1.

Valve
a. Flow control valve
Used to regulate fluid pressure and flow rate, flow control valves are
used in a wide range of systems. A basic flow control valve consists of
a changeable aperture that opens to increase flow rate or closes to
slow flow rate. In many systems, such as a hydraulic circuit, the flow
directly affects the function of actuators; to a degree, therefore, these
actuators are controlled by the flow control valve (pump output,
temperature and other factors also affect flow).
b. Relief valve
A relief valve functions to bleed pressure off to return (by creating an
open flow path to return) when a prescribed pressure level is reached.
Relief valves are simple devices (similar to check valves) where a
piston or poppet is held closed by a spring.
2. Motor
Electric motor, which is more commonly known as the motor, is a device that
is capable of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. Electric
motors are divided into two categories based on the form of electricity on
which it runs. These two types are DC motors and AC motors. DC motors run
on direct current and AC motors run on alternating current. Most electric
motors are based on time varying magnetic fields. The axel containing all the
moving parts of the motor is known as the armature. The rest of the motor is
known as the body. The motor has time varying magnetic fields that are
produced by induction coils. In a typical DC motor, the coils are placed at the
armature of the motor. In most of the AC motors, the coils are placed on the
body of the motor and the armature is composed of permanent magnets.
There is also a third type of motors known as universal motors. Universal
motors are capable of running on AC voltage and DC voltage alike.
3. Pump
A pump is a device that is used to move fluids. Pumps use mechanical energy
to transfer these fluids. The most common example for the pump is the air
compressor. It takes air from outside and transfer it to the inside overcoming
the pressure of the gas inside. The pump is the device which does the work on
the fluid in order to get it to a higher energy or entropy state. Most of the
mechanical pumps are based on a rotary motion. There are pumps that
operate on a linear motion too. Most pumps are driven by either electric
motors or fuel engines. A pump does not convert energy to different forms; it
rather directs the energy on a desired way. Some energy is always lost as
sound, vibrations, and heat; therefore, a pump is not 100% efficient. The three
main types of pumps are known as direct lift pumps, displacement pumps and
gravity pumps.

4. Filter
A hydraulic filter helps to remove these particles and clean the oil on a
continuous basis. The performance for every hydraulic filter is measured by its
contamination removal efficiency, i.e. high dirt-holding capacities. Almost
every hydraulic system contains more than one hydraulic filter.
5. Cylinder
Hydraulic cylinders are actuation devices that utilize pressurized hydraulic
fluid to produce linear motion and force. Hydraulic cylinders are used in a
variety of power transfer applications. The basic principle behind hydraulic
cylinders is that the force applied at one point is transferred to another point
using an incompressible fluid. The hydraulic fluid is typically some type of oil.
A simple hydraulic system consists of two pistons connected by an oil filled
pipe. As a force is applied to one piston, it is transmitted to the second piston
through the oil in the pipe. Oil is incompressible and therefore is a very
efficient medium for the force to travel through; almost all the force applied to
the first piston appears in the second.
6. Accumulator
A hydraulic accumulator is a device in which potential energy is stored in the
form of a compressed gas or spring, or by a raised weight to be used to exert
a force against a relatively incompressible fluid. They are used in fluid power
systems to accumulate energy and to smooth out pulsations.
7. Tank
The hydraulic fluid reservoir holds excess hydraulic fluid to accommodate
volume changes from: cylinder extension and contraction, temperature driven
expansion and contraction, and leaks. The reservoir is also designed to aid in
separation of air from the fluid and also work as a heat accumulator to cover
losses in the system when peak power is used. Design engineers are always
pressured to reduce the size of hydraulic reservoirs, while equipment
operators always appreciate larger reservoirs. Reservoirs can also help
separate dirt and other particulate from the oil, as the particulate will
generally settle to the bottom of the tank. Some designs include dynamic flow
channels on the fluid's return path that allow for a smaller reservoir.