Part I

All Question to Answered (1/2 Mark each)

Select Only One Answer for each question
1. The antiparticle for an electron is a ______ .
Proton
a.
Positron
b.
Photon
c.
Neutron
d.
Neutrino
e.
2. The nucleus of every atom contains:
a neutron
a.
b.

a proton

c.

a positron

d.

a photon

e.

an electron

3. For electromagnetic radiation, which of the following quantities increases with increasing
photon energy?
Wavelength
a.
Mass
b.
Charge
c.
Frequency
d.
Velocity
e.
4. The becquerel is a measure of:
The toxicity of a radioisotope
a.
The quantity of a radioisotope
b.
The activity of a radioisotope
c.
The ionizing power of a radioisotope
d.
The dose equivalent from radiation
e.
5. What does an "alpha" emission consist of?
an electron
a.
an electromagnetic wave
b.
2 neutrons and 2 protons
c.
1 neutron and 1 proton
d.
1 triton and 1 neutron
e.
6. Electron Capture involves:
an electron combining with a another electron
a.
an electron combining with a proton
b.
an electron combining with a neutron
c.
an electron being ejected from the nucleus
d.

e.

None of the above

7. Which of the following produces the greatest portion of X-rays from the X-ray tube
characteristic radiation
a.
Bremsstrahlung radiation
b.
photoelectric effect
c.
electron capture
d.
Isomeric transmission
e.
8. In the production of x-radiation, more than 99% will result in:
Kinetic energy.
a.
X-radiation.
b.
Heat.
c.
Electron emission
d.
None of the above.
e.
9. Two filaments are found in some x-ray tubes to:
function as a spare if one burns out
a.
produce higher tube currents
b.
double the number of heat units the anode can accept
c.
combine high output and small focal spot capabilities
d.
decrease the heel effect
e.
10. The accelerating waveguide of medical linear accelerators is
an evacuated glass envelope tube
a.
an evacuated hollow copper tube.
b.
a circular and hollow copper tube
c.
a SF6 gas-filled circular and hollow copper tube.
d.
None of the above
e.
11. The Cyclotron is used to accelerate _____________
Photons
a.
Electrons
b.
Neutrons
c.
Protons
d.
None of the above
e.
12. In Co-60 machine the minimum distance between secondary blocks and the patient is
10 Cm
a.
15 Cm
b.
20 Cm
c.
25 Cm
d.
45 Cm
e.
13. Choose a pair of words to complete the following sentence correctly. High energy x-rays
suffer ______ photoelectric absorption and _______ Compton scattering compared to low
energy x-rays.
more, more
a.
less, more
b.
more, less
c.

d.
e.

equal, equal
less, equal

14. The Mass Attenuation Coefficient is equal to:

the half value layer
a.
the density of the absorber divided by the half value layer
b.
the linear attenuation coefficient divided by the density of the absorber
c.
the density of the absorber divided by the linear attenuation coefficient
d.
1.693 times the linear attenuation coefficient
e.
15. The rest mass of an electron is:
981 MeV
a.
1.022 MeV
b.
0.511 MeV
c.
1.022 KeV
d.
0.511 Kev
e.
16. In radiation dosimetry, the energy limit of using free air ion chamber is;
3 KeV
a.
0.3 MeV
b.
1 MeV
c.
3 MeV
d.
13 MeV
e.
17. The quantity exposure is the quotient of;
Total charge by mass
a.
Total charge by volume
b.
Energy by mass
c.
Energy by volume
d.
Total charge by energy
e.
18. An x-ray tube with a tungsten filter operates at 120 kVp. What is the maximum photon
energy in its x-ray spectrum?
69.5 keV
a.
67.5 keV
b.
120 keV
c.
189.5 keV
d.
No limit.
e.
19. If a 1 rnm A1 filter is replaced with a 2 rnm A1 filter on a superficial x-ray machine, the
effect will be to:
Harden the beam.
a.
Reduce the dose rate at dmax.
b.
Increase the PDD at 1 cm depth.
c.
All of the above.
d.
None of the above.
e.
20. Absorbed dose is measured in
Sieverts
a.

b.
c.
d.
e.

Man Sieverts
Coulombs
Grays
None of the above

21. The most common material of thermoluminescence dosimetry is:

NaI
a.
LiF
b.
FeSO4
c.
All of the above
d.
None of the above
e.
22. One of the advantage of a film dosimetrs is
They are commonly used to measure patient dose.
a.
They are cheap.
b.
They provide an instantaneous read out.
c.
They are insensitive to humidity.
d.
They are insensitive to light.
e.
23. All of the following are true regarding percentage depth dose (PDD) except:
Increases with increasing energy.
a.
Depends on field size.
b.
Is the dose at depth expressed as a percentage of the dose at dmax.
c.
Decreases with increasing SSD.
d.
Decreases as depth increases.
e.
24. As photon energy increases, surface dose ______ and depth of dmax _____.
Increases, increases
a.
Decreases, increases
b.
Increases, decreases
c.
Decreases, decreases
d.
Doesn't change, increase
e.
25. The most serious limitation of Tissue Air Ration (TAR) is
TAR varies with SSD
a.
We can't measure it
b.
It is limited to energies no higher than Co-60.
c.
It doesn't vary with depth
d.
It is independent of field size
e.
26. Only one of the following parameters can't be used in dose calculation of isocenter
technique;
Tissue maximum ratio
a.
Tissue air ratio
b.
Percentage depth dose
c.
Tissue phantom ratio
d.
27. TPR varies with all following except:
Energy
a.
Field size
b.

c.
d.
e.

SSD
Field shape
Depth

28. The advantage of TPR over TAR is

It is independent of SSD
a.
It can be measured for any photon energy
b.
It depends on field size
c.
It varies with depth
d.
It can be correlated with PDD.
e.
29. When radiation energy increases, scattering
Increases
a.
Become more backward
b.
Doesnt change
c.
Become more forward
d.
30. When photon beams are wedged, the "wedge angle" is:
The angle between the isodose curve at d = 10 cm and the beam axis.
a.
The angle of the metal wedge itself.
b.
The angle through which the isodose curve at d = 10 cm is turned by the wedge.
c.
Half the hinge angle
d.
The hinge angle
e.
31. Isodose curves are:
Lines passing through points of equal dose
a.
Lines passing through points of equal TAR
b.
Lines passing through points of equal TPR
c.
Lines passing through points of equal TMR
d.
None of the above
e.
32. If an incident electron collide with a K-electron the ionization will occur only if the energy
of the incident electon;
Equal the K electron binding energy
a.
Higher than the K electron binding energy
b.
Lower than the K electron binding energy
c.
All of the above
d.
None of the above
e.
33. The principal applications of electron beam are;
the treatment of skin and lip cancers
a.
chest wall irradiation for breast cancer
b.
administering boost dose to nodes
c.
All of the above
d.
None of the above
e.
34. In low-atomic-number media such as water or tissues, electrons lose energy predominantly
through
ionizing events with atomic electrons
a.
bremsstrahlung production
b.

c.
d.
e.

Annihilation reaction
Atom activation
None of the above

35. In brachytherapy, all the following radioisotopes can be used except;

Ra-226
a.
Tc-99m
b.
Ir-192
c.
Cs-137
d.
I-125
e.
36. Brachytherapy means
Close therapy
a.
Distant therapy
b.
Rotation therapy
c.
Dynamic therapy
d.
None of the above
e.
37. brachytherapy involves short shots of radiation, typically once an hour, to simulate the
overall rate and effectiveness of LDR treatment is called;
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Low-dose rate(LDR)
Medium-dose rate (MDR)
High-dose rate (HDR)
Pulsed-dose rate (PDR)
None of the above

38. Dose equivalent is measured in

Sieverts
a.
Man sieverts
b.
Coulombs
c.
Grays
d.
Rad
e.
39. Under the New ICRP recombination the annual dose limit for a radiation worker is
1 mSv
a.
5 mSv
b.
2 mSv
c.
20 mSv
d.
50 mSv
e.
40. What is the minimum age of radiation workers?
16 years and older
a.
18 years and older
b.
21 years and older
c.
None of the above
d.

Question Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

Answer
B
B
D
C
C
B
B
C
D
D
D
B
B
C
C
D
A
C
D
D
B
B
D
B
C
C
C
B
D
C
A
B
D
A
B
C
D
A
D
B

Part II
All Question to Answered (10 Marks each)
1) (A) Define the aim of radiation protection and discuss the principles of radiation protection
system.

(10 Marks)

2) Draw a schematic diagram, indicating major subsystems, of a medical linear electron

accelerator used for photon production showing the functional relationship between the
components

3)

(10 Marks)

(A) Describe the construction of free-air ionization chamber and how it can measure radiation
exposure dose

(5 Marks)

(B) Briefly explain:

(5 Marks)

a. Auger effect
b. Photoelectrons
c. Annihilation photon
d. Characteristic radiation
e. Rayleigh scattering
4) (A) In a tele-Cobalt machine, discuss the problems of penumbra, and electron contamination.
(5 Marks)
(B) Write the relation between each of the following pairs of physical quantities;
(5 Marks)
i-

Wavelength frequency

ii-

Dose dose equivalent

iii-

Linear attenuation coefficient - mass attenuation coefficient

iv-

Radioactivity time

v-

Half life time decay constant