This activity contains 25 questions.

1. Which of the following differentiates viruses from genetic elements such as

plasmids?
a. possess their own genetic information
b. cannot replicate independently of a host cell.
c. have an intracellular and an extracellular form
d. exploit the metabolic machinery of the cell
2. One of the largest viruses is:
a. lambda
b. the small pox virus
c. Mimivirus.
d. Poliovirus
3. The most complicated viruses in terms of structure are some of the:
a. archaeal viruses
b. plant viruses
c. bacterial viruses.
d. human viruses
4. Efficiency of plating when using bacterial viruses is often:
a. 100%
b. higher than 50%.
c. 0.1%
d. 1%
5. The most complex penetration mechanisms have been found in viruses that infect:
a. Bacteria.
b. humans
c. plants
d. Algae
6. A double-stranded DNA intermediate is formed during replication of what group of
viruses?
a. single-stranded RNA viruses
b. double-stranded DNA viruses
c. single-stranded DNA viruses.
d. double-stranded RNA viruses
7. Most known bacteriophages:
a. contain double-stranded RNA
b. are naked.
c. are enveloped
d. containsingle-stranded DNA
8. Cells that harbor a temperate virus are known as:
a. lytic
b. lysogens.
c. prophage

d. temperate
9. What type of virus contains an RNA genome that is replicated through DNA
intermediate?
a. T4
b. herpes simplex virus
c. lambda
d. retrovirus.
10. Retroviruses acquire their enveloped virions from which host structure?
a. endoplasmic reticulum membrane
b. Golgi membrane
c. nuclear membrane
d. cytoplasmic membrane.
11. Severe viroid-mediated infections cause growth-related problems in plants. Thus
viroids are believed to mimic or interfere in some way with:
a. plant cell membranes
b. plant cell DNA
c. small regulatory RNAs.
d. plant cell proteins
12. Healthy animals contain the protein:
a. PrPSc
b. PrPC.
c. ppGpp
d. pppGpp
13. The extracellular form of a virus is called a(n)
14. Two kinds of symmetry recognized in viruses correspond to the two primary
shapes, one of these is .... rod and spherical
15. The five steps of viral replication are ________, ________, ________, ________,
and ________.
a.
b.
c.
d.

entrance, uncoating, transcription, budding, and release.

adsorption, entry, synthesis, assembly and packing and release.
adsorption, entry, synthesis, budding, and release.
entrance, uncoating, transcription, budding, and lysis.

16. When the entire virion of an enveloped animal virus enters the host cell, the virus
must be . replicated inside the host cell.
17. In terms of nucleic acid strand orientation, mRNA is said to be of the .
plus configuration.
18. If a temperate virus loses the ability to leave the host genome (because of a
mutation), it becomes a . virulent virus.
19.The genome of the retrovirus consists of RNA...
20. Most bacteria isolated from nature contain one or more temperate viruses.

True
False.
21. Prions cause diseases known as viroids.
True
False
22. By counting the number of plaque-forming units in a lawn of bacteria, one can
calculate the number of virus infectious units present in the original sample.
True.
False
23. Viruses are the most numerous organisms on our planet and infect all types of
cellular organisms.
True.
False

Viruses are genetic elements that cannot replicate independently of a living cell, called
the host cell. Viruses are therefore obligate intracellular parasites that rely on entering
a suitable living cell to carry out their replication cycle. Viruses DO possess their own
genetic information and are thus independent of the host cells genome. To multiply,
viruses must enter a cell in which they can replicate, a process called infection.
1. Viruses that infect animals often only infect cells of certain tissues. (T/F)
2. The genomic DNA molecules in every T4 virus are identical. (T/F)
3. Retroviruses were the first viruses shown to cause cancer. (T/F)
4. Satellite viruses are found in both animals and plants. (T/F)
1. Which of the following statements about the intracellular state of a virus is NOT
correct?
a. The virus particle is referred to as a virion.
b. New copies of the virus genome are produced
c. The virus replicates
d. The components that make up the virus coat are synthesized
2. The smallest morphological unit of a virus that can be seen with the electron
microscope is the:
a. capsomer.
b. capsid
c. virus spikes

3.

4.

5.

6.

d. viral nucleic acid

Which of the following statements does NOT describe a factor affecting the
efficiency of plating in quantitative virology?
a. The virus successfully infects a host cell and causes the formation of a
plaque.
b. Some virions do not successfully infect cells
c. The viral mutation rate may be so high that many virions contain
defective genomes
d. Some viruses produce many incomplete virus particles during infection
During the first few minutes after a virus infects a cell, the virus is said to
undergo:
a. entry
b. eclipse
c. attachment
d. titer
Restriction enzymes are specific for:
a. single-stranded DNA viruses.
b. single-stranded RNA viruses.
c. double-stranded DNA viruses.
d. double-stranded RNA viruses.
What type of virus requires an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase?
a. Polioviruses
b. bacterial viruses
c. smallpox virus
d. retroviruses.

7. T4 DNA is protected from host defenses by glycosylation of:

a. cytosine.
b. adenine
c. thymine
d. guanine
8. Which of the following viruses causes a latent infection?
a. T1
b. T4
c. Lamda.
d. herpes simplex virus
9. During a retroviral infection, where is the RNA converted into DNA?
a. in the host cell's nucleus
b. in the virus itself, before entry into the host cell
c. in the cytoplasm associated with the endoplasmic reticulum
d. in the cytoplasm within an uncoated viral core particle.
10. Viroids possess what type of nucleic acid?
a. single-stranded RNA.
b. double-stranded DNA
c. single-stranded DNA

d. double-stranded RNA
11. A prion particle contains:
a. RNA
b. protein.
c. polysaccharide
d. DNA
12.Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct mechanisms by which
prion disease occurs?
a. inherited prion disease
b. endogenous prion disease.
c. infectious prion disease
d. sporadic prion disease
1. The study of viruses is called .. -> Virology
2. The protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid of the virus is called the
-> Capsid
3. The number of infectious units per volume of fluid is called the
-> plaque forming unit.
4. The number of virions released, the , varies with the particular
virus and particular host.
5. Prokaryotes must have a mechanism for protecting their own DNA from host
restriction endonucleases. This is accomplished by-> modification.
6. .. (Lysozyme) are typically enzymes that act catalytically and are
therefore synthesized in smaller amounts.
7. In a T4 viral infection, the early and middle proteins are primarily enzymes
needed for theprocessingofnewlyreplicatedphageDNA________, whereas
the late proteins are the ________ structure proteins and the enzymes required
to liberate the mature phage particles from the cell.
8. In a lysogeny, the virus-infected cell may remain alive and continue to produce
the virus indefinitely.