>Why do spray towers have low efficiency?

t
>What are packing materials usually made of?
can be metal, ceramic, or even borosilicate glass usually for raschig rings
-->condensation scrubber
typical scrubber = water impaction
condensation scrubber = saturating the PM and condensing it to form droplets
after saturating PM, stream is injected to saturate the PM even further
mist eliminator removes droplets
definte saturate: cause (something) to become thoroughly soaked with liquid so t
hat no more can be absorbed.
Condensation scrubbing is a relatively recent developm
ent in wet scrubber technology. Most conventional
scrubbers rely on the mechanisms of impaction and diffu
sion to achieve contact between the PM and liquid
droplets. In a condensation scrubber, the PM act as
condensation nuclei for the formation of droplets.
Generally, condensation scrubbi
ng depends on first est
ablishing saturation conditions in the gas stream.
Once saturation is achieved, steam is injected into the gas stream. The steam c
reates a condition of
supersaturation and leads to condensation of water on t
he fine PM in the gas stream. The large condensed
droplets are then removed by one of several conventional
devices, such as a high efficiency mist eliminator
(EPA, 1998).
>charged scrubber
combination of ESP & spray tower
>fibre-bed scrubber
like packed bed scrubber except PBS uses packing materials and FBS uses packking
fibers
besd used for soluble PM, soluble in the scrubbing liquid (usually water)
more often used as mist elimintators because of bad performance with insoluble P
M - fiber mats can clog
-->dry solvent injector
alkaline material is injected into the flue gas stream, causing a chemical reaci
ton that neutralizes the accid gas
waste = solid salt
>spray dry absorsadfdsafas

flue gas is introduced into an absorbing twoer/dryer where they get in contact w
ith alkaline slurry
slurry absorbs acid gas and then react to form solid sa
heat of the gas is used to evaoprate water droplets, so exhuast is non-saturated
gas
slurry mixture = has water
--slurry picture = A slurry composed of glass beads in silicone oil flowing down a
n inclined plane
--epa.gov standards
"Particulate matter," also known as particle pollution or PM, is a complex mixtu
re of extremely small particles and liquid droplets. Particle pollution is made
up of a number of components, including acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), o
rganic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles.
The size of particles is directly linked to their potential for causing health p
roblems. EPA is concerned about particles that are 10 micrometers in diameter or
smaller because those are the particles that generally pass through the throat
and nose and enter the lungs. Once inhaled, these particles can affect the heart
and lungs and cause serious health effects. EPA groups particle pollution into
two categories:
"Inhalable coarse particles," such as those found near roadways and dusty in
dustries, are larger than 2.5 micrometers and smaller than 10 micrometers in dia
meter.
"Fine particles," such as those found in smoke and haze, are 2.5 micrometers
in diameter and smaller. These particles can be directly emitted from sources s
uch as forest fires, or they can form when gases emitted from power plants, indu
stries and automobiles react in the air.