Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DOI: 10.5923/j.jlce.20130102.01
Abstract An imp rovement of both the hardware and software of a previous design developed by the authors for the
study of commercial electrochemical cells is reported. The galvanostat now features the automatic selection of the current
scale, with a maximu m fu ll scale of 250 mA . An external reference voltage is also used to increase the precision (ca. 0.1%)
of the measured cell voltage. In the new design, the acquisition software is linked to Excel spreadsheet. In this way, the
nominal cell parameters can be read from the spreadsheet via the serial port and can be set without reprogramming the
Arduino interface. Furthermore, the data are gathered direct ly into the spreadsheet, and can even be plotted in real time.
The cost of the whole system remains under $150, not including the controlling laptop
1. Introduction
Electrochemical cells are used to store electrical energy
in the form of free energy of chemicals, as they can draw
direct-current fro m the electrodes, sustained by a
combination of electron transfer reactions (Red-Ox). These
reactions are quite co mplex, involving solid-state diffusion
which may result in phase changes and re-crystallizat ion.
The processes, in some of these electrochemical cells, can
be reversed by applying a direct-current to restore the
electrical energy. Cells of this type are categorized as
secondary
or
rechargeable
batteries.
Nowadays,
miniaturized primary and/or rechargeable (secondary)
batteries are emp loyed in a vast number of devices: mobile
telephones, watches and clocks, cameras, laptops, portable
tools, remote controllers, cardiac pacemakers, etc.
The study and characterization of these devices provides
a very interesting and instructive learning experience as it
comprehensively illustrates concepts of thermodynamics
and kinetics at the undergraduate level within the context of
practical electrochemistry. At the same t ime, it can help
students to deepen their understanding of such common
concepts as energy conversion, efficiency, cell capacity, etc.
Qu ant it ies wh ich are emp loyed to ch aracterize the
operation and performance of an electrochemical cell can be
obtained by simp ly monitoring the current supplied to or
produced by the cell, and its terminal voltage. So, the
measu ring too ls requ ired to p erfo rm the exp erimen tal
* Corresponding author:
dgonza@us.es (D. Gonz lez-Arjona)
Published online at http://journal.sapub.org/jlce
Copyright 2013 Scientific & Academic Publishing. All Rights Reserved
12
D. Gonz lez-Arjona et al.: An Improved Galvanostat for the Characterization of Commercial Electrochemical Cells
2. Hardware Upgrades
The galvanostat is based on the well known scale/inverter
circuit. The former d igital galvanostat had four full-scale
current levels (5mA, 10mA, 50mA and 100mA ). The
13
3. Software Upgrades
The Arduino interface is easily programmed to perform
control and data acquisition tasks. A complete instruction
manual with examp les, language reference, foru ms,
purchasing informat ion, and so on, can be found on the
official website[5]. Programming is carried out by a
front-end environment used to write, check, co mpile and
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D. Gonz lez-Arjona et al.: An Improved Galvanostat for the Characterization of Commercial Electrochemical Cells
Figure 4. Example of Arduino code using a PLX-DAQ controller. The code reads and checks the values of Excel cells and writes the information on their
status
15
Figure 5. Snapshot of an Excel spreadsheet for the study of a V395 primary electrochemical cell showing the input/output data, plot and PLX_DAQ
controller
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D. Gonz lez-Arjona et al.: An Improved Galvanostat for the Characterization of Commercial Electrochemical Cells
E=
QT VEq
T
(1)
EP = i 0 V dt
(2)
=
cycle
Edischarge
=
Echarge
idischarge
icharge
t2
t1
t2
t1
Vdischarge dt
Vcharge dt
(3)
5. Results
The obtained results for the tested electrochemical cells
with the modified galvanostat are very similar to those ones
obtained with the previous design[1], but with higher
17
Figure 7. Response of a Ni-Cd electrochemical cell (1.2 V, 140 mA) for charging/discharging cycle at different current values
18
D. Gonz lez-Arjona et al.: An Improved Galvanostat for the Characterization of Commercial Electrochemical Cells
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
http://www.parallax.com/tabid/393/Default.aspx
M arch 2013)
[4]
http://www.maximintegrated.com/datasheet/index.mvp/id/17
00 (accessed M arch 2013)
Figure 8. Power plots for V395 and NiCd 140mAh electrochemical cells
[5]
http://arduino.cc/en/M ain/Software ;
http://arduino.cc/en/M ain/Buy (accessed M arch 2013)
6. Conclusions
[6]
[7]
http://www.eltima.com/products/rs232-data-logger/
(accessed M arch 2013)
[8]
[9]
http://www.aggsoft.com/asdl-rs232-to-excel.htm
M arch 2013)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank Prof. W. H. Mu lder for his helpful
comments and suggestions.
(accessed
(accessed
[10] http://www.activexperts.com/serial-port-component/
(accessed M arch 2013)
[11] http://robottini.altervista.org/arduino-and-real-time-charts-in
-excel (accessed M arch 2013)
[12] http://www.varta-microbattery.com/applications/mb_data/do
cuments/data_sheets/DS20395.pdf (accessed M arch 2013)