Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Stretch of survey
SOURCE: Technotirx Consultancy Services Inc., Base Map Showing Barangays Of Fabrica, Lagadlarin, Olo-Olo, Sawang,
Soloc, Malabrigo & Balibago, Municipality of Lobo, Province of Batangas. Quezon City. October 2013
Figure 2.2.14 Map showing six coastal Barangays between Lobo and Archangel MPSAs
An assessment of coastal resources and marine habitats in the shallow coastal seas fronting these six
coastal Barangays was conducted from 4 to 6 October 2013. A total of 11, 286 people live within the
coastal zone in these villages, comprising 37.53% of the total population of the municipality, shown in
Table 2.2.15 below.
Table 2.2.15 Population of Coastal Barangays near MPSAs, 2010 (Source: census.gov.ph)
Name of Barangay
Population
Balibago
2,967
Malabrigo
1,546
Soloc
1,801
Olo-olo
1,377
Lagadlarin
1,853
Fabrica
1,742
Total
11,286
The conduct of the rapid coastal assessment is in the waters and coastline fronting these Barangays
was part of an iterative process of coastal environmental profiling commissioned in order to define the
primary ecological attributes of the area. The economic and environmental significance of the coastal
resources of Lobo cannot be overemphasized; these support the livelihood of the majority of the
2.2-54
Determination of distribution and composition of coral cover and associated benthic life
forms supported by analysis of present conditions of the coral reefs and the factors that
lead present coral mortality;
Definition of species composition, abundance, and biomass of associated reef fish
communities in sampling areas;
Identification of commercially-important benthic macro invertebrates in inter-tidal areas in
various habitat components;
Where they occur, assessment of the diversity and species composition of seagrass
resources and associated macro benthic algae;
Species composition, crown cover and present condition of mangrove stands within the
study area;
In-situ rapid assessment of species composition, estimation of catch rates of primary
target species of fish, and identification of fishing gears employed in the area that can be
affected by project operations;
Assessment of zooplankton and phytoplankton communities and the presence of HABcausing organisms (harmful algal blooms);
SOURCE: Technotirx Consultancy Services Inc., Map Showing the Mata Tow Stations During Coastal Assessment Conducted
in Municipality of Lobo, Province of Batangas. Quezon City. October 2013
Figure 2.2.15 Forty-four manta tow stations surveyed across a broad swath of coastal waters
within the coastal seas of seven Barangays in Lobo, Batangas; 04-05 October 2013.
Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method for detailed coral reef assessment
Manta tow surveys revealed that coral reefs in the three Fish Sanctuaries located in the study area
(one of which is still in the proposal phase and lacks the Municipal Ordinance to officially declare the
area as a sanctuary) are diverse and hosts significantly high coral cover. To document diversity in
more detail, transect lines were laid out inside each of the sanctuaries in order to more precisely
estimate the relative abundance of living and non-living things on the sea floor. The survey protocol
involved the laying out of 50-m transects parallel to the shoreline and following the reef contour (Plate
2.2.2). Data generated from line-intercept method for coral reef assessment provides more rigid data
sets on percentage of live coral cover as well as species distribution that can be ultimately used for
comparative evaluation if the same survey stations are monitored in the future.
The categories utilized for classifying coral cover follow standard ratings used for live coral
distribution, i.e., 76-100% live coral cover = Excellent; 51-75% coverage live coral cover = Good, 2650% coverage live coral cover = Fair, and 0-25% coverage live coral cover = Poor coral cover
(Gomez, et. Al., 1981).
2.2-57
A total of three (3) detailed LIT stations were surveyed (Figure 2.2.11). These were located inside the
(i) proposed Malagundi Point Fish sanctuary, the Malabrigo Fish Sanctuary and the Sawang-Olo-olo
Fish Sanctuary.
The surveys in these stations were supplemented by spot dives to supplement information on the
extent of coral cover and record other relevant information.
Assessment of reef-associated fish assemblages employing Fish Visual Census (FVC)
The line intercept stations are subsequently used to account for fish communities associated with
coral reefs through standard fish visual census (FVC). The conduct of FVC is designed to document
a fairly accurate picture of demersal fish species richness, abundance and biomass of fish
assemblages associated with benthic habitats. In this case high values for these principal variables
can indicate the overall ecological condition of a reef area and can give a glimpse of ecosystem
function and diversity. Collectively, the results of coral reef assessments and fish visual census are
used as reference points for comparative monitoring of changes in spatial distribution and diversity of
benthic life forms in periodic environmental impact monitoring. Fish visual census (Plate 2.2.3) is
used to estimate the variety, numbers and sizes of fishes along a 10-meter belt following a 50-meter
transect laid over representative coral reef stations. FVC surveys document mostly demersal, reefassociated species of fish that normally indicates the robustness of a coral reef ecosystem. In healthy
reefs, the fish species diversity may include both commercially important fish (e.g., Groupers,
Snappers) and reef-dependent species of fish such as Angelfishes and Butterfly fishes.
The estimation of fish biomass in the stations surveyed can subsequently be used to extrapolate the
average fisheries productivity of the broader coastal area under normal circumstances, especially in
view of the fact that demersal fish can supply about 30 percent of total food fish production in a
locality. This productivity value is in fact one of the most important merits in protecting coral reefs in
the area.
2.2-58
SOURCE: Technotirx Consultancy Services Inc., Map Showing the L.I.T. Assessment Stations During Coastal Assessment
Conducted in Municipality of Lobo, Province of Batangas. Quezon City. October 2013
Figure 2.2.16 Three stations in each of three fish sanctuaries were surveyed employing the
Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method for coral reef assessment on 04-05 October 2013.
Fish species encountered in the FVC are categorized as target, major or indicator species based on
categories recommended in Fish Base 2004. Target species are economically important food fish that
are normally sought by fishers for trade of for food. In reef areas, sich demersal species may include
high value groupers (Ephinephalidae), snappers (Lutjanidae), jacks (Carangidae) and some species
of surgeons (Acanthuridae). Fish that belong to the major fish category are considered to be
ecologically important because they occupy unique niches and sometimes symbiotic relationships in
the coral reef ecosystem. Many of these species are represented by members of the damselfishes
(Pomacentridae) and wrasses (Labridae). Indicator species are coral-feeders whose presence, variety
and abundance in a reef area may give an indication of the robustness and diversity of corals present
in the reef. These are mostly comprised of the magnificently-colored butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae),
a few species of Angelfishes and the lone damsel species popularly known as Moorish Idol.
Assessment of seagrass and associated macroalgae
The manta tow survey paths revealed the occurrence of seagrass meadows in the shallow tidal flats
in only two contiguous locations. Assessment of the composition and density of the seagrass beds
were undertaken employing the standard transect-quadrat method prescribed in English et. al. (1997).
Opportunistic surveys of macro-algae occurring alongside the seagrass transects were also
documented. Two survey stations for seagrass communities were completed; indicated in Figure
2.2.18.
2.2-59
SOURCE: Technotirx Consultancy Services Inc., Base Map Showing Barangays Of Fabrica, Lagadlarin, Olo-Olo, Sawang,
Soloc, Malabrigo & Balibago, Municipality of Lobo, Province of Batangas. Quezon City. October 2013
Figure 2.2.17 Seagrass survey stations undertaken in the coastal waters of Lobo, Batangas, 05
October 2013.
Survey of commercially-important Macro-Invertebrates
Investigation on the presence of benthic macro-invertebrates was done through actual specimen
collection, opportunistic survey and grab sampling in eight (8) observation stations indicated in Figure
2.2.19. The stations included all LIT/FVC stations, seagrass stations and mangrove survey stations.
Samples of sediments are immediately sieved through a screen mesh and any macro-invertebrates
encountered are identified up to species level. Most of the benthic organisms in a particular coastal
area play important ecological roles in the marine food chain, particularly as prey for many species of
fish and crustaceans that are permanently residing or are transit in the bottom of the sea. Many
bivalves and univalves are collected during gleaning activities for food and trade.
Macroinvertebrates, like bivalve mollusks, can be good indicators of site specific effects disturbances in
the marine benthic environment since they are sessile organisms and their sedentary nature allows
effective analyses of pollutants and effects of benthic disturbance. The presence of macro-benthos in
the sediment is therefore a suitable biological indicator on fertility of the bottom sediment and, on the
other hand, the unsuitability of benthic substrates for the viable existence macro-invertebrate
populations.
2.2-60
SOURCE: Technotirx Consultancy Services Inc., Base Map Showing Barangays Of Fabrica, Lagadlarin, Olo-Olo, Sawang,
Soloc, Malabrigo & Balibago, Municipality of Lobo, Province of Batangas. Quezon City. October 2013
Figure 2.2.18 Map showing stations for macro-invertebrate species investigations. Lobo,
Batangas, 05 October 2013
Mangrove Assessment
Viewed from the sea, the coastline of the seven Barangays surveyed do not seem to indicate the
presence of mangrove swamps. Information from key informants however revealed that extensive
mangrove forests occur behind the aroma trees lining the coastline of Bgy. Lagadlarin and portions
of the inner inter-tidal areas in Bgy. Olo-olo. A rapid ocular inspection revealed that many of the said
mangrove stands consists of second growth trees although the species diversity seem to be diverse.
Clumps of Nipa fruticans were also seen in isolated patches in Bgy. Lagdlarin. In Barangays
Balibago, Malabrigo, Soloc, Sawang and Fabrica, no mangrove resources were encountered. A total
of two (2) mangrove survey stations were established (Figure 2.2.19) to determine species
distribution, crown cover and regeneration rates. Standard categories were used to describe the
overall condition of the mangrove resources, to wit:
Table 2.2.16 Categories used in describing overall condition of mangrove stands.
2;
Excellent
76% and above in % Crown Cover; 1 Regeneration per m Above 5m in average tree
height; Undisturbed to negligible disturbance
2;
Good
51% 75% Crown Cover; <1 0.76 regeneration per m <5m 3m average height
of trees; Slight disturbance and few cuttings
2;
Fair
26% 50% Crown Cover; 0.50 0.75 regeneration per m <3m 2m average height
of trees; Moderate disturbance and noticeable cuttings
2;
Poor
0 25% Crown Cover; <0.50 regeneration per m <2m average height of trees
2.2-61
SOURCE: Technotirx Consultancy Services Inc., Base Map Showing Barangays Of Fabrica, Lagadlarin, Olo-Olo, Sawang,
Soloc, Malabrigo & Balibago, Municipality of Lobo, Province of Batangas. Quezon City. October 2013
Figure 2.2.19 Location of two mangrove survey stations in lobo, Batangas; October 5, 2013
Plankton communities
Species composition, abundance and density of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities were
determined using plankton net vertically lowered and towed from sub-surface depths. ShannonWeaver Diversity/Evenness Indices and bio-assessment metrics are then derived from the results of
the sampling. Identification of phytoplankton species that can enrich to become harmful algal blooms
that can potentially cause paralytic shellfish poisoning was also undertaken as algal blooms normally
indicate hyper-nutrient levels in the sea sometimes triggered by problems of anthropogenic origin..
Sampling stations were strategically chosen so that the stations are evenly distributed throughout the
length of the coastline of the seven Barangays in the study area. Six (6) plankton sampling stations
were employed during the survey, depicted in Figure 2.2.20.
2.2-62
SOURCE: Technotirx Consultancy Services Inc., Base Map Showing Barangays Of Fabrica, Lagadlarin, Olo-Olo, Sawang,
Soloc, Malabrigo & Balibago, Municipality of Lobo, Province of Batangas. Quezon City. October 2013
Figure 2.2.20 Survey stations for Plankton Communities; Lobo, Batangas, 05 October 2013
Rapid fisheries appraisals
The rapid appraisal was undertaken through key informant interviews to determine (i) dominant fishing
gears used in the study area, (ii) dominant catch composition, (iii) estimated catch rates, and (iv)
issues affecting fisheries. In the coastal waters fronting the MPSLs, fishers conducting actual fishing
operations were interviewed. The presence of coral reefs and deep waters of the Verde Island
Passage signifies that the fisheries of the area is comprised of both pelagic and demersal fishing
operations; with the latter dominated by hook and line operations in reef areas. The shallow, reeffringed coastal waters in front of Barangays are fished for sustenance fisheries employing small-scale
fishing gears. Under the Fisheries Code of the Philippines, the use of commercial fishing boats and
gears is prohibited inside municipal waters.
2.2.2.4
Results of Surveys
2.2-64
SOURCE: Technotirx Consultancy Services Inc., Base Map Showing Barangays Of Fabrica, Lagadlarin, Olo-Olo, Sawang,
Soloc, Malabrigo & Balibago, Municipality of Lobo, Province of Batangas. Quezon City. October 2013
Figure 2.2.21 Map of consolidated survey stations undertaken during the marine ecology
survey in coastal waters of Lobo on October 4-6, 2013
Table 2.2.17 Survey Stations Established during the marine resource and habitat assessments
in Lobo, Batangas from 4 to 6 October 2013
Manta Tow Stations for Benthic Communities
Station
Coordinates
Location/ Observations
1
N 13 36 48
E 121 18 39
Inside proposed Malagundi Fish Sanctuary
in Bgy. Balibago
2
N 13 36 49
E 121 18 34
Inside proposed Malagundi Fish Sanctuary
in Bgy. Balibago
3
N 13 36 48
E 121 18 30
Near proposed Bgy. Balibago sanctuary
4
N 13 36 50
E 121 18 25
Outside proposed Bgy. Balibago sanctuary
5
N 13 36 49
E 121 18 19
Outside Baligabo fish sanctuary
6
N 13 36 44
E 121 18 09
Bgy. Balibago
7
N 13 36 36
E 121 18 01
Bgy. Balibago
8
N 13 36 35
E 121 18 01
Bgy. Balibago
9
N 13 36 30
E 121 17 56
Bgy. Balibago
10
N 13 36 25
E 121 17 53
Bgy. Balibago
2.2-65
N 13 36 20
N 13 36 08
N 13 36 4
N 13 36 03
N 13 35 00
N 13 35 57
N 13 35 54
N 13 35 52
N 13 35 52
N 13 35 52
0
N 13 35 50
0
N 13 35 50
0
N 13 35 51
0
N 13 35 51
0
N 13 36 18
0
N 13 36 27
0
N 13 36 32
0
N 13 36 41
0
N 13 36 47
0
N 13 36 48
31
32
N 13 37 02
0
N 13 37 07
33
34
N 13 37 26
0
N 13 37 35
35
N 13 37 37
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
N 13 37 38
0
N 13 37 37
0
N 13 37 36
0
N 13 37 32
0
N 13 37 35
0
N 13 37 42
0
N 13 37 44
43
44
N 13 37 31
0
N 13 37 34
E 121 17 49
E 121 17 41
E 121 17 35
E 121 17 31
E 121 17 24
E 121 17 18
E 121 17 13
E 121 17 04
E 121 16 58
E 121 16 56
0
E 121 16 22
0
E 121 16 13
0
E 121 15 52
0
E 121 15 32
0
E 121 15 19
0
E 121 15 09
0
E 121 15 04
0
E 121 14 53
0
E 121 14 49
0
E 121 14 48
E 121 14 39
0
E 121 14 31
E 121 14 03
0
E 121 13 59
E 121 13 57
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E 121 12 26
0
E 121 11 59
121 13 51
0
121 13 41
0
121 13 36
0
121 13 29
0
121 13 25
0
121 13 22
0
121 13 15
0
Bgy. Balibago
Bgy. Balibago, Crown-of-Thorns
Bgy. Balibago, dense Crown-of-Thorns
Bgy. Balibago, Crown-of-Thorns
Bgy. Balibago
Bgy. Balibago
Bgy. Balibago
Bgy. Balibago
Sandy substrate, Bgy. Malabrigo
Sandy substrate, Bgy. Malabrigo
Boundary of Bgy Balibago and Malabrigo
Bgy. Malabrigo
Black tip shark, Bgy Malabrigo
Bgy. Malabrigo
Inside Malabrigo fish sanctuary
Inside Malabrigo fish sanctuary
Near Malabrigo fish sanctuary
Bgy. Malabrigo
Boundary Malabrigo-soloc
Sandy substrate starts in front of Andrea
Beach Resort; boundary of Malabrigo-Soloc
Bgy Soloc
Bgy Soloc; substrate increasingly consisting
of sand and rocks
Boundary of Bgy Soloc and Sawang
Boundary of Bgy Soloc and Sawang, fish
sanctuary
Boundary of Bgy Soloc and Sawang fish
sanctuary
Near Bgy. Olo-olo/Sawang, fish sanctuary
Bgy. Olo-olo, fish sanctuary
Inside Sawang-Olo-olo Fish Sanctuary
Outer reef inside fish sanctuary
Heavily silted
Seagrass beds start here
Bgy. Olo-olo; sandy substrate; patches of
degraded reef
Bgy. Lagadlarin, no reefs
In front of river, Bgy. Fabrica; heavily silted
Line Intercept Stations for Detailed Coral Assessment/Fish Visual Census Stations
Station
Coordinates
Location
1
N 13 36' 49"
E 121 18' 36"
Inside proposed Malagundi Point Fish
Sanctuary
2
N 13 36' 31"
E 121 15' 01"
Inside Malabrigo Fish Sanctuary
3
N 13 37' 43"
Mangrove Survey Stations
Station
Coordinates
0
1
N 13 37 45.5
0
2
N 13 37 50.0
0
3
N 13 37 51.3
Seagrass assessment stations
Station
Coordinates
1
N 13 37 49.9,
2
N 13 37 48.6,
E 121 13' 23
0
E 121 12 10.0
0
E 121 13 20.2
0
Location
Bgy Lagadlarin
Bgy Olo-olo
E 121 13 21.4
Bgy Olo-olo
E 121 13 10.6
E 121 13 05.5
Location
Bgy. Ulo-ulo, Lobo
Bgy. Ulo-ulo, Lobo
Location
Section 2.2.2 Marine
N 13 37 41
0
N 13 37 37
E 121 11 50
E 121 13 33
3
N 13 36 18
E 121 15 21
0
0
4
N 13 35 35
E 121 16 59
0
0
5
N 13 36 41
E 121 18 39
0
0
6
N 13 37 46
E 121 19 29
Macro-invertebrates Survey Stations
Station
Coordinates
1
N 13 36' 49.2"
E 121 18' 35.7"
2
N 13 36' 30.6"
E 121 15' 09.3"
Location
Inside proposed Malagundi Fish Sanctuary
Inside Malabrigo Fish Sanctuary
3
4
5
6
7
N 13 37' 43.1"
N 13 37 49.9,
N 13 37 48.6,
0
N 13 37 45.5
0
N 13 37 50.0
N 13 37 51.3
E 121 13 21.4
SOURCE: Technotirx Consultancy Services Inc., Base Map Showing Barangays Of Fabrica, Lagadlarin, Olo-Olo, Sawang,
Soloc, Malabrigo & Balibago, Municipality of Lobo, Province of Batangas. Quezon City. October 2013
Figure 2.2.22 Live coral distribution in 44 manta tow stations, Lobo, Batangas, October 4-5
2013;
2.2-68
Tow No.:
Geographical Coordinates
Latitude
Longitude
Live
Soft
Corals
Dead
Corals
Dead
Corals
with
Algae
Total
( %)
Abiotics
Sand
Silt
Rock
Rubble
01
Start
N 13 36 47.8
E 121 18 39.3
End
N 13 36 49.3
E 121 18 36.4
Start
End
N 13 36 48.7
N 13 36 48.8
E 121 18 33.8
E 121 18 31.0
Start
End
Start
End
Start
End
Start
End
Start
End
Start
End
N 13 36 48.4
N 13 36 49.9
N 13 36 49.7
N 13 36 49.6
N 13 36 49.4
N 13 36 44.2
N 13 36 43.6
N 13 36 39.6
N 13 36 39.0
N 13 36 36.4
N 13 36 35.4
N 13 36 31.0
E 121 18 30.3
E 121 18 26.8
E 121 18 25.4
E 121 18 20.7
E 121 18 18.9
E 121 18 10.8
E 121 18 09.2
E 121 18 03.8
E 121 18 03.4
E 121 18 00.9
E 121 18 00.5
E 121 17 57.2
Start
End
N 13 36 30.3
N 13 36 25.8
Start
End
N 13 36 25.3
N 13 36 20.7
20
100
70
15
15
100
65
15
20
100
40
10
40
100
15
70
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
2.2-69
10
Sandy bottom.
80
Rocky bottom.
30
90
10
100
40
20
10
100
10
100
20
20
30
20
E 121 17 56.0
E 121 17 54.0
10
10
50
30
E 121 17 52.8
E 121 17 49.4
40
30
20
Remarks
100
10
100
26
27
recruits.
Sandy bottom.
Start
End
Start
End
Start
End
Start
End
Start
End
Start
End
Start
End
Start
End
Start
End
Start
End
Start
End
Start
End
Start
End
Start
End
Start
End
N 13 36 20.1
N 13 36 14.9
N 13 36 07.9
N 13 36 04.9
N 13 36 04.3
N 13 36 03.3
N 13 36 02.8
N 13 36 01.7
N 13 35 59.8
N 13 35 58.0
N 13 35 56.9
N 13 35 55.6
N 13 35 54.3
N 13 35 52.9
N 13 35 52.1
N 13 35 51.8
N 13 35 52.1
N 13 35 51.5
N 13 35 51.6
N 13 35 52.3
N 13 36 02.8
E 121 17 48.5
E 121 17 45.2
E 121 17 40.8
E 121 17 36.6
E 121 17 35.3
E 121 17 32.7
E 121 17 30.9
E 121 17 27.3
E 121 17 24.2
E 121 17 20.0
E 121 17 17.8
E 121 17 13.8
E 121 17 12.8
E 121 17 07.8
E 121 17 04.4
E 121 16 59.4
E 121 16 58.4
E 121 16 56.7
E 121 16 55.6
E 121 16 52.0
E 121 17 30.9
N 13 35 59.8
E 121 17 24.2
15
N 13 35 56.9
E 121 17 17.8
15
N 13 35 54.3
E 121 17 12.8
N 13 35 52.1
E 121 17 04.4
70
Start
End
Start
N 13 35 52.1
E 121 16 58.4
2.2-70
15
50
30
100
20
40
30
10
100
20
40
30
10
100
40
20
40
100
50
10
40
100
Crown-of-Thorns (5)
Crown-of-Thorns (11)
25
40
35
100
10
30
60
100
10
50
40
100
20
70
100
30
60
30
20
15
35
15
Sandy bottom.
Sandy bottom.
20
20
100
100
30
20
100
25
10
100
1
Black
tip
shark
encountered
Sandy substrate in Bgy
Malabrigo
Inside
Malabrigo
fish
sanctuary;
surgeons;
Acropora and Millepora
Inside
Malabrigo
fish
sanctuary
40
100
100
20
10
100
60
30
10
100
30
30
20
100
20
Start
10
20
100
29
Start
50
100
Start
100
100
Boundary Bgy
and Bgy Suloc
Bgy Suloc
30
31
Start
100
100
Bgy Suloc
32
Start
100
100
Bgy Suloc
33
Start
100
100
Boundary Suloc-Sawang
34
Start
40
20
40
100
Bgy. Sawang
35
Start
40
20
40
100
36
Start
50
20
30
100
37
Start
30
20
20
30
100
38
Start
50
20
20
10
100
39
Start
35
30
10
15
100
40
Start
30
30
40
100
Silted waters
41
Start
100
100
42
Start
100
100
In front of mangroves
43
Start
100
100
Bgy. Lagadlarin
44
Start
100
99.5
River estuary
32%
LHC
30
5
.30%
SFC
30
40
17.5
DC
10.0%
DCA
100
33%
Sand
5.7%
Rocks
1%
rubble
Status Category: Poor = 0 - 24.9; Fair = 25 - 49.9%; Good = 50 - 74.9%; Excellent = 75 - 100% (Gomez et al. 1981)
2.2-71
Malabrigo
Soft
Coral
Dead
Coral
Other
Fauna
(OT)
Abiotic
Total
(LHC)
Condition
category
1.60%
21.40%
0.20%
0.80%
76.00%
Excellent
14.20%
1.60%
84.20%
Excellent
8.60%
70.80%
Good
3.67%
77.00%
Excellent
Acropora
NonAcropora
01
63.60%
12.40%
02
78.00%
6.20%
03
61.40%
9.40%
2.80%
17.80%
AVERAGE
67.67%
9.33%
1.47%
17.80%
0.07%
Status Category: Poor = 0 - 24.9; Fair = 25 - 49.9%; Good = 50 - 74.9%; Excellent = 75 - 100%
(Gomez et al. 1981)
Across all stations, the coral life forms are dominated by Acropora branching types and Acropora
tabulate species (Table 2.2.15 and Figure 2.2.23). In fact, these two types of branching corals
accounted for more than 61% of all coral cover. In station 2 alone which had the highest live coral
cover, the Acropora branching species profusely dominated the coral community, accounting for 63.6
% of all coral species. The branching and tabulate types are some of the most fragile amongst coral
species and their presence in a significant numbers indicate that the branching corals inside the fish
sanctuaries seem to be undisturbed, even by boat anchors. On the other hand, dead corals and dead
corals with algae (DCA) accounted for 17.8 % across three stations. The highest dead coral (DC)
value was recorded in the proposed Malagundi fish sanctuary, at 17.4 %. Station 3, which is relatively
closer to the Lobo River estuary than the other 2 stations, is the only station that contained a fair
degree of sand and rocks, covering 9.4 % of the area surveyed.
Across the three stations, the Acropora branching corals are dominated by the species Acropora
palmate, occupying 35.13 % of all coral life forms. This is followed by the tabulate species Acropora
indonesia, which accounted for 26 % of all corals encountered in the transects. The non-Acropora
coral types were dominated by the massive species Porites daedata (3.33%) and the encrusting
2.2-72
Coral Branching
Coral Encrusting
Coral Digitate
Tabulate
Total Acropora
Coral Branching
Encrusting
Massive
Sub-Massive
Total live coral cover
NonAcropora
Dead Coral
Dead Coral
with Algae
Other
Fauna
ACB
CE
ACD
ACT
CB
CE
CM
CS
30.20
1.00
2.40
30.00
63.6
1.60
3.00
4.40
3.40
76.0
DC
DCA
17.40
4.00
Halimeda species
HA
0.20
Soft Corals
SC
1.60
63.60
3.80
2.40
0
84.2
11.60
2.00
14.00
33.80
61.4
2.80
2.20
3.20
1.20
70.80
35.13
1.00
5.47
26.07
67.67
1.47
3.00
3.33
1.53
77.0
1.40
12.80
7.80
10.00
8.87
8.93
2.80
1.47
14.40
78
Abiotic
Rock
RCK
0.80
2.00
0.93
Rubble
R
0.40
0.13
Sand
S
5.40
1.80
Silt
SI
1.60
0.80
0.80
Total transect cover
100
100
100
100%
Status Category: Poor = 0 - 24.9; Fair = 25 - 49.9%; Good = 50 - 74.9%; Excellent = 75 - 100%
(Gomez et al. 1981)
Table 2.2.21 List of common species and average percentage live coral cover/species in three
LIT stations surveyed (proposed Malagundi Point Sanctuary, Malabrigo Fish Sanctuary, and
Sawang-Olo-Olo Fish Sanctuary) in Lobo, Batangas on October 5, 2013.
LIFEFORM CATEGORIES
Acropora
Non-Acropora
AVERAGE PERCENTAGE
LIVE CORAL COVER
SPECIES
Coral Branching
Coral Encrusting
Coral Digitate
Tabulate
Acropora palmate
Acropora palifera
Acropora humulus
Acropora indonesia
35.13 %
1.00 %
5.47 %
26.07 %
Coral Branching
Encrusting
Massive
Sub-Massive
Seriatopora species
Porites vaughan
Porites daedata
Porites lichen
Tubipora species
1.47 %
3.00 %
3.33 %
1.53%
1.47%
78.47 %
Soft Coral
Total live coral cover, including soft coral species)
Status Category: Poor = 0 - 24.9; Fair = 25 - 49.9%; Good = 50 - 74.9%; Excellent = 75 - 100% (Gomez et al. 1981).
2.2-73
Plate 2.2.10 Dead coral with algae (left) and crown-of-thorns starfish preying on coral polyps of
Acropora indonesia (right) in Lobo, Batangas. Picture taken on 05 October 2013 (R. Quimpo,
R. Pocon).
Plate 2.2.11 Branching coral Acropora palmate (left) and massive coral Lobophyllia corymbosa
(right). Picture taken on 05 October 2013, Lobo, Batangas (R. Pocon).
2.2-74
Plate 2.2.12 Digitate coral Acropora humilis (left picture upper left corner) and birds nest
coral S. hystix (central portion); and table coral Acropora indonesia and the fire coral Millepora
(right picture). Taken of 05 October 103 in Lobo, Batangas (R. Quimpo).
Figure 2.2.23 Graph showing overall average percent distribution of corals in three (3) LineIntercept Transect (LIT) stations inside of the proposed Malagundi Point Fish Sanctuary,
Malabrigo Fish Sanctuary and Sawang-Olo-olo Fish Sanctuary, Lobo, Batangas, October 5,
2013.
2.2-75
Figure 2.2.24 Graph of coral distribution by category and by FVC station 1-3.
LIT Survey Station No.:01 N 13 36' 49.2" E 121 18' 35.7"
LIT Survey Station No.:02 N 13 36' 30.6" E 121 15' 09.3"
LIT Survey Station No.:03 N 13 37' 43.1" E 121 13' 23.0
Figure 2.2.25 Results of coral reef assessment shown in pie graphs per station.
5.3 Reef-associated demersal fish species
2.2-76
Observers: R. Quimpo
Horizontal Visibility(m):
Coordinates:
T1:
T3:
Angle of Slope:
T2:
T4:
Total # of
individuals
STATION
T1
#of
ind
T2
Size
(cm)
#of
ind
T3
Size
(cm)
#of
ind
Size
(cm)
Acanthuridae (Surgeonfish)
Acanthurus nigricans :White cheek surgeonfish
Acanthurus nigricans :White cheek surgeonfish
10
15
15
12
10
12
10
18
15
2
Ballistidae (Triggerfishes)
Balistapus undulatus:
Chaetodontadae (Butterflyfishes)
Chaetodon baronessa: Eastern triangular butterflyfish
Chaetodon baronessa: Eastern triangular butterflyfish
Chaetodon auriga: Threadfin butterflyfish
Henoichus varius: Horned bannerfish
2.2-77
10
1
15
2
3
2
3
6
8
8
8
8
10
6
1
15
2
7
3
6
5
2
2
10
12
Epinephelidae (Groupers)
Cephalopholis fulva:
Haemulidae(Sweetlips)
Plectorhinchus
sweetlips
chaetodonoides:
Harlequin
2
2
2
3
10
12
8
5
15
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
10
8
6
8
6
8
10
16
3
5
8
6
2
1
3
15
12
14
2
5
12
30
45
10
1
5
15
5
3
2
8
12
10
5
8
2
11
10
2
1
Labridae (wrasses)
Halichoeres hortulanus: checkboard wrasse
Halichoeres scapularis: zigzag wrasse
Labroides dimidiatus: Bluestreak cleaner wrasse
Bodianus mesothorax: Splitlevel hogfish
Halichoeres binotopsis:
Halichoeres binotopsis:
Halichoeres binotopsis:
14
3
5
4
3
3
2
1
4
2
2
10
5
10
12
20
15
25
10
Mullidae(Goat fishes)
Parupeneus barberinus; Dash-and-dot goatfish
Parupeneus barberinus; Dash-and-dot goatfish
12
12
6
4
5
3
3
4
6
9
12
10
3
3
3
Pomacentridae (Damselfish)
Amphiprion clarkii: Yellowtail clownfish
Chromis margaritifier:
Chromis weberi: Webers chromis
Pomacentrus mollucensis; Lemon damsel
Chromis alpha: Yellow speckled chromis
Chromis alpha; Yellow-speckeld chromis
Dasyllus albisella; Hawaiin dasyllus
Dasyllus albisella: Hawaiin dasyllus
25
10
16
3
4
45
10
10
18
12
3
15
28
55
90
10
6
9
Scaridae (parrotfish)
Scarus ghobban; Bluebarred parrotfish
Chlorurus surdidus: Daisy parrotfish
14
Siganidae (Rabbitfish)
Siganus guttatus; Orange-spotted spinefoot
Siganus spinus: Little spinefoot
Synodontidae (Lizardfish)
Synodus dermatogenys: Lizardfish
2.2-78
12
6
10
6
12
12
22
5
1
12
6
6
2
Sphyraenidae (Barracuda)
Sphyraena forsteri: Big-eye barracuda
30
1
1
10
12
12
2
224
2
97
10
Tetraodontidae (Pufferfish)
Arothron hispidus:
Arothron hispidus:
3
1
3
141
12
7
462
17
39
12
6
21
Fish biomass was calculated using the formula, W=aL, W I weight (g), a is the condition factor (Pauly 1993), L
the estimated length (cm) and b the exponent (b<1). The specific constants a and b are referenced from Kulbicki
et a. (1993) and FISHBASE (2000).
With 21 species, the fish community in the study area is dominated by two major taxa of major/other
species - Pomacentridae or the Damselfishes with 216 individuals, Scaridae or the Parrotfishes with
48 fishes, followed by indicator species belonging to the family of Butterfly fishes or Chaetodontidae,
with 47 individuals. Together with other species from the major species category (e.g., Labrids,
Cardinal fishes) this group accounted for 68.4 % of the entire fish population encountered in the three
transects. Target species, mainly food fish of important value to fisheries, was comprised mainly of
51 individuals, most of which were of juvenile sizes. The surgeonfish dominated the target species
group (35 individuals). Considering the high value recorded for live hard corals, the fish abundance
index is quite low.
2.2-79
Figure 2.2.27 Left: Mean density of fish by category across three FVC stations; Right: Mean
fish biomass by category across three FVC stations
On the whole, the overall assessment of the demersal fish profile of the area in front of MPSA is poor.
The low species richness and density in the reef flats inside and outside of the fish sanctuaries
indicates a declining fisheries productivity and these is vividly manifested in the presence of mostly
juvenile fishes and the low numbers of food fish species. The factors that contribute to this low
fisheries profile could be primarily be recruitment overfishing and the use of fine mesh nets. The
narrow fringing reef also limits the spatial capacity for fish abundance. Anecdotal accounts from
fishers in the area also confirm the absence of long-lived demersal fish species in the near shore
waters.
250
200
150
100
216
50
35 18
47
21
40
48
12
Figure 2.2.28 Distribution of fish abundance by family in three FVC survey transects in Lobo,
Batangas; 05 October 2013 (Observer: Rowena Quimpo).
2.2-80
Figure 2.2.29 Average cover of seagrass community (in percentage) in the coastal barangay of
Ulo-ulo, Lobo, Batangas City, October 6, 2013. (Observers: Victor L. Pantaleon and Ronald T.
Pocon).
2.2-82
Species
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Ht.
(m)
5
4
3
2
3
1
1
2.8
4
1
1
1
2
2
4
6
5
3
2
2
1
3
3
3.5
1.5
Crown
Observations
Diameter (m)
Ave.
C.Cover
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.50
1.30
1.00
1.00
1.60
2.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
1.00
3.00
2.00
1.80
1.00
2.00
2.50
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
4.00
3.14
0.79
0.79
0.79
1.77
1.33
0.79
0.79
2.01
3.14
1.77
3.14
4.91
0.79
7.07
3.14
2.54
0.79
3.14
4.91
3.14
0.79
0.79
0.79
12.57
5 seedlings
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
Total
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Ceriops decandra(Malatangal)
Ceriops decandra(Malatangal)
Avecennia alba(bungalon puti)
Avecennia alba(bungalon puti)
Avecennia alba(bungalon puti)
Avecennia alba(bungalon puti)
Avecennia alba(bungalon puti)
Avecennia alba(bungalon puti)
Avecennia alba(bungalon puti)
Luminitzera racemosa(kulasi)
Luminitzera racemosa(kulasi)
Rhizopora mucronata (bakhaw
babae)
Rhizopora mucronata (bakhaw
babae)
Rhizopora mucronata (bakhaw
babae)
Rhizopora apiculata (bakhaw lalaki)
53
3
3
4
6
5
5
2
3.5
5
3
2
2
3
2
3.5
4
3
5
3
4
3
4
3
3.5
5
2.00
1.50
3.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
1.20
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.50
1.50
2.50
1.00
2.00
1.30
2.00
1.00
2.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
3.14
1.77
7.07
3.14
3.14
3.14
0.79
3.14
7.07
1.13
0.79
0.79
0.79
1.77
1.77
4.91
0.79
3.14
1.33
3.14
0.79
3.14
0.79
3.14
3.14
1.00
0.79
2.00
3.14
3.00
7.07
169.3
140.29 5 seedlings
140.29
140.29/ (1 quadrat x 100 sq.m.) = 140.29 % ( Excellent crown
cover)
TOTAL HEIGHT OF ALL 169.3 m
TREES:
AVERAGE HEIGHT:
169.3/ 53 TREES = 3.194 meters (Fair)
Total Regeneration Count
Regeneration Per Square Meter =
Total Number of Regeneration Plots
5 Seedlings / 3Plots (3 plots per quadrat) = 1.666 Seedlings Per Square Meter
(Excellent regeneration per m)
2.2-85
Quadrat No 2
Date: April 6, 2013
GPS Reading: N-13 37' 50.0''
Quadrat
#2
10x10m
Tree
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
TOTAL
Species
Sonneratia alba(pagatpat)
Sonneratia alba(pagatpat)
Sonneratia alba(pagatpat)
Sonneratia alba(pagatpat)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Avecennia marina(bungalon)
Rhizophora mucronata
(bakawang babae)
Rhizophora mucronata
(bakawang babae)
Rhizophora mucronata
(bakawang babae)
Rhizophora mucronata
(bakawang babae)
Rhizophora mucronata
(bakawang babae)
Rhizophora apiculata
(bakawang lalaki)
Rhizophora apiculata
(bakawang lalaki)
Rhizophora apiculata
(bakawang lalaki)
24
Ht.
(m)
Crown
Observations
Diameter (m)
Ave.
C.Cover
4
3
5
4
4
5
1
1
3
2
6
5
3
2.5
3
4
6
2.50
1.80
2.00
1.80
2.00
3.00
1.50
0.80
1.50
1.00
3.00
2.00
1.80
1.00
2.50
2.00
2.00
4.91
2.54
3.14
2.54
3.14
7.07
1.77
0.50
1.77
0.79
7.07
3.14
2.54
0.79
4.91
3.14
3.14
3.20
8.04
3.00
7.07
2.00
3.14
2.00
3.14
1.00
0.79
1.00
0.79
1.80
2.54
89.5
78.41
50 seedlings
50 seedlings
78.41
78.41/ (1 quadrat x 100 sq.m.) = 78.41% (Excellent crown cover)
89.5 m
89.5/ 24 TREES = 3.729 meters (Good average height of trees)
Total Regeneration Count
Quadrat No. 3
Date: April 6, 2013
GPS Reading: N-13 37' 51.3''
Quadrat Tree
#3
#
10x10m
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
TOTAL
2.2-87
Species
35
Environmental Impact Statement
Ht.
(m)
Crown
Observations
Diameter (m)
Ave. C.Cover
6
5
4
4
7
5
4
6
4
3
4
2
4
5
3
2
1
2
1
2
4
4
6
5
2
3
4
3
5
5
3.00
2.00
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
1.80
1.00
1.00
1.50
0.90
1.00
2.00
2.50
4.00
3.00
1.00
1.80
2.00
1.00
2.00
25.00
7.07
3.14
3.14
4.91
7.07
7.07
7.07
7.07
3.14
0.79
7.07
7.07
7.07
7.07
2.54
0.79
0.79
1.77
0.64
0.79
3.14
4.91
12.57
7.07
0.79
2.54
3.14
0.79
3.14
490.88
1.00
0.79
3.00
7.07
2.80
6.16
3.00
7.07
3.50
9.62
140
113.73
Section 2.2.2 Marine
65 seedlings
65 seedlings
113.73
113.73/ (1 quadrat x 100 sq.m.) = 113.73% (Excellent crown cover)
140 m
140/ 35 TREES = 4 meters (Good average height of trees)
Total Regeneration Count
Rhizophora
mucronata(bakawang
babae)
10%
Sonneratia
alba(Pagatpat)
8%
Rhizophora apiculata(
(bakawang lalaki)
6%
Avecennia
marina(bungalon)
66%
Figure 2.2.32 Mangrove species distribution across three survey stations in Bgys.
Lagadlarin and Olo-olo, Batnagas. October 5, 2013 (Enumerator: Rowena Quimpo)
Table 2.2.24 Distribution of mangroves by species across three quadrats surveyed in
Lobo, Batangas; 05 October 2013
Relative
Mangrove Species
distribution (%)
No. of trees
8
Sonneratia alba(Pagatpat)
9
2.2-88
11
10
74
66
Station
1
3 to 6
2.2-90
Habitat
Coral
Group
Gastropod
Gastropod
Poriferan
Poriferan
Gastropod
Gastropod
Gastropod
Poriferan
Echinoderm
Gastropod
Seagrass
Echinoderm
Echinoderm
Holuthurian
Echinoderm
Echinoderm
Mangrove Bivalve
Gastropod
Bivalve
Bivalve
Bivalve
Gastropod
Scientific Name
Cymatium sp.
Turbo sp.
Sponge sp.1
Sponge sp2
Conus sp1
Conus sp2
Cyparaea sp.
Axinella sp
Acanthaster sp (crown-ofthorns)
Lambis digitata
Protoreasternodusus
Salmacis belli
Synapta sp.
Echinotrix sp.
Linckia laevata
Anodontia sp.
Nerita sp.
Paphiagallus
Trachycardium sp.
Gafrafrium sp.
Callapa sp
Anodontia sp.
Gafrarium sp.
Trachycardium sp.
Conus sp1.
Conus sp2.
Cypraea sp.
Turbo sp.
Nerita sp.
Protoreaster nodusos
Echinotrix sp.
Synapta sp.
Salmacis belli.
Cymatium sp.
Axinella sp.
Linckia laevata
Figure 2.2.33 Images of different macro-invertebrates found in six station in Lobo, Batangas
during the October 3-4, 2013 sampling; (Researcher: Garry Benico).
2.2.2.6 Plankton
2.2.2.7 Zooplankton communities
A total of nineteen zooplankton groups (adult and larval forms) were identified from the six stations
combined. Zooplankton observed consisted of adult stage (48-71%) and larval stage (29-52%) (Figure
2.2.29). A large percentage of the adult zooplanktons were comprised of foraminiferans and cyclopoids,
3
3
with maximum density of 1,600 individuals/m and 867 ind/m ). Larval forms were dominated by nauplius
3.
and copepodite with maximum density of 3,466 ind/m The highest zooplankton density counted were
observed in water samples taken from Station 4 and 2 while fewer counts were encountered in Station 1
(river) and Station 6. Other important groups like fish larvae, gastropod veliger, bivalve veliger were only
3
observed at very low abundance (33-67 individuals/m ) in most of the stations during the sampling period.
The low number in these larval forms could possibly indicating low recruitment capacity which possibly
caused by high water turbidity. The mean estimates of abundance ranged from 257 to 600
3
individuals/m among stations with a mean of 429. Species diversity based on computed ShannonWeiner Diversity index ranges from 1.47 to 2.01.
2.2-91
Figure 2.2.34 Percentage composition of Adult and Larval Zooplankton stage in Lobo,
Batangas during the October 5, 2013 sampling.
Figure 2.2.35 Mean density of zooplankton groups identified in Lobo, Batangas during the
October 3, 2013 sampling.
2.2-92
2.2-93
Figure 2.2.37 Percentage composition of different phytoplankton groups in coastal water of Lobo,
Batangas during the October 3, 2013 sampling.
2.2-94
Figure 2.2.38 Mean density of major phytoplankton genera identified in Lobo, Batangas during
the October 3, 2013 sampling.
2.2-95
2.2-96
Impacts
Possible environmental
outcome
Construction
works and
earthmoving
Physical damage to
coral colonies
2.2-100
Alteration of
inter-tidal zone
if structures to
further
accommodate
human and
cargo access by
sea
(Minor concern)
Increase sea
vessel traffic
Disruption to benthic
and infaunal
population of molluscs
PSP in shellfish
populations and health
hazards to consumers
Loss of commercially
important
macroinvertebrate/bivalve
stocks
Inadvertent
introduction of exotic
species through
disposal of ballast
water
2.2-101