Vehicle Networks

Multimedia Protocols
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Thomas Strang, Dipl.-Inform. Matthias Rckl

Outline

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

Introduction to media-oriented networking:

Media Oriented Systems Transport (MOST)
Physical Layer
Application Framework
Higher Layer Protocols

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

Introduction to
media-oriented networking

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

Introduction
Automotive media-oriented networking
Automobiles have evolved from having a simple radio with perhaps a
cassette or CD player to having a variety of sophisticated entertainment
and information systems that need to communicate and interact with
each other and with a human user [Most Cooperation]
Why do these devices need networking?
Muting of the radio when a phone call is received
Shared displays for radio, navigation, rear-view camera, etc.
Traffic information transmitted to the radio (RDS/TMC) can be used
for efficient navigation
Why do media-oriented devices need a new networking protocol?
Safety-critical applications require reliable, real-time networking
Information/Entertainment (=Infotainment) applications require fast,
short-delay networking with continuous bandwidth availability

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

Introduction
Bandwidth requirements
High data rate required, e.g. audio signal:
44.100 kHz * 16 bit quantization (CD quality) * 2 channels (stereo)
required data rate = 1.4 MBit/s (cannot be achieved by CAN)
Streaming data (audio, video) as well as packet-based data (e.g. map
data for navigation) need large amount of bandwidth with short delay

Based on: Audi: Neute Datenbussysteme

RECAP

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

Introduction
Sampling

The analog to digital conversion obtained through a sampling process

with fixed frequency fs, with a uniform quantization over N levels is
named Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Voice telephony (ISDN): 8 kHz * 8 bit quantization
CD: 44.100 kHz * 16 bit quantization

Nyquist-Shannon Theorem
fS 2B
fS = Sampling rate
B = Bandwidth of the signal

RECAP

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

Introduction
Sampling

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

Media-Oriented Systems Transport

(MOST)

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

MOST
Overview
Media Oriented Systems Transport (MOST)
MOST cooperation (BMW, Daimler, Audi, Harman-Becker, Oasis)
founded in 1998
Used by 16 car makers and more than 70 suppliers
Application in BMW series 7, Audi A6/A8/Q7
Transmission of streaming data (e.g. entertainment system) and packetbased data (internet information)
Based on D2B (developed by Daimler)
Standardization of all 7 ISO/OSI protocol layers

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

MOST
MOST in ISO-OSI reference model
No. of
layer
7

ISO/OSI ref model

Application

MOST protocol specification

Function
Function
Function
Function
blocks
Block
Block
Block

Network Service Layer 2

(Application Socket)

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Low-level System Services

Physical

Physical Layer

Stream
Service
Network Service Layer 1
(Basic Level)

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

MOST

Source: MOST Cooperation

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

MOST
Types
MOST25
3 channels: asynchronous, synchronous and control information
Max. data rate: 25 MBit/s@48kHz
Optical transmission over Plastic Optical Fiber (POF)
MOST50
More flexibility in channel assignment
Max. data rate: 50 MBit/s@48kHz
Electrical transmission over Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
MOST150
October 2007
Isochronous transmission on synchronous channel for HDTV
Max. data rate: 150 MBit/s@48kHz
Enhancement for 100Base-T Ethernet

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

MOST
Topology
Logical ring with n nodes
Physically there are (n-1) Point-to-Point
connections with signal regeneration in every
node
Logical ring can be implemented on a physical
ring or star network
Inactive nodes bypass the data (bypass mode)
Active nodes receive the data stream, add data
and transmit the resulting data stream to their
successor

MOST
Physical Layer

Outer cladding Inner cladding

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

Line Coding: Differential Manchester

Plastic Optical Fiber (POF):

Resistance against Electro-Magnetic
Interference (EMI)
High data rates
Little weight
Little heat emission
Cheaper than glass fiber
Based on: Audi: Neute Datenbussysteme

Fluorinated
Polymers

Core
(polycarbonate)
Signal reflection

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

MOST
Functioning at a glance
Time master periodically generates frames
One after the other slave on the logical ring
1. receives the signal,
2. synchronizes itself with the preamble
3. parses the frame
4. processes the desired information (control or data)
5. adds information to the free slots in the frame
6. transmits the frame to its successor
When the frame eventually returns to the time master it synchronizes
itself and subsequently generates the next frame in accordance to the
frame rate

Source: Grzemba 2008: MOST

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

MOST
Synchronization
Time master sends MOST frames to its successor in the logical ring with
a network-wide consistent frame rate
Periodicity:
up to 48 kHz (DVD)
typical 44.100 kHz (CD)
If a time slave works with a different
sampling rate (e.g. DVD player), the
slave has to convert the data according
to the systems frame rate
Every slave synchronizes with the frame
preamble by a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)
Time master often integrated in the
HMI of the infotainment system
Source: Grzemba 2008: MOST

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

MOST
Application Framework
Application

Application

e.g. audio player

e.g. route guidance

Controller
Uses a function of
a Slave or HMI

Provides
functions to the
Controller

Slave

Data sources

Human-Machine Interfaces

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

MOST
Function blocks
Functions are grouped in standardized interfaces
(= function blocks)
Interoperability and interchangeability:
e.g. device that provides a GUI interface can be
used by every device that requires a GUI
Similar to Profiles of Bluetooth and CANopen
Function blocks provide functions, i.e.
Properties: specification of a specific device
characteristic (e.g. current frequency of the radio
tuner)
Methods: trigger an action
(e.g. radio station scan)

Controller application
reads and modifies properties
of the slaves
registers for particular events
(property changes) of the slaves
calls messages of the slaves

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

MOST
Function blocks
Every MOST node has to implement at
least one function block, the NetBlock
Examples of function blocks:
NetBlock:
Management of all function blocks on the device
Management of all addresses of the device (physical address, logical
address, group address)
Power Master: startup and shutdown of the network
Network Master:
Startup of the system
Monitoring of the network status
Administration of the Central Registry (list of all function blocks within
the network)
Connection Master: setup and disconnection of the synchronous channel
Application-specific function blocks:
Application-specific functions (start playing, mute, etc.)
Proprietary device functions of the manufacturer (e.g. software
update)

MOST
Addressing
Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

Addressing scheme: [DeviceID.]FBlockID.InstID.FktID.OptType.Length(Data)

Element
DeviceID
FBlockID
InstID
FktID
OptType
Length
Data

Bit Size
16 bits
8 bits
8 bits
12 bits
4 bits
16 bits
0-216 bits

Description
Identifiers the device (optional)
Identifies the Function block
Identifies the instance of the function block
Identifies the function to use (number of property or method)
Identifies the type of operation (set, get, start, stop, etc)
Indicates the length of the data
Data area for the parameters of the function

Address scheme allows addressing of function blocks (FBlockID + InstID)

independent of the device that implements the function block
Address types:
Functional addressing: Every node has a unique address according to its
position in the logical ring
Logical addressing: Arbitrary addressing of nodes independent of
underlying topology (address assignment controlled by master)
Broadcast address: Addressing of all nodes in the logical ring
Group address: Addressing of logical groups (e.g. all diagnostic FBlocks)

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

MOST
Message sequence
Get-Operation:

Notification-Function:

Source: Grzemba 2008: MOST

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

MOST
MOST25 Frame

200-488

(values between 6-1510)

Based on: Grzemba 2008: MOST

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

MOST
Control channel
Transportation of commands, status
and diagnostic information
Control channel is used to set up
what streaming data channels the
sender and receiver are to use
Once the connection is established,
data can flow continuously and no further
addressing or processing of packet label
information is required
Features:
Low data rate (768 kBit/s) and short packets for low control overhead
Error detection by CRC and positive/negative acknowledgements
(ACK/NAK) by overwriting acknowledgement field
Automatic retry after error (low level retries)
In order to prevent high control overhead in frames, control information (2
bytes in every MOST25 frame) is distributed over 16 frames (=1 block)
Prioritization by arbitration

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

MOST
Synchronous channel
Transportation of streaming data (audio, video)
Continuous high data rate
Multiple static connections, e.g.:
up to 15 stereo connections with 16 bit quantization (CD quality) or
up to 60 mono connections with 8 bit quantization (telephony)
No addressing, channel source and sink defined during channel setup
No error detection
Point-to-Multipoint (connection between one streaming source and one or several
streaming sinks)
Setup and shutdown of connections is done on control channel
Streaming data rate (MOST25):
Net data rate = (BoundaryDescriptor * 4) * 8bit * SamplingRate
Net data rate example (sampling rate = 44.100 kHz)
Minimum data rate: 8.467 MBit/s (BoundaryDescriptor=6)
Maximum data rate: 21.168 MBit/s (BoundaryDescriptor=15)

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

MOST
Asynchronous channel
Transportation of spontaneous packet-based data (e.g. map updates,
internet)
Temporary high data rate (e.g. graphics, picture formats, and
navigation maps) transmitted in bursts
Error detection by CRC and positive and negative acknowledgements
(ACK/NAK)
Max. 58 byte (1024 for fast transceivers)
Prioritization by arbitration

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

MOST
Arbitration
Prioritization based on backoff mechanisms (similar to CSMA/CA with
IEEE 802.11e priority classes)
Idea: Prioritization in time
Transmission delay depends on the packet priority (packets with
lower priority have to wait longer until getting access to the network)
Lower priority packets do not access the next received frame but skip the
next n frames and thus leave n frames for packets with higher priority
Low priority
Control Packet

Node A

Synchronous

Asynchronous Control

Synchronous

Asynchronous Control

Frame n

Frame n-1
Node B
High Priority
Control Packet

Synchronous

Asynchronous Control

Frame n+1

MOST
Transmission characteristics of streaming data
Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

High Quality of Service (QoS) requirements

Short delays (in particular for voice streams)
Continuous guaranteed transmission rate
Thus network congestion, interruptions, collisions or bandwidth
bottlenecks have to be avoided
MOST guarantees that the bandwidth of the streaming data channels is
always available and reserved for the dedicated stream so there are no
interruptions, collisions or slow-downs in the transport of the data stream

MOST
Transmission characteristics of packet-based data
Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

Reliability managed by MOST High Protocol (MHP)

Connection-oriented transport layer protocol for asynchronous channel
and control channel
Connection setup
Connection shutdown
Flow control by granting transmission window to the sender
Error detection by CRC, parity and acknowledgements
Automatic retransmission after error

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

MOST
MOST Asynchronous Medium Access Control (MAMAC)
Adaptation layer for the transmission of TCP/IP (including IPX,
NetBEUI, ARP) data through the asynchronous channel
Can be used in combination with MOST High Protocol

Automatically set
by MOST node

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

MOST
Digital Transmission Content Protection (DTCP)
Authentication + Encryption
Developed by the 5C Group (Intel, Matsushita, Toshiba, Sony, Hitachi)
DTCP was originally designed for the safe transmission of signals from a
settop-box to the DVD video recorder
Used for instance by Sony and Warner for digital exchange of films
Fully integrated in MOST
Support for HD-DVD and Blue-ray

Phases:
Authentication: 320 bit public device key
Key Exchange: Diffie Hellmann based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography
En-/decryption: M6-56bit, AES-128bit

MOST
MOST implementation by AUDI
Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

Audi A8, A6, Q7

Source: Grzemba 2008: MOST

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

Questions

Why is CAN not suitable to transport multimedia data?

What are the individual channels of MOST and what kind of information
is transported therein?
What medium access schemes are used in the individual channels?
Are packet collisions possible in MOST?
Why is there no addressing in the synchronous channel?
Describe how synchronization works in MOST?
How is application layer interoperability solved in MOST?
What is DTCP and how does it work?

Lecture Vehicle Networks, Thomas Strang and Matthias Rckl, WS 2008/2009

Literature

http://www.mostcooperation.com/publications/mostbook/index.html