Training Report

Industrial Training Report
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPANY

The company was started as Sierra Construction Limited on 20th August 1981 with leading
of Board of directors. It has grade M1 registration of ICTAD and membership of NCCASL and is a
leading local contracting firm in Sri Lanka. Sierra is young but it is mature in experience when
compare with the other local contracting firms because of their flexible management and an elite work
force.
The company is not only-specializations in a single field but also spread their knowledge for
several fields as specified following. Because of these performances, it has been established 42
Regional & Project Offices in the island which served usually 1562 employees. Main specialized field
in the Organization are,
1.1 Civil and Structural Engineering

In the early 80s, at the height of Sri Lankan Construction boom, Sierra strode into the
field of civil engineering. Since then, its expertise in the latest techniques of design and construction
has equipped in to handle any major construction work. Under this field, they are carried out following
activities.
Design and construction of buildings.
Foundation and Piling works
Supply installation of water supply drainage and Sewerage system
Contracting foundations for Towers and erecting Towers
Bride construction
Telecommunication Engineering
Maintenance of network computerized documentation is maintained in all stages of work, for
easy reference, progress control and maintenance.

To have a high technical and managerial skills, Sierras staff attend regular training
programmers about new outside plant network (OSP) technologies and fiber optic installations in
Japan, Australia and Finland, under the expert supervision of leaders in this field. Further, they are
expertise in towers for microwave transmission, communication lines and cellular and wireless loop
operators across the land on hilltops and plantations, near the sea and on sports grounds in many of
Sri Lankas cities.
1

Under the field of telecommunication they are carried out following main activities.
Supply and Installation of switching systems
Design and construction of transmission system
Design and construction of Out side plant network
Installation of wired and wireless subscriber networks
Maintenance and rehabilitation of telecommunication network
Electrical engineering
Design, supply & Installation of high voltage, and low voltage, over head and underground
system.
Maintenance and rehabilitation of electrical distribution network.
Construction of mini-hydro power stations.
The specialized knowledge and experience Sierra has acquired in the electrical engineering
sector has made it expert in all aspects of design, supply and installation of Overhead and underground
power system. Further, this sector is specialized to construct high and low voltage distribution system
and also undertakes rehabilitation and maintenance of existing electrical works. Because of the above
reasons, by the Ceylon Electricity Board, Sri Lanka Electricity Company (Pvt.) Ltd., and several
private companies and institutions recognize them as a versatility and skill section by this section
followings special activities also carried out.
1.2 ORGANIZATION DETAIL

1.
Name of the Company
Sierra Construction Limited.
2.
Company Clarification
Limited Liability Company.
3.
Business Registration No.

& Date
PVS 7721
20th August 1981
4.
Postal Address
No.112, Havelock Road, Colombo 05,

Sri Lanka.
5.
Telephone No.
94-01-502931, 94-01-591287
6.
Fax No.
94-01-502932
7.
No. of Permanent Employees
1227
Chartered Engineers
Graduate Engineers
Company Qualified Engineers
NDT Or JTO
Architect
Quantity Surveyors
Technical Assistant
Supervisors
Drivers
Other Tech/Office Staff
2
122
18
15
1
33
61
264
113
598
8.
No. of Employees on Temporary Basis 20
9.
Names of Directors
F.A.W. Irugalbandara
Lokuge Don Nimal Nayana
E.A.D.B. Tissa Perera
W.A. Priyantha Perera
10.
Auditors
Cecil Arseculeratne & Co.,

Chartered Accountants
Bristol Street,
Colombo 01.
11.
Secretaries to the Company
PR Secretarial Services (Pvt) Ltd.

No.59, Gregorys Road,
Colombo 07.
12.
Lawyers to the Company
Paul Ratnayake Associates

No.59, Gregorys Road,
3

Colombo 07.
13.
14.
Main business activities

1. Water Supply & Drainage work
- Since:1981
2. Civil Engineering Constructions
- Since:1981
3. Telecommunication Construction
- Since:1981
4. Electrical & Mechanical Engineering work
- Since:1981
5. Highway and Bridge Construction
- Since:1987
6. Irrigation and Land Drainage work
- Since:1997
7. Piling work
-Since : 2000
Subsidiary Companies
1. Sierra Property Development (Private) Limited
2. Sierra Development (Private) Limited
3. Sierra Cables Limited
4. Sierra Holdings
5. Sierra Information Technologies Limited
6. Sierra Machinery & Equipment (Private) Limited
7. Sierra Electronics (Private) Limited
8. Sierra Networks (Private) Limited
9. Alucop Cables Limited
10. Alucop Marketing (Private) Limited
Affiliated Companies with 60% - 80% Share Holding

11. Sunsum Boutique Hotels Limited
12. 2000 Plaza (Private )Limited
13. Agstar Fertilizer Private Ltd
Companies Establish on Overseas
14. Sierra Engineering & Construction (India) Private Limited
15. Sierra Technologies (India) Private Limited
4

16. Sierra Construction (Australia) Private Limited
2.0 PROJECT INTRODUCTION

Project Name
Construction & Completion of `189` Residencies

at 189, Danister de Silva Mawatha,
Name in shorten form

Client
Colombo 10.
189 Residencies
Benison International Property Developers (Pvt) Ltd.,
Engineer
Civil, Structural, M & E Consultants
No.125, Ananda Rajakaruna Mawatha, Colombo 10.

Eng. Kumar Pieris
Vasantha Rathnayaka Consultancy Service (Pvt) Ltd.,
Civil & Structural Engineering Consultants,
Baththaramulla.
Cost Consultancy Services (Pvt) Ltd., Colombo-08.
Thisara Thanapathi, Charted Architect,
Quantity Surveyor & Cost Consultants

Project Architect
Borallasgamuwa
Project Engineer
Mr.K.M.Ananda
Contract Amount
SL Rs.143,009,166.55 (Excluding VAT)
Engineering
Manager
Date of commencement
07
March 2005
Mr.
K.
Sivapakkiyam
Date of completion
06 June 2006
Head Office
Contract Period
15 months
Involvement
Maintenance Period
365 days from date of completion
Bonus for Early Completion
Nil
Retention Period
10%
Residence Engineer
Limit of Retention Money
5%Mr.
of contract
price
K.M. Ananda
2.1 PROJECT ORGANIZATION CHART Site Involvement
Planning Engineer
Ms. M. Kondadeniya
Head Office
Involvement
Head of Invoices
Mrs. P. Wijewardena
Head Office
Involvement
Project QS
Ms. Indramala
Head Office
Involvement
Project Coordinator
Mr. T. Hewageegana
Head Office
Involvement
Technical Assistant
Mr. D.P.C.P. Kumara
Site Involvement
Skilled / Unskilled
Labours
Site Involvement
Technical Assistant
Mr. R.M.S.K. Rathnayake
Site Involvement
5 / Unskilled
Skilled
Labours
Site Involvement
Technical AssistantElectrical
Mr. S.M.K.
Wickramasinghe
Site Involvement
2.2 PROPOSED BUILDING
3.0 LEVELING
Leveling was done to identify the nature of the site and estimate the volume of soil to be
excavated. The site was approximately level ground and approximately a rectangular. There are no
obstacles in the site to disturb visibility. So the leveling was a easy task and the site was divided into
some rectangular shapes by imaginary grid lines. These grid lines are not same as the foundation grid
lines described in details of foundation. The given BM is at the pavement of the Baseline road and the
level of the BM was given as -600mm.
Initially the grid lines were marked on the ground by measuring the length with tape and
strings. The grid lines were shown below.
Baseline
Road
RL -0.6m
8m
5 m app.
Grid Points
10 m
Fig. 3.1 Grid points arrangement for leveling

For leveling the leveling instrument was set out at a location at which all the grid points and the
BM are visible. Initially the tripod and the instrument were fixed and then it was approximately
leveled by using tripod legs with the help of circular bubble. After that the instrument was leveled
accurately by using foot screws. After leveled the instrument, the reading of BM and all grid points
were taken. Once the reading of all grid points were taken, again the reading of BM was taken for
checking purpose.
Two man made soil piles were found in the site. It was about 2m height. To get the levels of
that the leveling instrument was setout on top of the pile and the readings were taken. Then by using
Rise and Fall method the reduced level of all grid points were calculated. Then according to the grid
levels the contour map was plotted in 0.2 m interval by using interpolating method and longitudinal
section along an axis also plotted. The contour map drawn was shown in Appendix.
4.0 MOBILIZATION OF SITE

Mobilization is the process of a site from the beginning of the site to beginning of the
construction. But it will not end at the beginning of construction it will continue until the project is
completed. In mobilization there are so many functions such as,
Selection of required management and staffs.
Tendering of sub contractors for labours.
Construction of site office, consultant office, security office, labour billet, store room, bar
bending yard, toilets, etc...
Installation of electricity, water supply, communication facilities, etc
Collection of equipments such as water pumps, generators, vibrators, scaffoldings, jacks, T

base, etc
Collection of required materials (for a specific period)

8
4.1 CONSTRUCTION OF FENCE AND GATE

At the beginning of the site the fence and the main entrance gate were constructed by using GI
sheets and GI pipes. The pipes were driven into the ground and the GI sheets were binded with the
pipes by using binding wires.
4.2 CONSTRUCTION OF SECURITY HUT
This task also was done at the beginning of the site. This was constructed by using GI pipes, GI
sheets, and 2 x 2 timber. This was the same procedure as the construction of site office explained
below.
4.3 CONSTRUCTION OF SITE OFFICE
The temporary site was constructed by using GI pipes and GI roofing sheets. In this
construction process initially the ground was approximately leveled. Then the GI pipes were placed
vertically 2ft below the ground 1:3:6 (20mm) concrete was poured around the GI pipe. After the
concrete was hardened some GI pipes were fixed horizontally to the vertical pipes by using clamps.
For each GI pipes 2x 2 timber was bind by using GI binding wires. Then the GI roofing
sheets were nailed to the 2x 2 timber for roof and walls. After that the pavior was constructed by
1:3:6(20mm) lean concrete. For the office, the door and windows were fixed to the 2x 2 timber.
In this procedure the labour billet, store room consultant office and labour toilets were
constructed. But the labour billet was constructed as a three stories and for floor the plywood sheets
were used.
4.4 CONSTRUCTION OF STAFF TOILETS

The temporary toilets were constructed for contractors and consultants. Initially the ground was
leveled. Then the trench was excavated for rubble foundation. After that the foundation was
constructed by rubble masonry with 1:5 cement sand mortar. Then the walls were constructed by using

100mm thick hollow blocks. And the roof was constructed by GI pipes, 2x 2
timber and GI roofing sheets.
Floor was constructed by brick pavior and smooth with cement grout. Then the water closet
was fixed by using wall plugs. For water supply, pipe was fixed and for sewage output, 4 pipe was
fixed.
4.5 OTHER ACTIVITIES INCLUDED IN SITE MOBILIZATION

There are some more activities rather than the construction of the temporary structures to
operate the worksite.
For the store room, the necessary equipments and some materials were collected. The necessary
equipments at the beginning stage are scaffoldings, pumps, generators, plumbing accessories,
accessories for electricity installation, helmets, rain coats, boots etc
4.6 CONSTRUCTION OF BAR BENDING YARD
It was constructed without walls. It consist only the roof. The roof was constructed by fixing GI
pipes as a frame and the 2 x 2 timber was binded to the GI pipe and the GI sheets were nailed to the
timber. Then Bar bending machine and the bar cutter were fixed to the screed.
5.0 DETAIL OF FOUNDATION

Initially it was decided to have pad footing. But later the Structural Engineer changes the
foundation type to Raft foundation. This raft foundation has two blocks as East block and West block.
In between these blocks it was designed to construct a sump.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Some Grid lines were located to make the setting work easy. The grid line arrangement A
was
shown below.
B
B
WEST BLOCK
EAST BLOCK
D
10
E
1
Fig. 5.1 Arrangement of Grid Lines
The foundation was covered whole. According to the grid lines the foundation cover grid lines
1-1 to 9-9 and grid lines A-A to E-E. So only few spaces are available for site activities.
In raft foundation it was designed to construct foundation beams and slabs. The general
arrangement of the raft foundation beams and slab for west block was shown in Appendix. The larger
foundation beam in the west block is 1800 mm in height and 1200 mm in width along the grid line 3-3.
6.0 SUMMERY OF SOIL REPORT

The tests were done with 3 bore holes up to the bed rocks terminated. There were found
highly weathered bed rock surfaces as follows,
BH01 :
26.25 m below the existing ground level
BH02 :
BH03 :
The Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) were conducted at every 1.0 / 1.5 m interval throughout
the depth up to bed rock.
The investigation for water table was done during a considerably wet season and the results are,
BH01 :
BH02 :

11

BH03 :
The calculated allowable Bearing Capacities for shallow type foundation was given below. It was
calculated by assuming the water table as 5m below the existing the ground level.
Table 6.1 Allowable Bearing Capacity
Depth (m)
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Recommended Allowing Bearing Capacity ( kN/m2)

BH01
BH02
BH03
250
225
225
175
0150
225
200
20
250
275
250
300
300
275
275
It was recommended that the shallow type foundation could be adopted for this building.
7.0 SITE CLEARING

This is one of the first operations on a site to remove the trees, bushes, rocks, etc The method
of removal depends on their size and the equipment available to the contractor.
Fortunately the site was approximately level and there were no trees, rocks, or bushes. There
were only grass and two man made soil piles. So it was easy and quick to do the site clearing.
In the process we followed for site clearing, initially the grass was removed by using JCB
machine and trucks. For that, the blade of the bucket of the JCB machine was inserted into the ground
about 1 inch and pushed forward. When the bucket was full the debris was piled in a place and clear
continuously. When the pile is sufficient to fill a truck it was loaded to a truck and send to unload.
While loading a truck they use V shape loading method.
In generally site clearing is not only involving in removal of trees, shrubs, hedges etc. but also
include the demolition of existing structure on the site. Demolition is a specialist operation and should
12

not be attempt by the builder. By employing a reputable demolition contractor,
there are many advantages can be gained. We can sell or reuse the materials which are in good
condition and, thereby the cost of the operation can be reduced. Also it is important to consider the
factors affecting safety, and also have adequate insurance cover in the event of any misshapen.
8.0 EXCAVATION FOR RAFT FOUNDATION

As it was explained in foundation details, the proposed building was covered full width of the
site. The site was separated by boundary walls in three sides and other side was covered by Baseline
road. So it was necessary to excavate upto the boundary walls. But the boundary walls were very older
and poor in strength.
The depth to excavate for west block of the foundation was arround 3.3 m from the ground
level. Due to the boundary wall were poor in strength it can not be excavated upto the boundary wall.
So it was decided not to excavate 1.5 m from the boundary wall by machineries. The excavated area by
Backhoe was shown below.
13

Fig. 8.1 Excavated area by Back-Hoe
In the site there was a layer of earlier building pavior and demolished building debris upto 2ft
depth. As this layer cant be used for backfilling it was initially excavated separately and transported.
The excavation was done by subcontractor.
Fig. 8.2 Layer of demolition debris
Then there was a problem in the final level to excavate for raft foundation. The Bench Mark
(BM) used for the site is on the pavement of the Baseline road. The Architecture use the BM level as
-600 mm for his design and the Structural Engineer used that as 0 mm. So it was give problem in
excavating upto the final level by backhoe. But the final level for excavation was given as -2400mm in
drawings.
Until this problem solved it was decided to excavate in two layers and the top layer of 1.5 m
thick layer was excavated by using back hoe.
14
Fig. 8.3 Excavation by Back-Hoe

It was decided that the BM level as -600 mm. Then the second layer was excavated upto
200mm above the required level.
The level was given to the back-hoe operator at all times while excavating by using leveling
instrument. Because the pegs are not available and the excavation was done at the very first day of the
site started. So this was increased the time and the cost.
Then it was excavated upto one inch above the final finishing level by using JCB. The JCB
blade was inserted into the ground and pushed forward and excavated layer by layer.
After that it was excavated manually to the required level. And the level was given for the
manual leveling by using pegs and strings.
9.0 SHORING WORK

Shoring work is the work done for support the earth while excavating to prevent the landslides.
Most of these structures are temporary structures. The shoring work should be enough strength to hold
the earth.
In the site the shoring work was done to support the boundary walls and earth. As the proposed
building raft foundation cover whole distance in shorter distance upto the boundary wall, it was
necessary to excavate upto the boundary wall. This boundary wall is poor in strength. And also the
excavation has to be done arround 3.3 m depth from the existing ground level. But the soil upto 2 feet
have debris. So it was essential to support the boundary wall.
After the excavation completed, but not excavated upto 0.8m from the boundary wall the
shoring work was done for the boundary wall and to the soil. Initially the H irons were driven in to
the soil upto 1.5 m depth in 2 m spacing. The H irons were driven manually. Then the soil was
excavated manually 2 ft below from the ground level. It was done in
an angleWall
for supporting purposes.
Boundary
It was shown below.
H Iron
15
Excavated soil
Fig. 9.1 Excavation for earth supporting

Then the mild steel plates were placed along the slope and some 32 mm diameter Tor steel rods
were driven to support the mil steel plate as shown below. Then the sheets were supported by GI pipes,
jacks and T bases.
Mild Steel plate
Boundary Wall
H Iron
32 mm rods
Excavated soil
Fig. 9.2 Earth supporting by mild steel plate
After that the mild steel plates were supported to the H irons by welding with another H
irons. After supporting work was finished the soil below the mild steel plate was excavated manually
for constructing raft foundation.
Mild Steel plate
Boundary Wall
H Iron
32 mm rods
Excavated soil
Fig 9.3 Supporting mild steel plate H irons
16
Fig. 9.4 Earth supporting in an angle

For the place where the columns were designed, the vertical soaring work was done.
Fig. 9.4 Earth supporting in vertically
10.0 DEWATERING
Due to the heavy rain after the excavation, the area was filled by rainwater. So it was necessary
to dewater the accumulated water. It was done by using pumps and the water with mud allowed going
through the drainage channel adjacent to the road, after it was filtered to remove soil. Otherwise the
soil will make blockage in drainage channel. After the dewatering it the soil was allowed to dry for
compacting.
Fig. 10.1 Dewatering

17
11.0 COMPACTION OF EARTH

Earth compaction is one of the most important Civil Engineering construction processes
encountered in the field of construction. Compaction of earth is one of the methods of soil stabilization
and it is the most widely used among such methods. As a result of change in atmospheric conditions
such as moisture content, soil undergo differential shrinkage and expansion. Soil stabilization is aimed
to reduce these changes.
Soil compaction is the process of expelling the air entrapped in the voids of soil, and packing
the soil particles more closely together through the reduction of air voids. This is achieved by using
earth compaction equipments such as,
1) Roller
: Pressuring the soil
2) Rammers
: Giving impacts to the soil particles
3) Vibrators
: Give vibration to the soil
4) Vibratory
: Vibrators mounted on Rollers to give pressure and vibration together.
In our site the Vibratory Roller was used to compact the soil. In excavation in some places the
soil was excavated around 10 mm more than required. So it is required to fill soil and compact. And all
other places also compacted.
11.1 EARTH COMPACTING PROCEDURE
Prior to the compaction work all the tests should be carried for the filling material. The most
important test is Proctor test from whish the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content for
the particular soil can be found. After that the soil was filled by layer by layer and then the water was
sprinkled to bring the moisture content of the soil to the optimum moisture content. Then the earth is
compacted by Vibratory Roller. In our site for the filling was needed in some places. So it was filled by
core dust due to the soil was clay & have high moisture content and while compacting by using
Vibratory Roller it was
difficult.
was
Vibratory Roller.
compacted
by
18
Then
it
Fig. 11.1 Compaction of Earth
In order to achieve proper compaction economically, it is important to control the depth of

layers, moisture content and the number of passes of the roller. Most of the times it may be difficult to
achieved the maximum dry density, obtained by the laboratory tests. Therefore it is satisfactory if it is
90% of the laboratory results. This is due to the difficulty in obtaining the optimum moisture content in
the field.
12.0 SETTING OUT

Setting out is the work carried to mark the required lines and points to construct any structure.
Without setting out it is not possible to do the construction work accurately. For high rise buildings it is
very essential. It is an important initial stage program for a site.
In the site setting out was done for the foundation beams and columns. The grid points were
already marked on the boundary walls. For setting out the same grid points were used. Because all the
design of the structure was depend on that grid points a shown below.
1
A
B
19
E
1
Fig. 12.1 Available grid points

The grid points were available on the boundary but the grid lines are needed for setting out is
on the screed for foundation. The grid points were available about 4 m height from the screed. Initially
a string was connected the grid line 1-1 marked on the boundary wall. Then using plumb bob the line
was projected on the screed. The grid line A-A and E-E are along the boundary wall. So the distance
from the grid line E-E to the grid line D-D was measured along the grid line 1-1 and marked the grid
station D1 on the line.
Then a Theodolite (TL) was set-out on the grid station D1 and leveled. Then the TL was
focused to the grid point 1 marked on the boundary wall and the horizontal angle was set to zero while
focusing point 1. After that the TL was rotated to 180 and checked weather the TL was correctly
setout on the point.
Then the TL was rotated to see the point E marked on the boundary wall. If the reading was
270, then the marked grid point D1 was accurate. Otherwise it should be corrected. Then it was
rotated to 90 and the grid line D-D was marked on the screed. These two grid lines 1-1 and D-D are
perpendicular to each other. From these two lines all other grid lines were marked on the screed by
using theodolite and tape. The procedure was illustrated in the figure below.
1
C1
M1
M3
M2
E
20

Fig. 12.2 Locating grid stations
LEGEND:
Points to be located.
Points where TL was used.
M
Measured distance
Check length
After all the grid lines were set-out, the beam edges and the column edges were marked by
using setsquare and tape.
13.0 REINFORCEMENT FOR RAFT FOUNDATION

The reinforcement was used to improve the properties of the concrete. For the raft foundation
there were large amount of reinforcement.
13.1 FIXING REINFORCEMENT
It was done by sub-contractors. They have well trained and enough experienced employees to
do this work. They were able to do shorting out, carrying, positioning, supporting, and tying the
reinforcement. It should be well tied such that it will not failure during concreting and using poker
vibrator around it.
Initially the beam reinforcements were placed on the cover blocks and fixed. If it cant be
stable it was fixed to other bars to support. Then all other bars were setout and binded together by
using GI binding wires. Then the bottom reinforcements of the foundation slab were fixed. After that
the top reinforcements were
placed on the stools and
binded. While fixing top
reinforcement
beam some places spacer
bars also used. Then the
column
were fixed.
reinforcements
21
of
the
Fig. 13.1 Beam-Column reinforcements
Fig. 13.2 Stools for slab reinforcement

Due to rain the reinforcements were lightly corroded. But due to large amount of reinforcement
it was unable to brush with wire brush. Also the mud was filled on the screed. So it was cleaned by
using air compressor with water. Then the shuttering and concreting were done.
Fig. 13.3 Cleaning reinforcement by using compressor
When fabricating & placing the reinforcement the followings are required.
With respect to, diameter, spacing, fabrication, clear cover and alignment.
The cover is strong enough to prevent the corrosion & fire resistant.
The cover is depended on following factors,
22

Quality & grade of concrete
Exposure Condition.
Thickness of structure & its location
Special provision to resist fire
All reinforcement when placed should be free from dirt, mud, oil, grease or any other
mater, which can adversely affect the concrete or reinforcement or reduce the bond.
Before placing reinforcement into the formwork, it should be brushed.
13.2 LAPPING OF REINFORCEMENT

Usually in construction site, they try to use the bars in full length. If the total length of the
reinforcement is long more than one bar length, lapping of bars should be used. In our site there were
used 12m long steel bars.
Normally, the lap length is mentioned in the structural drawing. It was mentioned as below.
57 x Up to second floor
52 x Above the second floor

Where Diameter of the bars
13.3 COVER BLOCKS

The quality of the reinforced concrete structures always depend on the clear cover maintain at
each place. By providing cover in necessary amount, it is expected to protect steel from corrosion due
to contact with moisture. It also provides a fire resistant for few hours to the reinforced concrete
structure.
Cover blocks used for maintain the cover distance for reinforcement. The cover blocks used in
the site were 50mm thick and made by 1:2 cement sand mortar. The mortar was filled in the casting
boxes, compacted and leveled. Then a piece of GI binding wire inserted into the mortar. After one day
it was immersed in water for curing for one week.
14.0 FORMWORK
Shuttering is the one of most important part of the concreting. They mould the concrete
to the require size & shape and also kept in required position & alignment. It must provide sufficient
23

strength and stiffness to hold the concrete and also provide smoothness and
proper shape to the concrete face. The formwork was done by using plywood boards in our site.
As far as the shuttering is concerned for the vertical surfaces plywood sheets fixed to 2 x 4
wooden frame were used. The space between two adjacent 2 x 4 rafters is 600 mm. The thickness of
the plywood sheets which was used is 18 mm. The shuttering shall have a smooth and even surface and
appropriate to the concrete finish required. The surface of timber shuttering that would come in contact
with the concrete shall be thoroughly cleaned and coated with mould oil to prevent adhesion of
concrete to formwork. 1.2 m x 2.4 m normal plywood sheets were used for formwork.
Fig. 14.1 Form work for foundation beam
For the edge beam there was no space to do formwork. So the formwork was done by using
polythene sheets as shown below.
Fig. 14.2 Polythene form work for foundation beam
In some places there were some H irons used for shoring. After concreting it should be
removed. So shuttering was provided to prevent concrete not to be bonded with them as shown below.
24
Fig. 14.3 Form work for H irons used for shoring
14.1 THINGS USED FOR SUPPORTING THE FORMWORK

1. 2 GI pipe jacks of 6 m and 3 m in length
2. T bases
3. U bases
4. Clamps
5. Tie rods
14.2 REQUIREMENT FOR FORM WORK

1. Formwork must be capable of shaping & supporting the fresh concrete until it becomes
hard.
2. Formwork must be strong enough to withstand the dead weight of fresh concrete placed on
it. Formwork must be strong enough to bear the impose lodes after concrete placing.
3. All joints in the form face should be either close fittings or covered with some sheet material
to make these grout tight. Grout leakage can lead to weak concrete. It can cause
honeycombing of the surface.
4. Formwork must be accurately set out. The concrete element should be placed correct location
with accurate shape & dimension.
5. All formwork must be designed & built with facilities for adjustment, leveling, erecting &
removing with out damage to the formwork or concrete element.
6. Any formwork arrangement must provide access for the placing of the concrete.
7. The economy is perhaps the most important factor in the selection of formwork. There is
available a wide range of materials available for formwork construction.
25
15.0 CONCRETING
Concrete can be mixed either manually at the site or ready mixed at a batching plant. But
ready mixed concrete was used for this project.
15.1 HAND MIXING
It is used for such as screed concrete. The dry ingredients are measured separately in a
gauge box for preparing concrete. First the sand is spread on the flat plywood and then cement is
emptied on top of it and mixed thoroughly by using shovel at least three times. Then the mixture was
uniformly distributed on the platform and aggregate was spread on it. Then whole ingredients were
mixed. Then required amount of water was added and mixed at least three times. The mixture was
turned by a shovel while the water is being added. The mixed should be consumed within 90 minutes
from adding of water. When the concrete mixed by hand, according to specification 25% cement
should be added.
15.2 READY MIX CONCRETE

Ready mix concrete was mixed at the batching plant by mixing ingredients in machinery
according to the given proportions. According to the requirement, concrete was brought to the site by
ready mix concrete trucks according to the request made.
15.3 PROCEDURE FOR CONCRETING

15.3.1 SCREED CONCRETE
Screed was used for raft foundation at bottom. It was grade 15 concrete and constructed to 50
mm thickness. This screed is used to prevent the foundation from contact directly with the soil.
Because if it contact the cover should be 70mm minimum. By constructing screed it was reduced to 50
mm. So the cost was reduced.
After the earth was compacted, water was sprinkled on the soil to prevent water absorption
from the screed concrete to the soil. Then the grade 15 ready mix concrete was poured and compacted.
26

While compacting the concrete, it was leveled by using leveling rod. Then it
was allowed to harden. Due to hot sun within 3 hrs there was found cracks. To reduce the screed was
constructed in late evening. After it was harden water was poured for curing.
Fig. 15.1 Construction of screed concrete
15.3.2 CONCRETING FOR RAFT FOUNDATION SLAB

The ready mix grade 30 concrete was used for foundation slab of 700mm thickness. Concreting
for the foundation slab was decided to do after finishing slab concreting. Concrete was pumped to the
required place by using pump car. Then it was compacted using poker vibrator and leveled to the
required level. Level was given for concreting by marking level on the beam reinforcement. But during
concreting it was not visible. So the level was given time to time while concreting. Concreting was
done in night and in the morning curing was done. For curing the slab was covered by wetted mat
made by strings. And it was continuously wetted.
15.4 COMPACTION OF CONCRETE

Quality of concrete depends on type of compacting. Concrete must be compact properly to
achieve the maximum strength, durability and appearance of the concrete structure. The purpose of
compacting is removing the air voids. The mechanical vibrators were used for completely compact
without segregation. The poker vibrator was used for compacting.
27

Fully compacted concrete will be dense, strong, durable and
impermeable. Over vibration will cause the segregation. Also a shorter period of vibration provides the
honeycombed surface texture. Vibrating can be stopped when water appears on the surface of the
concrete and no air bubbles come to the surface.
Things to be considered when using vibrators are,
The vibrator should be inserted vertically in the concrete but never closer to the formwork.
It should be passed through the concrete & penetrating few inches.
The vibrator should not be placed directly on the reinforcement because it can be loosen.
Then switched on poker vibrator and it is vibrating to five to fifteen seconds.
Slowly withdrawn to ensure uniform vibration.
The entire depth of layer should be vibrated.
The points of vibration should be established systematically at regular
intervals.
15.5 CURING OF CONCRETE

Curing of concrete was very important for strength of concrete. Curing is maintained proper
concrete moisture content and temperature long enough to allow hydration of concrete, which is a
chemical reaction between water & cement. If water in the concrete mixture evaporates too quickly,
the hydration process will stop before the concrete reaches its designed strength. During the setting
period, insufficient water is needed to complete hydration of the concrete. Other than that when harden
the concrete heat is generated. It can cause to cracks. So curing process is done for absorb the heat.
The strength of concrete is increased gradually with age.
In this site curing procedure was done by laying Gunny bags and wetted it. First gunny
bags are laid on the surface of concrete and pored enough water. The gunny bags were wetted when it
is dry. Usually in initial curing procedure should be carried out seven days.
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15.6 GRADE OF A CONCRETE
The concrete mixed in different proportions of cement, and fine aggregate coarse aggregate
and it can be categorized into different grades according to the proportions. Since the proportion
varies, the strength of the concrete also varies. According to the requirement the exact grade of
concrete is ordered to the site. The concrete grade was given as its cube crushing strength in 28 th day
after casting. Some grade of concrete was used in our site for different requirements as given below.
Table 15.1 Grade of concrete

Grade
15
20
25
30
Mixture
(Cement : Sand : Aggregate)
1:3:6
1:2:4
1:1:3
1:1:2
Requirement
Screed for Foundation
( Not used )
( Not used )
For Raft Foundation
15.7 CONCRETE MIX DESIGNS

For each grade of Ready Mix Concrete, mix design is specified. This includes the amount
of cement, fine aggregate, Coarse aggregate, water and admixture required to be mixed per unit
volume (1m3) of Concrete. This also includes properties of those materials.
GRADE 15
Characteristic strength at 28 days
Slump
Standard Deviation
Margin
Target mean Strength
23N/mm2
Free Water/Cement ratio
0.55
Cement Type
15N/mm2
100mm
8N/mm2
13N/mm2
Ordinary Portland
29

Fine Aggregate Type
River Sand
Coarse Aggregate Type
Specific Gravity of Materials

Cement
Granite
3.15
Fine agg.
Water 1
Coarse agg.
Max. Aggregate size
Specific Gravity of combined Aggregate
2.65
2.75
20mm
2.70
Quantities per 1m3

Admixture
0.55L
Cement
Water Fine agg.
275Kg
Coarse agg.
151.25L 859.2Kg
GRADE 30
Characteristic strength at 28 days
Slump
Standard Deviation
Margin
Target mean Strength
43N/mm2
Free Water Cement ratio
0.4
Cement Type
Fine Aggregate Type
River Sand
Coarse Aggregate Type
Granite
Specific Gravity of Materials
30N/mm2
150mm
8N/mm2
13N/mm2
Ordinary Portland
30
1139Kg

Cement 3.15
Water
Fine agg.
2.65
Coarse agg.
2.75
Max. Aggregate size
Specific Gravity of combined Aggregate
20mm
2.69
Quantities per 1m3

Admixture
Cement
Water
Fine agg.
0.92L
460Kg
184L
822.3Kg
Coarse agg.
927.3Kg
15.8 TESTS FOR CONCRETE

15.8.1 SLUMP TEST
Procedure to do the slump test to find the workability of the concrete is
Slump cone should be placed on the flat surface.
Slump cone should be filled with concrete in three layers, for each layer giving 25 blows
from the tamping rod.
When the cone is filled, the upper surface should be leveled and the cone should be lifted
up carefully without tilting.
Then the cone can be placed on the table and any decrease in height can be the measured as
the slump.
31

15.8.2 CUBE TEST
Cube test is done to measure the strength of a concrete as follows.
Oil should be applied to inner surface of the cube mould and filled with concrete in three
layers.
After each layer has filled 35 blows should be given by using the rod.
Above steps can be done for all the cubes (about 3 cubes)
Then the cubes shall be kept for 24 hours without moving for hardening.
After that moulds were removed and the cubes were placed in water.
Then tests are done after specified days (7 days, 28 days) to find out the strength.
If the required strength at each day is not gained, the structure has to be demolished and rebuilt.
16.0 BAR SCHEDULE

Bar schedule was done for find the required amount of reinforcement, its size and to provide
enough details to bar bender to make reinforcement to required and shape. To prepare bar schedule we
use the drawings of structural details. In the drawings the details of reinforcement was given in usual
format as given below.
No. of Bars
aYbcdB
Location
( Bottom / Top )
Bar Type
Bar Spacing
Bar Diameter
Bar Mark
32

The things to give more attention while preparing bar schedule are;
1. Bar Mark
Bar bender will recognize the bar according to the bar mark and also the bar binder use
the bar according to the bar mark. So it is very important to give enough consideration
to bar mark.
2. Bar Shape and Dimensions
It is important to give the shape and length of each portion in the bar schedule to cut
and bend the bar correctly. The careless made in denoting the bar shape and size in bar
schedule will increase the cost and work.
3. Number of Bars
It is necessary to give the correct no. of bar. If it is more than required it will increase
the cost and if it is less, it will delay the work.
4. While calculating the total amount of bars required in terms of tons we consider some
allowance. Because usually some small pieces of bar will be cutoff and those cant use for
concrete. So it is necessary to provide an allowance.
17.0 ACTIVITIES IN STORES

Stores are used for store materials and machineries. By having a good and store the site have
more advantages. The losses of materials due to outside people will be reduced. And it is easy to get
required materials or machinery from the store without searching. Also by having records they can
identify what are the things available in the stores and they can order the materials which is less in
stored.
They are some procedures to receive and supply materials and equipments. For request
materials to the site such as T base, cement, sand, scaffolding, etc. they have to send Dispatch
Note and for equipments such as pump, vibrator, generator, welding plant, they have to send
Equipment Inventory Modification Request (EIMR) to the Logistic Department. Then they check for
33

availability of that from other sites. And they inform to that site and to the site
requested. Then they will send the requested order. For materials before they send they check the Bill
of Materials (BOM) also.
To send materials and equipments from the site they use the same forms using for requesting.
While receiving the Materials or equipments they have to send a form called Goods Receipt Note
(GRN) to the site which sent that.
18.0 SAFETY
Unaccepted accident causes pain, permanent disabilities, human suffering or death. This
affects the victim and other working resulting in loss of morale and even a fear of performing certain
tasks. Therefore to reduce accidents in construction site safety-conscious, supervision, proper
education, discipline, job safety organization, safety devices and good equipment are required.
18.1 SAFETY PROCEDURES

1) All persons must wear safety helmets before enter the site works.
2) Do not though any heavy things on high level that may fall down and cause injuries.
3) Ensure that there is no danger from electrical cables or equipment at work is carried out.
34

4) Goggles and screens must be used when doing the work that might
cause damage to eyes.
5) Always wear a suitable screen when doing work that creates dust.
6) If the nature of the work required boots and gallowses, it must be use.
7) keep work area clean
8) Electrical tools were not exposed to rain. They were not used in damp or wet location.
9) Machineries were not use if there is risk to cause fire or explosion.
10) Do not let visitors touch the tools or machineries.
11) Use suitable and correct tool for any work.
19.0 SITE SECURITY

Site security is an important factor in any construction site. There are three main reasons to
have security system, there are
a) Loss of goods and material
b) Vandalism
c) Injury to children
It is difficult to measure the lost material cost as it is difficult to separate the material misuse and
wastage but can be estimated approximately. The material can be loss from the site by workers or by
35

outsiders gaining access. So it is necessary to have some security system for
all sites.
Small valuable items can be used to householders or tradesmen rather than reselling. So it should
be secured well. Eg. Plumbing and electrical fittings can be stored in cabins at the end of each working
day. On a large site, store men should be very good in dealing with receiving and issuing such goods.
Large items are difficult to move and secure, and can be protected by fencing or boarding always.
For certain items, large enclosed storages are required, not only for security but also to prevent the
units from physical or climate damages.
On large construction site with big administrative section, office equipment, money and records
must be secured. Again the appropriate security to the risk must be considered, and use of alarm
system is also preferable.
Vandalism is usually done by outsiders rather than by employees, so the exclusion of outsiders
from the site is a prime importance.
However many notices are erected that the children enter to the site for playing or see the
machineries. In such cases there are risks by accidents. So the contractor must provide some barriers to
prevent the entry of children.
20.0 RECOMMENDATIONS TO HAVE A GOOD SITE

1. Educate store working people and staff about maintain proper house keeping & 5S method.
2. Order to store keeper foreman, update the records of materiel quantity, machine quality etc
every day in site office. Then the officers are able to arrange work according to them.
3. Make store layout and show in the office to see every people working at there.
4. Ask & take written document from consultant when they make changes over the limit of
specification and design.
5. Arrange work schedule or bar schedule and try to work according to that.
6.
Make progress records for every month or week.

36

7. Advice technical officers to write every action was happened on the
site as daily work and submit to the site office.
8. Use correct symbol, sign board, lights, and barriers at correct place to minimize the
unnecessary accidents at the site .Educate the all staff members to check the things happen
well.
9. Increase supervisors hours maintain the quality of work and minimize the wastages at the site.
10. Educate the workers about the quality of the work, pay reasonable salary, and give adequate
facilities.
11. An extra vehicle must always keep at the site office for emergency.
12. Educate the officers about important of the team work.
13. Arrange get together or any occasion time to time to develop the team work among the office
members.
21.0 HUMAN RESOURCES, INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, SECURITY & WELFARE
Hazard in Construction
Work site
Material
(Property & Equipment)
Work man
Environment
Theft
Damage
injury hazard
Health hazard
Disturb
(Noise, Dust)
37

Waste
(loss of life & disable)
Loss of Money and Time
Hazard under construction industry and the remedial measures that will implement to overcome
each of identified hazards:
1. Demolition and site clearance
2. Excavation and earthworks
3. Scaffolding and means of access
4. Lifting appliances and lifting gear
5. Temporary electrical supplies
6. Welding gas and electric arc
7. Site transport and mobile plant
8. Static mechanical plant and equipment
9. Overhead and underground services
The major hazards in construction industry are Accidents. Accident is an uncontrollable

occurrence, which results injury or damage. The controlling of work situations by providing safe
conditions and instructing on the use of safe working methods and procedures is the way to prevent
accident.
Accidents arise from one of the following causes:
Carelessness or couldnt care less attitudes.
Ignorance and lack of training.
Lack of discipline.
Distraction.
38

Poor communications.
21.1 PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS:
Accidents happen to people or their faults and mostly can be prevented. Preventing accidents can be
done by bringing about a change of attitude on the part of the work-force and by giving them a better
understanding of the causes. The supervisor has a major role in this process. He must give particular
attention to the young and to workers new to industry and he must acquire a satisfactory technical
knowledge of both statutory regulations and safe working methods and techniques. And also
communications techniques are a major cause of accidents .The golden rules for communicating
message are:
1. Be specific and not vague.
2. Use simple short words.
3. If possible illustrate the point in some way. The more senses that can be brought in to use them
the better chance there is of understanding being achieved.
4. Check that your instruction has been understood. Communication is a two-way process and
instruction has not been satisfactorily given until it is understood.
21.2 DEMOLITION AND SITE CLEARANCE

Demolition is a skilled and some times dangerous operation which requires special procedures
if it is to be carried out satisfactorily. This hazard approach regularly leads to serious and sometimes
total accidents. A careful check should be made of the condition of the walls if the structure to be
demolished so as to avoid possibility of collapse.
Check whether walls are load bearing and whether cross walls or partition walls are bonded into the
main structure. Particular attention should be given to balconies and staircase of a cantilevered
construction and generally these are best removed before the main demolition start.
39

Supervision is the most important in demolition work and the site manager
should have enough experience in demolition and the type of work concerned. Also he should be able
to control the operation in a properly planned sequence of work.
21.3 EXCAVATION AND EARTH WORK

Accidents due to the collapse of trench is usually involve serious injuries and regularly result in
fatalities. One has only to be reminded that in round figures a cubic yard of earth weighs at least a ton
to appreciate the effects of even a small fall of earth. It becomes obvious that the excavation work must
be treated very seriously and it would be sensible.
Standard of excavation safety was accepted that every excavation of more than 4 ft (1.2m)
depth needed earth supporting work unless the sides were sloped back to safe angle and type of
support should be suitable and adequate strength will depend on the ground to be excavated.
Remedial measures
Supply and use of timber
Inspections and examinations
Supervision of work
Means of erosion in case of flooding
Excavations likely to affect adjacent structure
Safeguarding edges of excavations
21.4 PRECAUTIONS IN EXCAVATION

Trench ladders of adequate length and strength must be provided to all excavations. There must
be at least 1m-hand hold above the landing point of any ladder and some means of securing the ladder
to prevent it slipping sideways must be provided. In large excavations and long trench runs a sufficient
number of ladders are required. If the excavations done near or on the public highway it is necessary to
provide warning lights around that. It must be remembered that many flammable and toxic gases are
40

heavier than air and they settle down in trenches. So, great care must be taken
when positioning gas emitting equipments in trenches and the trench should be ventilated.
21.5 SCAFFOLDING AND MEANS OF ACCESS

The provision of adequate scaffolding, which is properly maintained, is vital on construction
sites. The scaffolding those are not in good condition must be rejected. Past experience has shown that
ill-planned badly erected scaffolds can lead to serious accidents. There are many types of frame
scaffolding now in use. This type of scaffolding may have advantages and may be easier to handle.
Scaffolds must be provided for all work, which cannot done from the ground. Ladders may be
used but only for light work which can be done with one hand. This really places the obligation on the
employer i.e. the supervisor to make sure that no workers are asked to work above ground level unless
in a safe and secure footing. Inspection of scaffolds and register entries and maintaining the scaffold
must be inspected once a week.
Safety check for scaffolds:
Base Check for firm, footing, and adequate spread of load.
Geometry Check verticality, ledgers and horizontal portions.
Spacing Check for suitable spacing to spread loading evenly and not more than 4 ft (1.2m)
apart.
Staggering of joints in ledgers and standards
All necessary bracing supplied.
Ladders should meet all the requirements.
Suitable number of ties should Provided in correct position.
Proper fittings in use
Security of any materials stacked on platforms - need for brick guards.
Dangers of overloading or shock loading when loading scaffold with crane.
21.6 LIFTING APPLIANCES AND LIFTING GEAR

Lifting operations using machinery and lifting gear is an area of site work where risks are higher
than in any other work situations.
21.6.1 HAZARDS IN THE AREA OF CRANE OPERATION
41

The most important proximity hazard, which can affect crane
operations, is the overhead electric line. Many fatal accidents have occurred when some part of a crane
has come into contact or even passed close to overhead lines without actually touching. The very high
voltages carried in the lines are sufficient to allow a jump-over from the lines to a crane jib and the
distance that can be jumped is considerable. The voltage carried by the lines and weather conditions
obviously play a part in this but jumps of up to 3 m are not uncommon with the very high voltages.
This distance should not be looked upon as a safe working margin however and advice should be taken
from the District Engineer of the Electricity Board before working in the areas where the overhead
lines are available.
21.6.2 SAFE WORKING OPERATIONS

Having chosen the right crane for the job in hand and provided a safe place from which it can work
the next points that the supervisor must consider the precautions to be taken during work operations
a) One man should only give signals to the driver and he should use the recognized signals.
b) Careful calculations should be made of the weights of loads to be hoisted to ensue that they are
within the safe working load capability of the crane. Do not forget to add in the weight of the
lifting gear, which may be considerable in the weight of the case of large concrete skips.
Drivers also should be reminded.
c) Check that the safety equipment on the crane radius indicator and safe load indicator is in good
working order and properly adjusted. It should be remembered and it is sensible to remind the
crane driver that the primary function of the safe load indicator is to safeguard the crane and
not to weigh the load.
d) Never permit a load to be suspended without the operator being at the controls.
e) Make sure that sufficient clearance is maintained between the crane and any adjacent structure
or materials to avoid the possibility of trapping any person when the crane travels.
f) Make sure that the driver is capable of carrying out the weekly inspection of his machine that
he does so and that he makes the appropriate register entry in.
21.6.3 USE OF EXCAVATORS AS CRANES

42

Excavators are designed for digging and not primarily for use as a
crane, although as has already been said they are lifting appliances within the meaning of the
regulations. Accordingly care must be taken when adapting an excavator for use as a crane.
21.7 TEMPORARY ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES

Electrical hazards of poor electrical installations can because electric shock or fire. Electricity
supply requirements will need to be considered as a part of the preplanning exercise and the local
electricity board will require knowing your maximum demand during construction operations. You
should compute this reasonably accurate and pass the information to the board, giving them as
much as you can. It may be that the electricity board will wish to install the permanent supply for
the building or structure straight away and in this case there would be an adequate supply provided.
The smaller sites will need power for lighting and cooling of site huts, cooking facilities in mess
rooms and canteens and water heaters. A supply may also be needed for site lighting and whole
portable tools such as drillers.
22.0 HEALTH AND WELFARE

43

Welfare of all in site is a legal requirement for any site and this should
be maintained in a proper manner and the good employer will obviously try to do better.
On every site,
a. At least one sanitary convenience must be provided on every site. The regulation
requires these to be provided at the rate of one for every twenty-five persons in site.
Sanitary accommodation must be accessible, ventilated, have a door with a fastening
and be provided with lighting. They must be kept clean and not open directly into mess
rooms or workrooms. Separate Sanitary accommodation must be provided for men and
women.
b. Shelter must be provided for protection during bad weather for storing protective
clothing and for taking meals with seating accommodation and facilities for boiling
water.
c. Drinking water must be provided at convenient points on every site and clearly marked
drinking water
d. Protective clothing must be provided for all operatives who are required to continue
working.
e. Washing facilities must be provided in every site and if the site is expected to long time
these facilities must be provide in standard.
Employers are obliged by low to provide the following items to prevent from hazard:
a. Wearing safety helmets should extend to all workplaces where a risk of head injury is
present.
b. Eye protectors or shields for specified operations.
c. Respirators when dangerous fumes and dusts are present and adequate ventilation is
not practicable.
d. Ear protectors when the working machinery noise levels cannot be satisfactorily
reduced and in other noisy conditions.
e. Normal wet weather protective clothes when men are required to continue working in
rain.
22.1 FIRST AIDS

44

The employer must provide first aid facilities in adequate and
appropriate for enabling first aid activities. The requirements of the contents of first aid may vary
according to the number of employees and the type of risk at the work location. If there are 250 or
more employees working in a site, then a suitable first aid room should be provided. In addition to
that sufficient number of first aid boxes should be provided for any work area that cannot be
reached form the first aid room in approximately three minutes
At least one trained first-aid provider should be present when the number of employees at work
is more then 50. The appointed person need to be a trained first-aid and it is strongly recommended
that he has at least knowledge of emergency first aid.
22.2 SKIN CARE

The causes of skin trouble in the construction industry can be listed as follows. But following
list have is much variation in different peoples reaction to substances and it is very difficult to
diagnose particular cases.
a) Cement
b) Paints, varnishes etc.
c) Certain woods, mainly hard woods
d) Tar, bitumen
e) Solvents of all kinds
f) Acids and alkalis
g) Bricks and plaster dust
Good housekeeping is essential. A person working can be expected to be careless in his

approach to personal hygiene and it is a lack of personal hygiene that so often leads to skin
diseases. Gloves help to reduce contact but must be kept clean, as the finest protective equipment
available can be useless of to become contaminated.
Finally the supervisor should institute a planned and regular examination of work methods
wherever there is a risk on skin disease and should be on the lookout.
22.3 EYE PROTECTION

45

The regulation required to protect eye are listed below. The protection
provided must conform to approved standards and be issued on a personal basis except in the case
of persons only occasionally employed. There is also a requirement to provide protection of
persons not directly involve in a process but required to work in a position where their eyes are at
risk form particles thrown off or from the intense light produced by process.
Processes in which approved eye protection is required:

a) The cleaning of buildings or structures by means of compressed air.
b) Cleaning by means of high-pressure water jets.
c) The striking of masonry nails by means of a hammer or other hand tool or by means of a
power driven potable tool.
d) The chipping of any structure by means of a hammer, chisel, or similar hand toll, or by
means of a power-driven portable tool.
e) While painting or brushing
22.4NOISE AND HEARING CONSERVATION

Noise has been described as unwanted sound. In addition to causing annoyance, noise may
cause working efficiency by disturbing concentration, especially where the work is difficult or
highly skilled. Probably more important it may damage the hearing of employees. A high sound
level may result loss of hearing ability.
23.0 CONCLUSION
46

Every undergraduate should have a good theoretical knowledge as well as practical
knowledge to become a successful engineer in civil engineering field. Industrial training is the most
important opportunity to improve practical knowledge to get an idea of the working environment and
get an understanding about the site supervising role in the industry.
In this 12 weeks industrial training program in Sierra Construction Ltd was a grate
opportunity to imply the theoretical knowledge to real practice in civil engineering. This training
period is very good moment to me for gain some experience about the industry and also I got
experience how to work with various kind of people.
I was trained at 189 Residencies project at Borella. The site engineer advised me about how
to carry out the site works. He gave the drawings to get overall idea about the construction.
I gained experience in site mobilization, excavation, earth supporting, concreting for raft
foundation and labour handling. Also I deal with the people in different ways & several people at
different levels. This was a good experience to me in my life.
Finally, I wish to say that the Industrial Training Program is very essential for civil
engineering students.
47

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Industrial Training Report

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPANY

1.1 Civil and Structural Engineering

Design and construction of buildings.

Foundation and Piling works

Supply installation of water supply drainage and Sewerage system

Contracting foundations for Towers and erecting Towers

easy reference, progress control and maintenance.

Industrial Training Report

Supply and Installation of switching systems

Design and construction of transmission system

Design and construction of Out side plant network

Installation of wired and wireless subscriber networks

Maintenance and rehabilitation of telecommunication network

Maintenance and rehabilitation of electrical distribution network.

Construction of mini-hydro power stations.

Industrial Training Report

1.2 ORGANIZATION DETAIL

Name of the Company

Sierra Construction Limited.

Limited Liability Company.

Business Registration No.

No.112, Havelock Road, Colombo 05,

No. of Permanent Employees

No. of Employees on Temporary Basis 20

Cecil Arseculeratne & Co.,

Secretaries to the Company

PR Secretarial Services (Pvt) Ltd.

Lawyers to the Company

Paul Ratnayake Associates

Industrial Training Report

Main business activities

2. Civil Engineering Constructions

4. Electrical & Mechanical Engineering work

5. Highway and Bridge Construction

6. Irrigation and Land Drainage work

Affiliated Companies with 60% - 80% Share Holding

Industrial Training Report

2.0 PROJECT INTRODUCTION

Construction & Completion of `189` Residencies

Name in shorten form

No.125, Ananda Rajakaruna Mawatha, Colombo 10.

Quantity Surveyor & Cost Consultants

Industrial Training Report

2.2 PROPOSED BUILDING

Industrial Training Report

Industrial Training Report

Fig. 3.1 Grid points arrangement for leveling

4.0 MOBILIZATION OF SITE

Selection of required management and staffs.

Tendering of sub contractors for labours.

Installation of electricity, water supply, communication facilities, etc

Collection of equipments such as water pumps, generators, vibrators, scaffoldings, jacks, T

Collection of required materials (for a specific period)

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4.1 CONSTRUCTION OF FENCE AND GATE

4.4 CONSTRUCTION OF STAFF TOILETS

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4.5 OTHER ACTIVITIES INCLUDED IN SITE MOBILIZATION

5.0 DETAIL OF FOUNDATION

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Fig. 5.1 Arrangement of Grid Lines

6.0 SUMMERY OF SOIL REPORT