MAB 2083 Mechanics of Machines: Design Project MR Azman Bin Zainuddin

MAB2083 MECHANICS OF MACHINES
MAB 2083
MECHANICS OF MACHINES
DESIGN PROJECT
MR AZMAN BIN ZAINUDDIN
NURUL ALIA BINTI MOHD ANUAR 9127

MOHD BARIQ BIN MD YAZID 9494
FAZMI YUHANIS BINTI AWANG 8957
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 17 OCTOBER 2008
1
1. INTRODUCTION
The mechanisms of a linear reciprocating motion are widely used

nowadays. Some examples are engines and compressors which require the
piston to move in exact distance; (stroke) as the crank is continuously move.
There are 2 types of slider crank mechanisms which are:
1) In-line slider crank
2) Offset slider crank
The aim of the project is to produce an Offset slider crank mechanism

with linear reciprocating motion of a slider along the horizontal shaft under certain
constraint which can produce the highest number of strokes per unit time as
permitted by other parameter. The restriction condition for our group are; stroke =
350mm , max length = 660 mm , max velocity = 1500mm/s.
The design requirements are as follows:

1) The speed of the motor shaft must be in multiple 10rpm
2) Speed of working stroke must never exceed Vmax
3) The time taken for return stroke should be in between 60%-95% of the
time working stroke.
4) Coupler ratio must larger than 3
5) Maximum dimension of the working space must not exceed Lmax and its
width, W must be minimized.
w
s
L max
Figure 1
2
Illustration of a slider crank mechanism
3
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 DESIGN STEPS

To begin the design approach, we must obey some constraints which are:
1) STROKE ≥ 2 L2
The length of piston stroke assigned is 350mm. Thus, there will be a limitation for
L2 which is:
L2 < 350/2 = 175 mm
2) Coupler ratio must be greater than 3
This follows the Rule of Thumb. The coupler ratio should be as
minimum as possible, so the used width (W) can be minimize and
not exceeding the Lmax. The coupler ratio is:
Coupler ratio = L3/L2
We chose the coupler ratio to be 3.1 to get a compact design.
3) Length of L3 must be small
We need to make L3 as small as possible in order to increase the
acceleration and thus increase the number of strokes per unit time
(rpm)
4) The rule state that the speed of the motor shaft must be in a multiple of
10 rpm. Thus, after trial and error, we have chosen ω = 110 rpm.
4
2.2 DERIVATION OF FORMULAS
a
β
α
P
stroke
Where:
a = L2+L3
b = L3 - L2
Stroke, c = 350 mm
We will get the value of the imbalance angle, β and P by using cosine rule:
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2 abcos (β)
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2 accos (P)
By using sine rule we obtain L1:
__L1 = a__
sin P sin 90°
L1 b
By using pythogoras theorem:

d = b 2 − L12
d+c=e
e = a 2 − L21
Used Lmax = e + L2
5
L2
θ2
L3
L1 θ3
L4
θ 2 = crank angle
θ 3 = sin-1 [(L1+L2 sin θ 2) / L3]
L4 = L2 cos θ 2 + L3 cos θ 3
To calculate time:
∆t=∆θ/ω
And to calculate time ratio by:
180 o + β
Q=
180 o − β
To determine the time taken by the return stroke be anywhere between 60% to
95% of the time for the working stroke, we use this equation:
Percentage = 100 / Q
6
Calculate used L and width for working space:
Used, L = e + L2
Width, W = L1 + L2
Working area, A = L x W
Used L
Calculate velocity and acceleration for the slider
Velocity:
 ∆R − ∆Ri −1   ∆Ri +2 − 2∆Ri +1 + 2∆Ri −1 − ∆Ri −2 

V =  i +1 − 
 2∆t   12 ∆t 
Where:
i = data point index
∆Ri = displacement at data point i
∆t = t2 – t1 = t3 – t2 = t4 – t3
ti = time at data point i
Acceleration:
 ∆V − ∆Vi −1   ∆Vi +2 − 2∆Vi +1 + 2∆Vi −1 − ∆Vi −2 

a =  i +1 − 
 2∆t   12 ∆t 
Where :
i = data point index
∆Vi = displacement at data point i
∆t = t2 – t1 = t3 – t2 = t4 – t3
ti = time at data point i
3. RESULTS
7
DESIGN CALCULATIONS
All the calculations below are based on the final data selected from the table A1
in appendix in which try and error approach is applied.
Crank Slider Slider Slider

Data Point Time
Angle Displacement Velocity Acceleration
Index (0.001s)
(deg) (mm) (mm/s) (mm/s2
1 0 0 325.1 -1158.2 -25814.5
2 30 45.45 245.3 -2307.2 -21765.1
3 60 90.91 124.3 -2838.7 3030.8
4 90 136.36 17.8 -1382.3 56394.4
5 120 181.82 4.3 444.5 18952.8
6 150 227.27 37.4 924.9 6248.5
7 180 272.73 85.1 1158.2 4516.1
8 210 318.18 142.1 1347.8 3706.8
9 240 378.79 206.5 1466.2 1003.2
10 270 409.09 272.4 1382.3 -5374.4
11 300 454.55 326.5 927.9 -14918.8
12 330 500.00 350.0 34.4 -23245.8
13 360 545.45 325.1 -1158.2 -25814.5
3.1 The crank radius, the length of the coupler and the offset
The crank radius, L2 is selected from table A1 is the best length of the design,
which is:
L2=120mm
The length of the coupler:
Coupler ratio = L3/L2
where coupler ratio is set as 3.1
L3 = 3.1 x 120
L3 = 372mm
The offset:
L1 a
=
sin P sin 90
L1 = a sin P
Where
8
a = L2+L3
a = 120 + 372= 492 mm
b = L3 - L2
b =372– 120 = 252 mm
c = 350mm
P = cos-1 ((a2+ c2)-b2) / 2ac

P = cos-1 ((4922+ 3502)-2522) / 2(492)(350)
P = 29.1o or 0.5078 rad
Thus:
L1 = a sin P
= 492 sin 29.1o = 238.9mm
3.2 The cycle time, the times for the working and return strokes, the time ratio and
the imbalance angle
The cycle time:
Tcycle = 1/ω
where ω = 110rpm is selected from table A1
= 1 rev / (110 rev/min) x (1min/60sec)

= 0.5454 sec
The imbalance angle:
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2 abcos(β)
β = cos-1((a2+ b2)-c2) / 2ab
= cos-1 ((4922+ 2522)-3502) / 2(492)(252)
= 42.4o
The time ratio;
180 o + β
Q=
180 o − β
180 o + 42.4o
=
180 o − 42.4o
= 1.6
The times for the working (assumed forward) and return strokes;
9
Tcycle= tworking + treturn

Tworking + treturn = 0.5454………………...(1)
Q = 1.6 = tworking / treturn
Tworking = 1.6 treturn ……………………….(2)
Solve for (1) and (2)
treturn = 0.21 sec

tworking = 0.34 sec
3.3 The crankshaft speed in rpm
The speed has been determined by try and error approach and selected from
Table A1, which is:
ω = 110 rpm
3.4 Working area required by the mechanism
A = Lused x W
= 550.1 x 358.9 = 197445.4mm2
DIAGRAMS
10
3.5 The slider displacement curve for a single cycle
3.6 The slider velocity curve for a single cycle
3.7 The slider acceleration curve for a single cycle
11
3.8 The scaled kinematic diagram of the mechanism
12
Maximum position
13
Minimum position
14
15
Slider is at the middle of its working stroke
16
The scaled velocity diagram of the mechanism at the middle of its working stroke
17
The scaled acceleration diagram of the mechanism at the position when the slider is at
the end of its working stroke
4. CONCLUSION
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
Specifications Values
4.1 The crank radius 120mm
The length of the coupler 372mm
The offset 238.9mm

4.2 The cycle time 0.5454sec
The times for the working strokes 0.34sed
The times for the return strokes 0.21sec
The time ratio 1.6
The imbalance angle 42.4˚
4.3 The crankshaft speed in rpm 110rpm
4.4 Working area required by the mechanism 197445.4mm2
4.5 The maximum velocity of the slider in the

working stroke
4.6 The acceleration of the slider at the end of the

working stroke
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MAB 2083 Mechanics of Machines: Design Project MR Azman Bin Zainuddin

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MAB2083 MECHANICS OF MACHINES

NURUL ALIA BINTI MOHD ANUAR 9127

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 17 OCTOBER 2008

The mechanisms of a linear reciprocating motion are widely used

The aim of the project is to produce an Offset slider crank mechanism

The design requirements are as follows:

Illustration of a slider crank mechanism

2.1 DESIGN STEPS

2.2 DERIVATION OF FORMULAS

By using sine rule we obtain L1:

By using pythogoras theorem:

θ 3 = sin-1 [(L1+L2 sin θ 2) / L3]

And to calculate time ratio by:

Calculate used L and width for working space:

Calculate velocity and acceleration for the slider

 ∆R − ∆Ri −1   ∆Ri +2 − 2∆Ri +1 + 2∆Ri −1 − ∆Ri −2 

 ∆V − ∆Vi −1   ∆Vi +2 − 2∆Vi +1 + 2∆Vi −1 − ∆Vi −2 

Crank Slider Slider Slider

The length of the coupler:

Coupler ratio = L3/L2

where coupler ratio is set as 3.1

P = cos-1 ((a2+ c2)-b2) / 2ac

The cycle time:

where ω = 110rpm is selected from table A1

= 1 rev / (110 rev/min) x (1min/60sec)

The imbalance angle:

The time ratio;

Tcycle= tworking + treturn

Q = 1.6 = tworking / treturn

Tworking = 1.6 treturn ……………………….(2)

Solve for (1) and (2)

treturn = 0.21 sec

3.3 The crankshaft speed in rpm

3.4 Working area required by the mechanism

3.5 The slider displacement curve for a single cycle

3.6 The slider velocity curve for a single cycle

3.7 The slider acceleration curve for a single cycle

3.8 The scaled kinematic diagram of the mechanism

The length of the coupler 372mm

The offset 238.9mm

The times for the working strokes 0.34sed

The times for the return strokes 0.21sec

The time ratio 1.6

The imbalance angle 42.4˚

4.3 The crankshaft speed in rpm 110rpm

4.4 Working area required by the mechanism 197445.4mm2

4.5 The maximum velocity of the slider in the

4.6 The acceleration of the slider at the end of the

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