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Bismuth compounds account for about half the production of bismuth. They are used in cosmetics, pigments,
and a few pharmaceuticals, notably bismuth subsalicylate,
used to treat diarrhea. Bismuths unusual propensity to
expand upon freezing is responsible for some of its uses,
such as in casting of printing type. Bismuth has unusually low toxicity for a heavy metal. As the toxicity of lead
has become more apparent in recent years, there is an increasing use of bismuth alloys (presently about a third of
bismuth production) as a replacement for lead.
History
2 Characteristics
The name bismuth is from ca. 1660s, and is of uncertain etymology. It is one of the rst 10 metals to
have been discovered. Bismuth appears in the 1660s,
from obsolete German Bismuth, Wismut, Wissmuth (early
16th century); perhaps related to Old High German hwiz
(white).[4] The New Latin bisemutum (due to Georgius
Agricola, who Latinized many German mining and technical words) is from the German Wismuth, perhaps from
weie Masse, white mass.[6] The element was confused
CHARACTERISTICS
At ambient conditions bismuth shares the same layered structure as the metallic forms of arsenic and
antimony,[23] crystallizing in the rhombohedral lattice[24]
(Pearson symbol hR6, space group R3m No. 166),
which is often classed into trigonal or hexagonal crystal
systems.[2] When compressed at room temperature, this
Bi-I structure changes rst to the monoclinic Bi-II at 2.55
GPa, then to the tetragonal Bi-III at 2.7 GPa, and nally
to the body-centered cubic Bi-IV at 7.7 GPa. The corresponding transitions can be monitored via changes in
electrical conductivity; they are rather reproducible and
abrupt, and are therefore used for calibration of highpressure equipment.[25][26]
3.1
2.3
Isotopes
3
although they are less toxic than derivatives of those
lighter elements.
Chemical compounds
4I
4 units. BiI decomposes upon heating to the triiodide, BiI
3, and elemental bismuth. A monobromide of the same
structure also exists.[39] In oxidation state +3, bismuth
3.2 Bismuthine and bismuthides
forms trihalides with all of the halogens: BiF
Unlike earlier members of group 15 elements such as ni- 3, BiCl
trogen, phosphorus, and arsenic, and similar to the previ- 3, BiBr
ous group 15 element antimony, bismuth does not form a 3, and BiI
3. All of these except BiF
stable hydride. Bismuth hydride, bismuthine (BiH
3), is an endothermic compound that spontaneously de- 3 are hydrolyzed by water.[39]
composes at room temperature. It is stable only below Bismuth(III) chloride reacts with hydrogen chloride in
60 C.[39] Bismuthides are intermetallic compounds be- ether solution to produce the acid HBiCl
tween bismuth and other metals.
4.[27]
In 2014 researchers discovered that sodium bismuthide
can exist as a form of matter called a three-dimensional
topological Dirac semi-metal (3DTDS) that possess 3D
Dirac fermions in bulk. It is a natural, three-dimensional
counterpart to graphene with similar electron mobility
and velocity. Graphene and topological insulators (such
as those in 3DTDS) are both crystalline materials that are
electrically insulating inside but conducting on the surface, allowing them to function as transistors and other
electronic devices. While sodium bismuthide (Na
3Bi) is too unstable to be used in devices without packaging, it can demonstrate potential applications of 3DTDS
systems, which oer distinct eciency and fabrication
advantages over planar graphene in semiconductor and
spintronics applications. [44][45]
3.3
Halides
4.2
Recycling
5
Demand for bismuth was small prior to World War II
and was pharmaceutical bismuth compounds were used
to treat such conditions as digestive disorders, sexually
transmitted diseases and burns. Minor amounts of bismuth metal were consumed in fusible alloys for re sprinkler systems and fuse wire. During World War II bismuth was considered a strategic material, used for solders, fusible alloys, medications and atomic research. To
stabilize the market, the producers set the price at $1.25
per pound (2.75 $/kg) during the war and at $2.25 per
pound (4.96 $/kg) from 1950 until 1964.[56]
Bismite mineral
Bismuth travels in crude lead bullion (which can contain up to 10% bismuth) through several stages of rening, until it is removed by the Kroll-Betterton process
which separates the impurities as slag, or the electrolytic
Betts process. Bismuth will behave similarly with another
of its major metals, copper.[53] The raw bismuth metal
from both processes contains still considerable amounts
of other metals, foremost lead. By reacting the molten
mixture with chlorine gas the metals are converted to
their chlorides while bismuth remains unchanged. Impurities can also be removed by various other methods
for example with uxes and treatments yielding highpurity bismuth metal (over 99% Bi). World bismuth pro4.2 Recycling
duction from reneries is a more complete and reliable
[53][54][55]
statistic.
Whereas bismuth is most available today as a byproduct,
its sustainability is more dependent on recycling. Bismuth
is mostly a byproduct of lead smelting, along with silver,
4.1 Price
zinc, antimony, and other metals, and also of tungsten
production, along with molybdenum and tin, and also of
copper production. Recycling bismuth is dicult in many
of its end uses, primarily because of scattering.
Probably the easiest to recycle would be bismuthcontaining fusible alloys in the form of larger objects,
then larger soldered objects. Half of the worlds solder
consumption is in electronics (i.e., circuit boards).[58] As
the soldered objects get smaller or contain little solder or
little bismuth, the recovery gets progressively more difcult and less economic, although solder with a higher
silver content will be more worthwhile recovering. Next
in recycling feasibility would be sizeable catalysts with a
fair bismuth content, perhaps as bismuth phosphomolybdate, and then bismuth used in galvanizing and as a freemachining metallurgical additive.
Bismuth in uses where it is dispersed most widely include stomach medicines (bismuth subsalicylate), paints
(bismuth vanadate) on a dry surface, pearlescent cosmetics (bismuth oxychloride), and bismuth-containing bullets
that have been red. The bismuth scattered in these uses
is unrecoverable with present technology.
The price for pure bismuth metal has been relatively stable through most of the 20th century, except for a spike in
the 1970s. Bismuth has always been produced mainly as
a byproduct of lead rening, and thus the price, usually
reected the cost of recovery and the balance between
The most important sustainability fact about bismuth is its
production and demand.[56]
5 APPLICATIONS
Applications
Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) is sometimes used in cosmetics, as a pigment in paint for eye shadows, hair sprays
and nail polishes.[43][64][65] This compound is found as the
mineral bismoclite and in crystal form contains layers of
atoms (see gure above) that refract light chromatically,
resulting in an iridescent appearance similar to nacre of
pearl. It was used as a cosmetic in ancient Egypt and in
Some manufacturers use bismuth as a substitute in equip- many places since. Bismuth white (also Spanish white)
ment for potable water systems such as valves to meet can refer to either bismuth oxychloride or bismuth oxynilead-free mandates in the U.S. (starts in 2014). This is trate (BiONO3 ), when used as a white pigment.
a fairly large application since it covers all residential and
commercial building construction.
5.4
now prohibit the use of lead shot for the hunting of wetland birds, as many birds are prone to lead poisoning owing to mistaken ingestion of lead (instead of small stones
and grit) to aid digestion, or even prohibit the use of lead
for all hunting, such as in the Netherlands. Bismuth-tin
alloy shot is one alternative that provides similar ballistic performance to lead. (Another less expensive but also
more poorly performing alternative is steel shot, which
is actually soft iron.) Bismuths lack of malleability does,
however, make it unsuitable for use in expanding hunting
bullets.
7
leable irons and as a thermocouple material.[12][51]
9
is a non-toxic lightfast substitute for lemon yellow pigments such as the cadmium suldes and
the lead/strontium/barium chromates. Unlike lead
chromate+lead sulfate lemon, bismuth vanadate
does not readily blacken with UV exposure.[77][78]
9 References
[1] Standard Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic
Abundances and Atomic Weights
[2] Cucka, P.; Barrett, C. S. (1962). The crystal structure of Bi and of solid solutions of Pb, Sn, Sb
and Te in Bi. Acta Crystallographica 15 (9): 865.
doi:10.1107/S0365110X62002297.
[80]
REFERENCES
Bioremediation
See also
Lead-bismuth eutectic
Bismuth minerals
Patterns in nature
[14] Gordon, Robert B.; Rutledge, John W. (1984). Bismuth Bronze from Machu Picchu, Peru. Science
223 (4636): 585586. Bibcode:1984Sci...223..585G.
doi:10.1126/science.223.4636.585. JSTOR 1692247.
PMID 17749940.
[15] Krger, p. 171.
[16] Jones, H. (1936). The Theory of the Galvomagnetic Eects in Bismuth. Proceedings of the Royal
Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 155 (886): 653. Bibcode:1936RSPSA.155..653J.
doi:10.1098/rspa.1936.0126. JSTOR 96773.
[17] Homan, C.; Meyer, J.; Bartoli, F.; Di Venere,
A.; Yi, X.; Hou, C.; Wang, H.; Ketterson, J.;
Wong, G. (1993). Semimetal-to-semiconductor transition in bismuth thin lms.
Phys.
Rev.
B
Bibcode:1993PhRvB..4811431H.
48 (15): 11431.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.48.11431.
[40] Scott, Thomas; Eagleson, Mary (1994). Concise encyclopedia chemistry. Walter de Gruyter. p. 136. ISBN 3-11011451-8.
Forgotten
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REFERENCES
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Bibliography
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External links
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