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UNIT- D Assignment

Harvard system:
Brochures/pamphlets/booklets
General Format

In-Text Citation:
(Author Surname Year)
(Author Surname Year, page number)

References:
Author surname,Initial(s), Year, Title, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Example

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):


(Southern Cross University 2008)

In-Text Citation (Quotation):


(Southern Cross University 2008, p.2)

References:
Southern Cross University 2008. Copyright and you: a guide for staff. Southern Crosss
University, Lismore, NSW.

Harvard Style basic components


There are two basic components to Harvard referencing system:
1. In-text citations: Harvard style requires the use of a partial reference to the sources you are referring to in the
text of your document. The in-text citation appears in the format of author-date or name-date enclosed in
brackets ie (Smith 2008); (Southern Cross University 2010).
2. List of References: a list of references is placed at the end of the document. It should include the full
bibliographic details of all the references you have cited in the document - except personal communications - in
alphabetical order by author names. It is important that the in-text citation is in agreement with the relevant entry
in the reference list.

Citing in the text


The purpose of citing in the text is to provide brief information about the source, sufficient to enable readers to
find complete information about the source in the alphabetical list of references that appears at the end of the
document.
The Harvard style uses the author date method in the text. Insert the surname of the author followed by the year
of publication (and specific page number(s) if necessary) at the appropriate point in the text. Note there is no

UNIT- D Assignment

comma between the name and the year, but a comma is required after the date if a page number is added, e.g.
(Smith 2013, p.10).
In-text citations usually appear at the end of a sentence before the full stop.

Examples:
By the middle of this century, emerging markets will be nearly twice as large as the current developed
economies (Van Agtmael 2007).
By the middle of this century, emerging markets will be nearly twice as large as the current developed
economies (Van Agtmael 2007, p.12).

Alternatively, the authors name may be integrated into the sentence, followed by the year of publication (and
page number/s if necessary).

Examples:

Robertson and Pitel (2011) predict an average growth of 5% for the continent for 2011
Robertson and Pitel (2011, p. 12) predict an average growth of 5% for the continent for 2011
How to cite summaries or paraphrases
When referring to the overall content of a work, or putting information in your own words by summarising or
paraphrasing, you must cite the original author or researcher and the date of publication, e.g. (Smith 1998). A
page number may be included if you paraphrase a passage, summarise an idea from a particular page or you
want to direct the reader to a specific page, e.g. (Smith 1998, p.23). Page numbers may also be included if you
are referring to a long work and the page number(s) might be useful to the reader. If the name of the author forms
part of the sentence, include only the date and page number if necessary in the brackets. e.g. Smith (1998);
Smith (1998, p.8). Use p. for a single page and pp. for a range of consecutive pages.
How to cite a direct quote
When incorporating a direct quotation into a sentence, citing the source and page numbers are essential in text.
Fit quotations within your sentences, enclosed in single quotation marks, making sure the sentences are
grammatically correct.

For example:
Issues surround the imitation of real world buildings as whilst they 'serve the important function of grounding
users expectations and providing affordances for them to effectively move through space, they can also be
limiting' (Ball & Bainbridge 2008, p. 118).
If a quotation is 30 words or more, omit quotation marks and use a block format in which the quotation is
indented 5 spaces from the left margin and it is single-spaced with the in-text citation at the bottom right.
How to cite sources with no author or authoring body

UNIT- D Assignment

When the name of an author or authoring body is not shown, cite the reference by its title and the year. Use the
first few words if the title is too long.
For example:
This was apparently not the case before about 1995 (The entrepreneur's guide to the law 1999).
How to cite works with different numbers of authors
When a work has 2 or 3 authors, cite all the names in the order in which they appear in the reference.
Examples:

(Graham & Bennet 1995)


(Malinowski, Miller &Guota 1995)

If you integrate the authors names into the sentence, use and instead of the ampersand.
Examples:
Graham and Bennet (1995) found that
Malinowski, Miller and Guota (1995) reported the same effects
When a work has more than 3 authors, cite only the name of the first-listed author, followed by et al., every time
the reference occurs in the text.
Examples:
(Perry et al. 2000)
Perry et al. (2000) found that ...
How to cite a work if no dates are available
If the publication date of a resource is unknown or unsure, cite it using n.d. (no date), e.g. (Smith n.d.) or Smith
(n.d.).
If the publication date can be established with some degree of accuracy, use the abbreviation 'c' (circa-about),
e.g. (Smith c.1943) or Smith (c.1943).
If the publication date is dubious, use a question mark after the date, e.g. (Smith 1943?) or Smith (1943?).

Other examples with unsure dates include: a work that secured a publisher but not yet in the process of
publication, e.g. (Smith forthcoming); a work that is in the process of publication but the publication date is
uncertain, e. (Smith in press).
How to cite multiple references
If you are referring to more than one reference, place them in alphabetical order, e.g. (Abel 1999; Baker 1990).
If you cite more than one reference from the same author, place them in chronological order, e.g. (Smith 2000,
2001).
For multiple citations in the same year by the same author, use a, b, c ... immediately following the year of
publication, e.g. (Fox 1997a, 1997b).
How to cite a work discussed in a secondary source

UNIT- D Assignment

Sometimes an author writes about research that someone else has done, but you are unable to track down the
original report or publication. In this case, because you did not read the original report, you will include only the
source that you have used in your reference list. The words 'cited in' in the parenthetical reference indicate that
you have not read the original research.
In the text, use this citation:
Miller's simple definition of social justice (cited in Lister 2007) ...
And in your reference list:
Lister, R 2007, 'Social justice: meanings and politics', Benefits, vol. 15, no. 2, pp.113-125.

Reference List
The Reference list should identify an item (e.g. book, journal article, DVD, conference paper, web document etc)
in enough details so that others can locate and consult it. The elements required for a Reference list are outlined
below:

The Reference list appears at the end of the article/report/document.

It is headed by the centred title References.

References cited in text must appear in the Reference list and vice versa. The only exceptions to this
rule are personal communications and classical works; they are cited in text only and are not included in
the Reference list.

Use only the initial(s) of the authors given name, not the full name.

If the Reference list includes 2 or more entries by the same author(s), list them in chronological order
with the earliest first.

Arrange Reference entries in one alphabetical sequence by the surname of the first author or by title or
first word if there is no author. Ignore the words A, An, and The when alphabetising by title.

Capitalisation: In titles of journal and newspaper articles, books, book chapters, films, and unpublished
material (theses), capitalise only the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns; do not capitalise
the first word in the subtitle, unless a proper noun. All major words in the names of journals and
newspapers should be capitalised.

Italicise book titles, journal names and website titles.

References or Bibliography?
References or bibliography usually appear at the end of your article, essay or document. However, do you know
which heading you use?
References - a list of all the references you cited in your essay, report or document.

UNIT- D Assignment

Bibliography - most commonly refers to a list containing the sources used in developing a publication and any
other sources the author considers might be of use or interests to readers, or including all the sources you read
in preparing the article/essay/document.

Abbreviations and expressions


Acceptable abbreviations and expressions to use in citations and Reference List include the following :
Abbreviation

Book or publication part

circa - about

edn

edition

rev. edn

revised edition

2nd edn.

second edition

ed. (eds.)

editor (editors)

et al.

and others

forthcoming

a work secured a publisher

in press

a work in the process of publication

trans.

translator(s)

n.d.

no date

n. p.

no place

p., pp.

page(s)

vol.

volume (as in Vol. 4)

vols.

volumes (as in Vols. 1-4)

no.

number

pt.,pts

part(s)

para., paras

paragraph(s)

suppl.

supplement

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