. Open System
Interconnectivity/ Network Service Access Point is mainly used on SDH network
elements. The following picture shows the relationship between the two.

Fig. 8 OSI and TCP

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11

Data Layers & Ethernet

Data Layer Summary

Fig. 9 Data Layer Summary Functions

12

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Data Layers & Ethernet

Ethernet

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13

Data Layers & Ethernet

7.1

What is Ethernet

Ethernet is the most widely used Local Area Network technology. The original and
the most popular version of Ethernet LAN support a 10 Mb/s data transmission.
Newer version of Ethernet called Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet support
100 Mb/s and 1000 Mb/s data rate. Also the 10 Gigabit Ethernet standards are now
available. An Ethernet LAN may use coaxial cable, special grades of twisted pair
wiring, or fiber optic cable. Bus and Star wiring configuration are supported.
Ethernet devices compete, to access the network, using the Carrier Sense Multiple
Access Collision Detection protocol (CSMA/CD).

7.1.1

Ethernet Standard

The following standards are available:

IEEE 802. Overview and Architecture

IEEE 802.1 Bridging and Management
IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control
IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD Access Method
IEEE 802.4 Token Passing Bus Access Method
IEEE 802.5 Token Ring Access Method
IEEE 802.6 DQDB Access Method
IEEE 802.11 Wireless
IEEE 802.12 Demand Priority Access
IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networks
IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
http://standards.ieee.org/catalog/IEEE802.3.html
http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/.

14

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Data Layers & Ethernet

7.2

IEEE 802 and Data Layers

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

MAC

Media Access Control Sublayer

LLC

Logical Link Control Sublayer

RPR

Resilient Packet Ring

FDDI

Fiber Distributed Data Interface

WLAN

Wireless LAN

Fig. 10 IEEE 802 and Data Layers relation

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15

Data Layers & Ethernet

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Data Layers & Ethernet

7.3

Ethernet Frame

Preamble

bits having an alternating 1 and 0 values for

synchronization and acknowledgment of anew frame
coming

SFD

Start Frame Delimiter

D_MAC_Address

Destination MAC Address

S_MAC_Adrress

Source MAC Address

Length byte

indication of the number of bytes in the following field

MAC client data

data transferred to the source to the destination station

Pad

maintains the length up to its minimum size

FCS

Frame Check Sequence logic for errors checking

Fig. 11

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17

Data Layers & Ethernet

7.3.1

Interframe Gap (IFG)

Ethernet devices must allow a minimum idle period between transmission of

consecutive frames known as Interframe Gap (IFG) or interpacket gap (IPG). It
provides a brief recovery time between frames to allow the devices to prepare the
reception of the next frame. The minimum interframe gap is 96 bits times, which is
9.6 microsecond for 10 Mb/s Ethernet, 960 nanosecond for 100Mb/s Ethernet, and
96 nanosecond for 1 Gb/s Ethernet.

7.3.2

Half Duplex Full duplex

Half duplex: never transmit and receive data on the same carrier at the a same time
Full duplex: such a mode allows two equipments to simultaneously exchange data
over a point to point link, providing independent transmit and receive paths.
Since each station can simultaneously transmit and receive data; the aggregate
throughput of the link is doubled.
A 10 Mb/s station in full duplex provides a maximum bandwidth of 20 Mb/s.
A 100 Mb/s station provides 200 Mb/s bandwidth.
Full duplex operation is restricted to point to point links.

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Data Layers & Ethernet

7.4

Physical Medium

The term Ethernet refers to a family of protocols and standards that, together, define
the physical and the data link layers of the world's most popular type of LAN.

10Base5
10Base2
10BaseT
100BaseT (Fast Ethernet)
1000BaseT (Gigabit Ethernet)

Fig. 12 Physical Medium explanation

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Data Layers & Ethernet

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Data Layers & Ethernet

Fig. 13 Physical Medium and related Standards

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21

Data Layers & Ethernet

MMF Multimode Fiber

SMF Single Mode Fiber
Physical medium supporting simultaneous Tx and Rx without interference

10- base- T, 10- base-FL

100-base-TX, 100 base FX, 100-base-T2
1000-base-CX, 1000-base-LX, 1000-base-T
10G-base-SR, 10G-base-LR, 10G-base-ER, 10G-base-SW, 10G-base-LW
10G-base-EW, 10G-base-LX4
Physical medium cannot support full duplex

10-ase-5
10-base-2
10-base-FP
10-base-FB
100-base-T4

22

FT41222EN02GLA1
2011 Nokia Siemens Networks

Data Layers & Ethernet

7.4.1

10 Base T example

Fig. 14 10 Base T

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FT41222EN02GLA1
. Nokia
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2011
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23

Data Layers & Ethernet

7.4.2

Straight and Cross RJ45 cable

Fig. 15 RJ45 cable

24

FT41222EN02GLA1
2011 Nokia Siemens Networks

Data Layers & Ethernet

Fig. 16 Cross and straight RJ45 utilization example

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FT41222EN02GLA1
. Nokia
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2011
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25

Data Layers & Ethernet

26

FT41222EN02GLA1
2011 Nokia Siemens Networks