Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Toll Roads............................................................................................................................2
1 Global...........................................................................................................................2
1.1 Several countries studies........................................................................................2
1.2 Finland...................................................................................................................3
1.3 Norway..................................................................................................................3
1.4 U.S.A.....................................................................................................................4
2 Latin America & Caribbean.........................................................................................4
2.1 General...................................................................................................................4
2.2 Mexico...................................................................................................................5
2.3 Argentina................................................................................................................6
2.4 Brazil......................................................................................................................7
3 East Asia & Pacific.......................................................................................................7
3.1 General...................................................................................................................7
3.2 China......................................................................................................................7
3.3 Indonesia..............................................................................................................10
4 Congestion Pricing.....................................................................................................10
Toll Roads
Numerous studies and projects about toll roads have already been done in the World
Bank, including some external articles. A list is available on the internet, given by the
LAC-Asia Infrastructure Resource Center. The IRC collects and disseminates information
to Bank staff in various media formats. The references of articles are listed below by
region and country from the most recent to the older one. An ID number is given for each
text coming from the World Bank, it allows to find quickly the correspondent text.
Articles are available on internet at the following location:
http://ispace.worldbank.org/cgi-bin/frameit.fcg?http://lcc.worldbank.org/irc/
Choose all materials, then material database, view by # and use previous and
next buttons to reach the ID number of the material you want to read.
Articles from external sources are mentioned and their references are given.
1 Global
1.1 Several countries studies
History of toll roads
Site of Toll Roads the Newsletter of Tolling Turnpike Bridges and Tunnel
By Peter Samuel
http://www.tollroads.com/history.htm
The Toll Roads newsletter is a publication specializing in tolling, describing this
emerging service business and keeping up with the debates and controversies. It Provides:
descriptions of new toll projects around the world, analysis of political, legal and
economic problems of toll projects, news of the successes & shortcomings of new toll
technologies, reports on ongoing operations of toll agencies and projects. It contains news
and analysis illustrated. It is an unsubsidized journalistic venture. Most articles contain
contact information for the reader to pursue a lead.
Disappointing Returns at the Toll Booth
ID No. 728
By Rupert Bruce, 1996, WB Region: Global, Country: Argentina, Brazil, Hungary,
Malaysia, Mexico, Panama, United States
Project financing on a purely commercial basis for toll roads may not be viable, traffic
forecasts represent major risks for private operators. Public-private partnerships may be
needed. Hungarys M1attracted only 50% of the traffic projected. Similarly, a number of
toll roads projects that have been beset with problems in countries: Malaysia; Mexico,
Brazil, Argentina, Panama and in the US too, are listed.
1.2 Finland
First Shadow Toll Project Realization Begins in Finland
ID No. 1905
Risto Pelttari, 1997, WB Region: Global, Country: Finland
A semi-motorway section between Helsinki and Lahti is upgraded into a motorway by
using shadow tolls. This FinnContact issue reveals facts that led to the signing of the 15
years DBFO agreement last month (4/97).
1.3 Norway
The Norwegian Public Roads Administration Sr-Trndelag
By The Norwegian Public Roads Administration, 1998.
http://www.aksess.no/vegvesenet/concert/index_eng.html
This site contains explanations about:
Concert: a wide ranging research program in eight European cities: Trondheim,
Barcelona, Marseille, Bristol, Hanover, Dublin, Bologna and Thessaloniki, within the
field of information technology / road transport telematics
Tron: a research project in Trondheim : a system for integrated payment of several
transport services.
Pak: project to try out measures to aid buses and street-cars in the city traffic.
Tron 2: a national test of road pricing as a part of the CONCERT program. The test
results are therefore applicable not only to Trondheim and its traffic problems.
Transport telematics: newsletter issued by The Public Roads Administration Traffic
department. Purpose: Use of technology and telecommunication in vehicle, and
infrastructure, to improve safety, efficiency, comfort and environment associated with
road transport.
The Trondheim Toll Ring : Avoiding the Trolls of Tolls
by Richard Cook, M.C.I.P., R.B. Cook Consulting, from a seminar led by Mr. Tore
Hoven, Head of Traffic Management, Public Roads Administration, County of SorTrondelag, Norway. 1996.
http://www.islandnet.com/ITE_BC/Jan96_trondheim.html
This article describes the integrated transportation plan for Trondheim, the original
objectives of the Trondheim Toll Ring. It explains how it works, the toll pricing, the toll
collection, the reasons of public acceptance and concerns. It also presents the future of
this system.
FHWA Congestion Pricing Team Uses Real-World Experience
Web Site of :Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, Research & Technology
Transporter. Article by Tom Keane, July 97.
http://www.tfhrc.gov/trnsptr/rttjul97/tr797p4.htm
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Illustrated article about the Trondheim toll ring public success. The importance of public
transport improvement is underlined.
Congestion Pricing: Trondheim Toll Ring Developing Sectors
By Peter Samuel, December 18,1996. From the Toll Roads Newsletter, The Newsletter of
Tolling Turnpikes Bridges & Tunnels. ( Cf. History of Toll Roads).
http://www.ettm.com/news/tollroads_trondheim.html
Article about the necessary refinements of the Trondheim toll ring, and the absence of
harmful economic results.
Toll Ring Oslo, Norway -Road pricing in an urban area
by Beture Setame (September, 1994). Revision by EURONET, 1996. Site of
International council for Local Environmental. Case description from European
Commission, Expert Group on the Urban Environment.
http://www.iclei.org/egpis/egpc-044.html
The Oslo Toll Ring experiment constitutes one of the first functioning road pricing
projects in the world which has been put into practice in an urban area. Electronic toll
stations register the traffic on access roads to the city center. Benefits in terms of traffic
regulation and environmental advantages have been achieved in addition to the financial
returns of the project. Control of atmospheric pollution and improvements in air quality
are mentioned.
1.4 U.S.A.
Texas Panel Revives Toll Road Project at Mexican Border
ID No. 404
Kevin G. Hall, 1996, WB Region: Global, Country: United States
The issue of mandating use of private toll road from Laredo in Texas to Mexico border,
finds truckers unwilling and vow to fight back. This article is from The Journal of
Commerce, April 12, 1996.
Road pricing : The variable toll road California, the toll ring Trondheim, Norway.
1997, Site of Transport 2000 : a volunteer consumer movement opposing the destruction
of the environment by over-reliance on roads and promoting public transportation.
http://www.vcn.bc.ca/t2000bc/background/tech/road_pricing.html
Illustrated article about the advantages of congestion pricing through the Californian and
Norwegian examples.
2 Latin America & Caribbean
2.1 General
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In 1989, Mexico initiated a private toll road program of fifty-three concessions involving
an investment of about US$13 billion in limited recourse financing over the period 198994. The program more than doubled the size of the national toll road network, but
miscalculations of investment costs and overoptimistic forecasts of operating income
undermined the viability of the toll roads. An already bad situation was made worse by
the Mexican currency crisis of December 1994, and the private toll road initiative came
to a virtual standstill. Local commercial banks were saddled with non-performing loans
estimated at US$4.5 billion to US$5.5 billion. Concessionaires and their affiliates have
been faced with writing off large portions of their investments. And users were left with
some of the highest tolls in the world. Jeff Ruster diagnoses the flaws in the design of the
program and shows how the failure was manifested in the implementation of different
phases of the projects. This Note presents a diagnostic of key policy, regulatory, and
institutional gaps that undermined the financial equilibrium of the sector. A checklist of
recurrent problems illustrates how the failure to address these issues manifested itself in
the course of implementation. PSD Note No. 125.
setting the terms, the tolls, and the service levels and basing bid selection primarily on the
rental offered for the infrastructure. When it concessioned the access roads in a second
round, it set the terms and the investments and selected the bid offering the lowest tolls.
The results so far have been mixed. Investment has lagged, but maintenance of the
intercity highways has improved. Antonio Estache and Jos Carbajo review the lessons
from this experience and identify some of the challenges for future concessions:
following clear and simple rules in the bidding process, establishing clear rules for
renegotiation, and strengthening regulatory capacity.
2.4 Brazil
Sao Paulo Sells Road Concession for R$1.85 bn.
ID No. 351
Jonathan Wheatley, 1996, WB Region: Latin America & Caribbean, Country: Brazil
Financial Times article on first privatization of 22 road concessions in Sao Paulo state in
Brazil. The winner will improve the toll roads condition and expand it. The states
privatization program includes electric sector generating and distribution concessions.
3 East Asia & Pacific
3.1 General
Too Long a Road to Asia
ID No. 1823
Mary Watkins, 09/15/97, WB Region: ASIA
The Asian currency devaluation is affecting projects in the region. Governments and
bankers are reassessing the risk profile of their projects. In a difficult market the first
deals to be postponed are likely to be the projects that financiers and sponsors have more
difficulty pushing through. One of the first casualties are road projects with their related
tunnel and bridge developments. Source: Project & Trade Finance Database, September
15, 1997.
3.2 China
Capital Markets Financing of Toll Highways in China
ID No. 1347
Alfred Nickesen, Mitchel Stanfield, 1997, WB Region: East Asia & Pacific, Country:
China
Demand for Private Investment in Toll Highways, Principal Impediments to Private
Financing in the Highway Sector, The First Private Project: Hopewells Guangzhou
Shenzhen Superhighway, Asset-Based Capital Markets Toll Highway Financing, Future
Prospects for Securitized Toll Highway Financing Techniques.
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The Evolving Policy Framework for World Bank Supported Private Toll Highway
Financing in China
ID No. 1757
by Alfred Nickesen, 1997, WB Region: East Asia & Pacific, Country: China
This paper summarizes the ongoing development of Chinas highway program, with
emphasis on the issues involved in private financing and World Bank support for and
participation in these projects. Part 1 of the paper gives a brief summary of World Bank
highway lending to China. Parts 2 and 3 deal with the recent phenomenon of asset
securitization of toll highways and World Bank participation in these transactions. Parts 4
and 5 describe the World Banks role in the evolving BOT policy framework and Chinas
first pilot BOT project in the highway sector. Part 6 contains conclusions and a summary
of the future direction of Chinas highway program.
A New Direction Asian Toll Roads Have Been Littered with Financial Disasters,
But This Summer Saw a Spate of Project Company Listings
ID No. 1025
by Infrastructure Finance, 1996, WB Region: East Asia & Pacific, South Asia
In Asia, traffic growth rates are much higher than projected by foreign traffic consultants
in relation to economic growth. The Asian governments are hoping to finance many of
their new toll road projects by private sector participation. However, transportation
projects are still one of the most difficult sectors to finance, therefore, it remains at the
bottom of the list for most investors.
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provincial highway programs. The size of this program as noted, in terms of distance and
cost well exceeds any similar toll road program now underway in the world. The main
question is how should China proceeded to develop a workable project finance model for
highway development.
SPC Model Documents for BOT Toll Highway Projects
ID No. 1779
by: Alfred Nickesen, 1996 WB Region : East Asia & Pacific, Country: China
This memorandum addresses the model documents generally, with observations on the
package and approach, discussion of the key issues, and specific recommendations on the
separate bid documents and standard concession agreement. As an annex to the memo,
there is a section-by-section summary of legal issues and recommendations which
resulted from the Bank-wide review.
By Julie Cidell for The State and Local Policy Program (SLPP). It is a research center at
the Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs within the University of Minnesota.
http://www.hhh.umn.edu/Centers/SLP/Conpric/short.htm
Congestion pricing is viewed by Transportation policy makers and economists as an
important part of the solution to growing highway congestion in urban areas. The
difficulties to determine optimal congestion prices and the problem of public acceptance
are considered.
Primer on congestion pricing
By David S. Dahl, Economics Editor, 1996, USA, in the letter of The Federal Reserve
Bank of Minneapolis: Fedgazette.
http://woodrow.mpls.frb.fed.us/pubs/fedgaz/fg964c.html
While population projections point toward increasing demands on the nation's
infrastructure and public facilities, many people oppose their expansion. Economic theory
provides a method to proof the necessity and the utility of congestion pricing.
Safety Benefits of Traffic Calming
ID No. 1107
By G.D. Hamilton Associates Consulting Ltd., 1996, WB Region: Global, Technical
Papers
Traffic calming, is defined as a method or combination of methods to physically and
visually impede speeding and the use of local roads by non residents to avoid congested
arterial routes. It is also known as neighborhood traffic control, traffic restraint, local area
traffic management, and environmental traffic management, is being employed
extensively. This study is to determine the positive impacts in terms of reduction in
collisions, environmental and other social benefits.
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