International Journal of Automobile Engineering

Research and Development (IJAuERD)

ISSN(P): 2277-4785; ISSN(E): 2278-9413
Vol. 6, Issue 1, Feb 2016, 15-40
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

RIGID PVC GEARBOX HOUSING FOR AUTOMOBILES

VEDAGYA BAKSH1& SHIVOMENDRA PATEL2
1,2

Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Medi-Caps Institute of Science and Technology, Indore, India

Abstract
The present invention relates to gearbox housing for automobiles, and more particularly, it relates to a light
weight rigid PVC gearbox housing for automobiles capable of reducing the stress concentration of the gearbox housing.
Keyword: Gear box casing, optimization, rigid poly vinyl chloride (PVC), transmission, automobiles, weightreduction,
power to weight ratio

Received: Nov 15, 2015 ;Accepted: Oct 19, 2016 ; Published: Feb 15, 2016 ; Paper Id.: IJAuERDFEB20162
INTRODUCTION
The gearbox housing is the housing that surrounds the mechanical components of a gear box. It provides

components, and a fluid -tight container to hold the lubricant that bathes those components.
Traditionally, the gearbox housing is made from cast iron or cast aluminium, using methods of permanent
mould casting or shell moulding. Experimentally, though, composite materials have also been used.
The cast iron is one important material which is used for gearbox housing. The cast iron provides string
housing to the inner component and lasts long, but it is very cumbersome when it comes to welding it to desired

Original Article

mechanical support for the moving components, a mechanical protection from the outside world for those internal

gearbox design. Also spray painting may cause rusting and lead to low life of the gearbox housing.
The cast aluminium is another commonly used material for gearbox housing which is li ghtweight and
can be designed easily. Though, cast aluminium is lightweight and design easy, it is heavier as compared to RIGID
PVC for gearbox housing.
Accordingly, there exists a need to provide a gearbox housing which overcomes above mentioned
drawbacks.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Objects of the Invention

An object of the present invention is to provide a light weight rigid PVC gearbox housing which reduces

the stress concentration which acts on the housing of gearbox.

Another object of the present invention is reduction in body weight which increases the power to weight
ratio. Yet another object of the present invention is reduction in overall cost of the gearbox housing.
Further object of the present invention is to provide an alternative material for gearbox housing.

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Vedagya Bakshi& Shivomendra Patel

Brief Description of the Drawing

Figure 1

Figure 2

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.4529

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

Rigid PVC Gearbox Housing for Automobiles

17

Figure 3

Figure 4

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Vedagya Bakshi&
Baksh Shivomendra Patel

Figure 5

Figure 6

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.4529

Index
ndex Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

Rigid PVC Gearbox Housing for Automobiles

19

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11
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Vedagya Bakshi& Shivomendra Patel

Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14
Figure 1 shows a cross-sectional perspective view of gearbox housing, in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 2 shows equation for calculating Centre to Centre distance, in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 3shows equation for design of synchronizers, in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 4, shows equation for selector mechanism, in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 5, shows equation for design of gearbox housing, in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 6 shows values of Eigen Modes analysis generated due to Vibration having minimum value of 2.600E-02
and maximum value of 1.400E+01, in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 7 shows values of Eigen Modes analysis in X -axis generated due to Vibration having minimum value of 9.911 E+00 and maximum value of 3.051E+00, in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 8 shows values of Eigen Modes analysis in Y -axis generated due to Vibration having minimum value of 7.495E+00 and maximum value of 5.139E+00, in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 9 shows values of Eigen Modes analysis in Z -axis generated due to Vibration having minimum value of 9.441E+00 and maximum value of 3.806E+00, in accordance with the present invention;
Impact Factor (JCC): 5.4529

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

Rigid PVC Gearbox Housing for Automobiles

21

Figure 10 shows distribution of Strain Energy Generated in object due to vibration having minimum value of 8.545E-10 and maximum value of 8.417E -10, in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 11 shows Density of Strain Energy Generated in object due to vibration having minimum value of 2.600E-11 and maximum value of 3.841E -11, in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 12 shows graph of the variation of Thickness of gearbox housing of tw o materials, in accordance with the
present invention;
Figure 13 shows graph of the variation of Volume of gearbox housing of two materials , in accordance with the
present invention; and
Figure 14 shows graph of the variation of Mass of gearbox housing of two materials, in accordance with the
present invention;

Detailed Description of the Invention

The foregoing objects of the present invention are accomplished and the problems and shortcomings associated

with the prior art, techniques and approaches are overcome by the present invention as described below in the preferred
embodiments.
Gearbox housing is used to cover the gear box. Also, to prevent it from external undesired objects and dirt. It is
also used to retain certain amount of gear lubricant inside it, so that the gear train can run smoothly. The proposed design
and analysis is concerned with an alternative material (rigid PVC) which can perform same and has less weight. The
novelty of this proposed invention is that by using the gear box housing of rigid PVC, the weight of the gear box
housing/housing can be reduced as well as the stress concentration which act on the housing of gear box made up of cast
iron/steel/aluminum which are in commercial use today. It can be used for any heavy vehicle and any machines where gear
boxes are in use where there is low temperature of about 60 degree and there is no significant space constraint.
Refereeing now to figures 1 to 5, it shows a cross-sectional perspective view of a gearbox housing (100) and
equations for calculating different units respectively.
Following are the parameters for calculating the design of gearbox housing (100).
Given:
Table 1
Power = P
Speed = N
Gear
=
Ratios

, , , , ,

r}

*5 Forward + 1 Reverse Gears

Design of Gearbox Involves the Following Steps

Estimating the Centre to Centre distance

Calculation of gears and their dimensions

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Vedagya Bakshi& Shivomendra Patel

Design of synchronizers

Design of selector mechanism

Design of shafts

Design of bearings

Design of housing

ESTIMATING THE CENTRE TO CENTRE DISTANCE

In order to determine the equation for calculating the Centre distance a ; it is here necessary to start with
Hertz Contact Stresses at pitch circle.
For cylindrical surfaces - eq.7.6 (German Standards DIN 3990)

( Z B D )( HW ) k A kV k H k H

With Nominal Contact Pressure,

H 10

H 10

( Z H )( Z E )( Z )( Z )

Ft ( 1 + 1)
d1b1

The torque to be received at the pinion shaft, T1

T1

Ft d1
2

And the face width Diameter relationship be, b

60 P
2 N

d1

( Z B D )( Z H )( Z E )( Z )( Z )

2T1 ( 1 + 1)
k AkV k H k H
d13 (b d1 ) 1

If the diameter d 1 in above equation is replaced byempirical data

d1

2a
1 + 1

& the surface stress H is replaced by the permissible stress

H ( perm )

H ,lim ( Z NT )( Z L )( Z R )( ZV )( ZW )( Z X )
S

Thus, the centre to centre distance is given by

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.4529

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

Rigid PVC Gearbox Housing for Automobiles

23

{( Z B D )( Z H )( Z E )( Z )( Z )( S H )}2
T1 ( 1 + 1) 4
3 k k k
3
A V H kH
4(b d1 ) 1 { H ,lim ( Z NT )( Z L )( Z R )( ZV )( ZW )( Z X )}2

Provided:

(b d1 )1st gear

0.65

(b d1 ) 2st gear

0.45

(b d1 )3st gear

0.28

(b d1 ) 4st gear

0.28

(b d1 )5st gear

0.30

(b d1 ) reverse

0.65

ka

0.65, for passenger cars &

kV

0.85, for commercial vehicles

kH

kH

ZH

ZB/D

ZE

0.175E , For commercial steel = 189.8 N mm 2

0.95

0.95

2.25

Now we have the following result:-

Z NT , Z L , Z R , ZV , ZW , Z X

H ,lim

1800 N mm2 , for commonly used

material of shaft (16MCr5)

SH

1.2

CALCULATIONS OF GEARS AND ITS DIMENSIONS

For Permanent Reduction

From empirical data :-

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Vedagya Bakshi& Shivomendra Patel

d1

2a
1 + 1

d1 is the diameter of pinion on input shaft.

Now,

d1 + d 2
2

d1 + d 2

2a

d2

2a d1

d9 + d10

2a

d 7 + d8

d5 + d 6

d3 + d 4

For first gear

Z9
Z10
d9
d10

For second gear

2a
Z7
Z8
d7
d8

For third gear

2a
Z5
Z6
d5
d6

For fourth gear

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.4529

2a
Z3
Z4
d3
d4
Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

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25

For reverse gear

DC

=
=

tan

DB

AD

150 mm
80o
DC
DB
DC
tan
AB DB

In ADC, By Pythagoras Theorem

AC 2
d9 + d11
2

AD 2 + DC 2

AD 2 + DC 2

d 9 + d11

d11

AD 2 + DC 2

(2

AD 2 + DC 2 d 9

Now,
In BDC, By Pythagoras Theorem

BC 2
d11 + d12

BD 2 + DC 2

BD 2 + DC 2

d12 + d11

d12

BD 2 + DC 2

(2

BD 2 + DC 2 d11

Face width (b)

Let

module

8mm

Helix Angle

35o

Now, from K.MAHADEVAN design datebook, page number 213, equation 12.23(b)
According to AGMA, the minimum face width,

bmin

(1.15) m
tan

&Equation 12.23 (c)

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Vedagya Bakshi& Shivomendra Patel

And the maximum value of face width;

20m
tan

bmax

Now, from data book page number 214, eq. 12.24 (a)
Lewis equation for helical or herringbone gears

d CV bYmn

Ft

mn

m cos

30MPa ,table-12.22, Page-241

Cw

1.15 ,table-12.22, Page-241

CV

Y
y

0.148 ,table-12.21, Page-232

Cw

6.1
6.1 + v

0.378 ,eq-12.25,
Page-241

From data book page number 214, equation number 12.26 (a)
Now, According to Buckingham, the inertia force;

k3V (Cb cos 2 + Ft ) cos

Fi

k3

6.60

Dynamic Load Factor , C

786.5 ,table-12.12,

k3V + Cb cos 2 + Ft

Page-236
The Dynamic Load,

Fd

Ft + Fi

Now from equation 12.26 (b) of Databook

The dynamic strength of gear is given by following formula;

Fs

d bYmn

Condition for safe working:

Fs

Fd

Now from data book page number 214;

No. of Teeth, Z
Impact Factor (JCC): 5.4529

d
m
Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

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27

Circular Pitch, p

Diametrical Pitch, pd

1
m

Dedendum Circle Diameter , d r

d 2(t fn + tcn )mn

Tooth Factor for Standard Tooth, t fn

tf
cos
tc
cos

Tooth Clearance Factor , tcn

Addendum Circle Diameter , do

=
=

1
cos
0.2
cos

d r + 2h
(2t f + tc )m

2.2m

DESIGN OF SYNCHRONIZERS
In automobile, a synchronizer is a part of synchromesh manual transmission that allows the smooth engagement
of gears. Synchronizers serve to let shafts and gears engage with each other smoothly after their speeds have been
synchronized.

Design of Cones:
We know, the friction torque to be transmitted;from design data book page number 259, equation number 13.10
(d)

f Fa D m
2sin

T1

0.07

0.12

Dm
b

bpDm2

4.5to8

From equation 13.10(h),page number 260

2Tn
49 f p

Dm

7b

Dm

D1 + D2
2

Now we know,

For Second Gear

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Vedagya Bakshi& Shivomendra Patel

Gear Ratio

N2

2
N1
N2

N1

N9

Now we know that;

N7

T7

( Ft )7

P7

2 N 7T7
60

N8
N7
N8

d7
2

Now

( Dm )2

nd

gear

103 3

( Dm )2

bc 2

P7 kq
f pn
2

nd

gear

We already observe that;

( d c 2 ) o ( d c 2 )i

( bc 2 ) sin

2
( d c 2 ) o ( d c 2 )i

2 ( bc 2 ) sin

Since;

( d c 2 )o

( Dm )2

nd

<

gear

d7

( d c 2 )o

<

d7

Taking average value

( d c 2 )o

( d c 2 )i

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.4529

( Dm )2

nd

gear

nd

gear

2
+ d7

For Third Gear

Gear Ratio

( Dm )2

+ d7

2 ( bc 2 ) sin

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

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29

N2

N6
N5

N6

N5

T5

( Ft )5

P5

2 N5T5
60

( Dm )3

N1
N2

N1

N6

Now we know that;

d5
2

Now

rd

gear

103 3

( Dm )3

bc3

P5 kq
f pn
2

rd

gear

We already observe that;

( d c 3 ) o ( d c 3 )i

( bc3 ) sin

2
( d c 3 ) o ( d c 3 )i

2 ( bc 3 ) sin

Since;

( d c 3 )o

( Dm )3

rd

<

gear

d5

( d c 3 )o

<

d5

Taking average value

( d c 3 )o

( d c 3 )i

rd

( Dm )3

rd

gear

Gear Ratio

gear

2
+ d5

For Fourth Gear

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( Dm )3

+ d5

2 ( bc 3 ) sin

4
N1
N2

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Vedagya Bakshi& Shivomendra Patel

N2

N4
N3

N4

N3

T3

( Ft )3

P3

2 N3T3
60

( Dm )4

N1

N4

Now we know that;

d3
2

Now

th

gear

103 3

( Dm )4

bc 4

P3kq
f pn
2

th

gear

We already observe that;

( d c 4 ) o ( d c 4 )i
2
( d c 4 ) o ( d c 4 )i

( bc 4 ) sin

=
=

2 ( bc 4 ) sin

Since;

( d c 4 )o

( Dm )4

th

<

gear

d3

( d c 4 )o

<

d3

Taking average value

( d c 4 )o

( d c 4 )i

( Dm )4
( Dm )4

th

gear

+ d3

2
th

gear

+ d3

2 ( bc 4 ) sin

Design of Lockers
Between 2nd and 3rd Gear

As we know that diameter of 3rd gear is smaller than that of 2nd gear and the diameter of annular ring of
slider is to be constant.
Therefore, we need to design the cotter corresponding to that of 3 rd gear. Therefore torque loses to be neglected
and;

Torque on 3rd gear

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.4529

T5
Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

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31

Now,
Shifting Force is given by

2Tr sin
s (d m )3rd Gear

Fs

Now, from reference, AT by Gisbert Lechner and Herald Naunheimer

page number 252,equation 9.18

( 2)

Fdc Cot

TZ
105

<

TZ

TZ

dc

dc

<

125o

Now we know

Tr

Neglecting the loses,

Let us assume

Tr
2Tr
F Cot

{ ( 2 )}
2T
tan ( )}
{
2
F
r

Let Z B be the number of teeths on synchronizers

Therefore, pitch of synchronizers
From databook page number 205,equation 12.8, Bachi's formula for beam strength of tooth

0.88 3

T5
k2 kzs

Where

Strength Coefficient

k2

4.90 M m 2 ( for bronze )

6
k

20

bs
ms

Therefore

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Circular Pitch, Ps

ds

Diametrical Pitch, ( Pd ) s

Addendum Circle Diameter of Synchronizers, ( d o ) s

zs
zs
ds
d r + (2t f + tc )

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Vedagya Bakshi& Shivomendra Patel

Dedendum Circle Diameter of Synchronizers, ( d r ) s

tf

tc

2(t f + tc ) ms

0.2

Here addendum of synchronizer is the dedendum for synchronizer ring,

zs

zR

DESIGN OF SELECTOR MECHANISM

Let the angle of contact of selecting fork over synchronizer ring be:

180o

Let the selecting fork arms have a T-cross section.

Selector Mechanism

In manual transmissions, an interlock mechanism prevents the engagement of more than one gear at any one
time and a decent mechanism holds the gear in the, in detention, in the selected position.

55MPa

Fs

lf

l f (1.5t )

d c
360

l f (1.5) Fs
Here,

lf

Fs

Length of Fork

Force of Shift

Design of shifting lever :

Let L be the affective length of the lever and P be the manual force applied at the handle.
Let B and t be the height and thickness of handle near the boss assuming that the lever is extended to the centre
of shaft (for strength of lever).
We get,

Max. Bending moment on the lever

PL

Section Modulus near the boss

tB 2
6

As we know,

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.4529

bZ
Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

Rigid PVC Gearbox Housing for Automobiles

33

tB 2 b
6

PL

Permissible Bending Stresses In Material

5t

B1

B
2

Also, for empirical data

Also,

Where

=
=
=

70 100 N
200 250 N
350 400 N

for Continuous Shifting

for Intermittent Shifting
for Instantaneous Shifting

The diameter d 2 is subjected to combined bending and twisting.

Therefore by GUESTS FORMULA:

16

16

16

d 23 b

d 23 b

d 23 b

M b2 + M t 2

( Pl ) 2 + ( PL) 2
P l 2 + L2
1

d2

3
16 P 2
2
l
+
L

Or by RANKINE formula

32 P l + l 2 + L2

d2

PL

d + t2
l2t2 t

l2
t2

1.25 ( Standard ratios )

3 mm ( General considerations )

Now for dimension of boss,

We know,

Now,

Let

t2
Therefore,
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Vedagya Bakshi& Shivomendra Patel

l2

5.75 mm

d sb

5.625
t d sb + t 2
L
PL
t2
5.625 t

DESIGN OF SHAFTS

Design of Main Shaft:

As we know, size of gear synchronizers increase gradually, consider the load as UVL.
We know,Deflection in simply supported beam subjected to UVL is,

max

o x

( 7l
360lEI

10l 2 x 2 + 3x 4 )

For UVL,

0.00652

o ls 4
EI

Here

Identity of load

As we know for standard gearbox max. Permissible deflection of shaft

0.0003Ls

0.0003

0.00652o ls 3
EI

0.4601EI
ls 3

ols

0.4601EI
ls 2

RA + RB

RB

RA

2
n
3
1
n
3
2
RB ls
3

max

Net load acting on shaft

Taking moments about A

( BM )c

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.4529

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

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35

( BM )c

( BM )c

2 1
. .nls
3 3
2
n ls
9

Considering A

( BM )c

2
R A n ls
3

Maximum bending moment of main shaft

( M b )m

2
n ls
9

Since first gear is subjected to maximum torque i.e T9.

Therefore using GUESTS THEORY

M b 2 + T9 2

2
lsn + T9
9

ls
d ms

10

6
T9 d ms
16

2
3

s 2 d ms 2
256

Te

16

T9 d ms3

Let

4 2
2
n (10d ms ) + T9 2
81

400 2
n d ms 2 + T9 2
81

Thus diameter of the main shaft is determined and hence length of the shaft is also determined.

Design of counter shaft:

Approx. Volume of gears

d an 2b

Let the density of material be

Mass of Gears, mg

(m )

d a 2b
4

Weight of Gears

RAC + RBC

(w )

g n

(m )

g n.

Wg1 + Wg 2 + Wg 3 + Wg 4 + Wg 5 + Wg 6

Taking moment about Ac

RBC ls

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b
b
b
b
b
b

w1 + w2 3b + + w3 6b + + w4 9b + + w5 12b + + w6 15b +
2
2
2
2
2
2

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Vedagya Bakshi& Shivomendra Patel

RBC ls

RBC ls

RB

RAC

b
7b
13b
19b
25b
31b
w1 + w2 + w3
+ w4
+ w5
+ w6

2
2
2
2
2
2
b
[ w1 + 7 w2 + 13w3 + 19w4 + 25w5 + 31w6 ]
2
b
[ w1 + 7 w2 + 13w3 + 19w4 + 25w5 + 31w6 ]
2ls

( wg ) RB
n

BM will be max either at 3 or at 4.

( BM )3

( BM )4

( BM )3

The greater of

or

( BM )4

w2 ( 3b ) + w1 ( 6b ) ( RA ) 6b +
2

w5 ( 3b ) + ( w6 )( 6b ) RBC 6b +
2

is equal to equivalent bending moment,

( M b )c

Considering torque maximum due to first gear only

Tec

M bc 2 + T9 2

Te 3

16 s

d cs

Design of idler shaft:

Approx. Volume of gears

Vig

d an 2b

Let the density of material be

Mass of Gears, mig

Vig

mig

d a 2b
4

Weight of Gears
wig

wig

mig g

RAi + RBi

Taking moment about A

RB ls

wig

wig

ls
2

RA

RB

Also, we know

lis

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.4529

2b +

b
2

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

Rigid PVC Gearbox Housing for Automobiles

M bi

37

wig
4

lis

Torque is considered to be maximum

Tei

M ib 2 + T9 2

dis

Tei 3

16 s

DESIGN OF BEARINGS
Design of bearings is purposed for selection of bearings of standard sizes.
Since there is no axial motion on shaft thus radial roller bearing is design.
From data book page number 373, equation number 16.7(b).
The equivalent load P for radial roller bearings

XVFr + YFa

From data book page number 384, table number 16.5

Considering rotating inner ring

Considering, Maximum Permissible Force

1.0

Fr in gearbox, is due to first gear.

From databook page number 206, equation 12.8(b)

Fr1

Ft1 tan

And from databook page number 211, equation 12.21

Fa

Ft tan

Now,
Bearing number is selected from databook page number 394; table number 16.13(a).
On the basis of diameter of shaft

Fa

Ft tan

For Main Shaft:

Series NU22,

d ms
5

For counter shaft:

Series NU22,

dcs
5

For Idler Shaft:

Series NU22,

di 5
5
From the table corresponding value of basic load factors,
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Vedagya Bakshi& Shivomendra Patel

Static C o and dynamic C are selected.

Now,

=
=
=

e
X
Y

1.5 tan
0.4

0.4 cot

0.545

1.098

Now,
Life of roller bearings is given by following formula,

ln

( c p)

10
3

DESIGN OF HOUSING
The gear housing is the housing that surrounds the mechanical components of a gear box. It provides
mechanical support for the moving components, a mechanical protection from outside world for those
internal components, and a fluid-tight container to hold the lubricant that bathes those components.
Maximum vertical measure of gearbox element is measured by considering all the following terms
H = (radius of countershaft permanent reduction gear) + (centre to centre distance) +
(radius of

synchronizer ring) + (total height of selecting fork cross section) +

(diameter of boss of shifting shaft).

( d o )s
d2
+a+
+ (1.5t + t ) + d sb
2
2

Now, since it is clear that vertical measure of gearbox elements is dominant on horizontal thus, inner
diameter of the housing can be

Di

H + Clearances

Now, thickness of housing is given by t,

From databook page number 113 equation numbers 8.10

t
Let

C1

C1 Di

0.54

d mi and d ci are determined as the outer diameter of the bearing outer case.
Therefore selecting the value of D from databook page number 394, table number 16.13(a).
Now

d mo
d co
The number of studs required

=
=
=

d mi + 3 mm
d ci + 3 mm
0.015 di + 4

The core diameter of studs

Dc

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.4529

di

Pmax
n t
Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 6.1

Rigid PVC Gearbox Housing for Automobiles

39

Nominal diameter of the studs

DN

dc
0.84

From databook page number 433, equation number 21.2(a)

Thickness of gasket , t g

0.25 mm to 1.5 mm

1.5 mm

CONCLUSIONS
This invention has various advantages. Some of them are as follows :

Reduced weight

Simplified design

Increased power to weight ratio of the vehicle

Alternate material for manufacturing of gear box casing.

The foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of

illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present invention to the precise forms
disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching.
The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the present invention and
its practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the present invention and various
embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is understood that various
omission and substitutions of equivalents are contemplated as circumstance may
Suggest or render expedient, but such are intended to cover the application or implementation without departing
from the spirit or scope of the present invention.
REFERENCES
1.

The refences of the article were cited from the following :

2.

A Textbook of Machine Design by R.S. Khurmi& J.K. Gupta ,S.Chand Publication

3.

Design Data Handbook for Mechanical Engineers in SI and Metric Units by K. Mahadevan & K. Balaveera Reddy.

4.

Automotive Trasnmission, Gisbert Lechner and Herald Naunheimer.

5.

MASTER'S THESIS IN THE INTERNATIONAL MASTER PROGRAMME IN APPLIED MECHANICS

6.

Synchronization Processes and Synchronizer Mechanisms in Manual Transmissions , ANA PASTOR

7.

BEDMAR, Department of Applied Mechanics,CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, Gteborg, Sweden.

8.

Machine Design,Mubeen and Mubeen.

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