Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Family: Micrococcaceae
Micrococcus
gm (+) tetrads or cuboidal packages; catalase (-); coagulase (+); NM;
on BAP gamma haemolytic; grows on 5% but not on 7.5% NaCl;
Oxidase Test (+) blue
Lysostaphin and Furazolidone (R)
Virulence factors/toxins:
- Catalase decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
- Hyaluronidase breaks down hyaluronic acid in between cells resulting to
spread of bacteria
- Protease
- Coagulase
- Lipases sebaceous areas of the body (boils, furuncles)
- Staphylokinase dissolves the fibrin clot
activates plasminogen to form plasmin, which digest fibrin clots
- Deoxyribonuclease destroys DNA with the help of phosphatases; lowers
viscosity of exudates;
- Urease
- Leukocidin also known as Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)
(PMN, macrophage and monocytes) cytolytic sporeforming exotoxins that kills
WBC; suppresses phagocytosis
- beta-lactamase most of staphylococci isolates are R to PG Clumping factor
clumping factor A
- Exfoliatin A and B
stratum granulosum (surface layer of the skin) is destroyed
- S. aureus beta-toxin
- Hemolysin cytolytic toxins causing anemia
alpha toxin destroys RBC, platelets, skin destruction
beta toxin destroys sphingomyelin and RBC around nerves (hot-cold lysin)
gamma toxin injury in RBC produces edematous lesions
delta toxin destroys RBC
- Enterotoxins - heat stable; low molecular weight; water soluble
Enterotoxin A, B, C1, C2,D,E, and F
For food poisoning (A and D) cause diarrhea, vomiting among humans
For pseudomembranous enterocolitis (B)
Enterotoxin F and exotoxin type C associated with TSS
E. coli 0157:H7 / Clostridium difficile / Clostridium perfringens / Vibrio cholera
(cholera toxin)
Yersinia enterocolitica / Shigella dysenteriae (Shiga toxin)
Viral: Rotavirus (NSP4)
- Pyogenic exotoxin associated with scarlantine syndrome; causes TSS among
females
- Enterotoxin F causes toxic shock syndrome
- Protein A active
- substance found in the cell wall
b) Toxin mediated diseases: Food poisoning; scalded skin syndrome and toxic
shock syndrome
disease presents with the widespread formation of fluid filled blisters that are
thin walled and easily ruptured.
coagulase (-); does not ferment mannitol; white, opaque, pin head slightly
larger colonies
Catalase test
Coagulase test
Mannitol Fermentation
Hemolysis on BAP
Novobiocin
DNASE test
Others
cause of UTI in young
S. epidermidis
S. saprophyticus
(+)
(+)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-) gamma
(-) gamma
S more than 16 mm
R less than 16 mm
(-)
(-)
normal skin flora, causes
most common
UTI, stitch abscess
and
Prosthetic heart valve inf.
indwelling catheter
Laboratory Diagnosis:
1. Gram stain
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Micrococci
(+)
(-)
R
(+)
S
(+)
Oxidizer
Group C
- Streptococcus equisimus, S. equisimilis, S. dysagalactiae, S. zoopedimicus
- Streptococcus equi causes strangles in horses
Group F and Group G minute streptococci with wide zone of b-hemolysis - S.
anginosus
Group G S. canis found in animals
Laboratory Diagnosis:
Groups C, F and G: Bacitracin (R), SXT (S)
Group D gamma hemolytic
grows at 45 degC and thermoduric; all enterococci isolated from human
hydrolyze PYR
4.1 Enterococcal ( Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans, E.
avium, E. gallinarum)
- normal flora of GUT, GIT, respiratory tract
- grows in 6.5 % NaCl
- resistant to penicillin, vancomycin, cephalosporin; (+) bile
esculin and (+) PYR
E. faecalis requires cyanocobalamin (B12) as growth factor
Streptococci
Not soluble
does not ferment
Negative
Resistant
Laboratory Diagnosis
1. Gram stain
2. Culture BHI, TSA with 5% sheeps blood, CAP
3. Susceptibility test Optochin
4. Bile solubility test confirmatory test; differentiate pneumococcus from
viridans
(heavy suspension of pneumococcus is added to bile salt, cloudiness of broth
clears after 3 hrs of incubation
5. Neufeld Quellung Capsular Swelling Test (antipneumococcal serum mixed
with sputum, CSF with methylene blue, examine under OIO = swelling of
capsule
6. Skin test (Francis test)
7. Mouse Virulence Test
8. Inulin Fermentation
Neisseria meningitidis
These are bean shaped diplococcic; NS, NM, with polysaccharide capsule
Ferments glucose, maltose; Does not ferment lactose , sucrose and fructose
beta lactamase negative; (+) Neufeld Quellung reaction
Specimen: blood and CSF
Leading cause of bacterial meningitis and meningococcemia Waterhouse
Friderichsen Syndrome
Neisseria gonorrhoea
Media:
1. Thayer Martin agar contains colistin, vancomycin or lincomycin, nystatin
2. Modified Thayer Martin media same components with Thayer martin but
with trimetophrim lactate
3. Transgrow media TM with glucose, .2% agar, trimetophrim lactate and
CO2 incorporated in a bottle
4. Martin Lewis media- anisomycin is used instead of nystayin