International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org

Volume 5, Issue 1, January - February 2016
ISSN 2278-6856

Secure Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc

Network (MANETs) A Review
Ratul Dey1, Himadri Nath Saha2
1

University of Engineering & Management,

Jaipur, Rajasthan 303807, India
2

Institute of Engineering & Management,

Y-12 Electronic Complex Sector-V, Saltlake Kolkata:- 700091

Keywords: Ad-hoc Network, Routing, Security, Attacks,

MANET.

like packet forwarding, routing, and network

management, in ad-hoc networks those functions are
carried out by all available nodes. This is very difficult for
the core of the security problems specific to ad-hoc
networks. As opposed to dedicated nodes of a classical
network, the nodes of an ad hoc network cannot be trusted
for the correct execution of critical network functions. In
wireless network there is a high demand for security. [3,4]
The malleable behavior our wireless routing protocol
wireless routing network focused of attack of malicious
agent. The remaining paper is organized as follows.
Section 2 describes different routing protocol for MANET.
Section 3 describes vulnerabilities on routing
protocol Section 4 defines different secure routing
protocols and finally conclusion.

1. INTRODUCTION

2. DIFFERENT ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MANET

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) consist of a set of

mobile hosts that carry out basic networking functions like
packet forwarding, routing etc. without the help of an
established infrastructure. Nodes of an ad-hoc network
rely on one to another in forwarding a packet to its
destination, due to the limited range of each mobile hosts
wireless transmissions. Security in MANET is an essential
component for basic network functions like packet
forwarding and routing [1,2].

In MANET there are different types of routing protocols

for routing the packets. Each routing has own rule to
packet transfer method. In mobile ad-hoc network in
different circumstances different protocol are use, like (1)
Proactive Protocol (2) Reactive protocol (3) Hybrid
protocol

Abstract:

Mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) is a self

configuring, multi hop wireless network. Security in mobile
ADHOC network is a big challenge because there is no
centralized authority which can supervise the individual nodes
operating in the network. The attacks can come from inside
the network and also from the outside. This article surveys
classifies the secure routing protocol in MANET, and also
discussing presently proposed method of mitigating those
attack. In the routing protocol of the MANET while
forwarding data packets to other nodes, some intermediate
node extract useful information packets and cant forward the
packet to the next node. Some node may modify the content of
packets during the data transmission session. So that any one
node can manipulate the original data.

MANET Routing Protocol

Proactive Protocol

Reactive protocol

Hybrid protocol

Fig. 2: MANET Routing Protocols

Fig. 1 Mobile ad-hoc network

Network operations can be easily threatened if
communications are not embedded into basic network
functions at the early stages of their design. Routing
network using dedicated nodes to support basic functions

Volume 5, Issue 1, January February 2016

2.1 Proactive Protocol

In this routing protocol [4,5] network have unique
routing table for send the data packets and want to
establish connection to other nodes in the network. This
protocol one type of demand-based operation which utilize
network order to energy and bandwidth more efficiently.
Pattern on a demand basis rather than maintaining routing
between all nodes at all time. This is the flip-side of
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International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org
Volume 5, Issue 1, January - February 2016
ISSN 2278-6856
demand-based operation. In cases where the additional
latency which demand-based operations may be
unacceptable, if there are adequate bandwidth and energy
resources, proactive operations may be desirable in these
situations. [6,7,8]There are different type of proactive
protocol like, Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector
(DSDV), Fisheye State Routing (FSR), Source Tree
Adaptive Routing (STAR), Optimized Link-State Routing
(OLSR), Cluster head gateway switch routing (CGSR),
Wireless routing protocol (WRP), Global state routing
(GSR).
2.2 Reactive protocol
Reactive protocol searches for the route in an on-demand
manner and set the link in order to send out and accept
the packet from a source node to destination node. [4, 7]
Route discovery process is used in on demand routing by
flooding the route request (RREQ) packets throughout the
network.
2.3 Hybrid protocol
It is a one special type protocol that separates the network
into several zones, which makes a hierarchical protocol as
the protocol ZHLS (zone-based hierarchical link state).
[9,10] This protocol which effectively combines the best
features of proactive and reactive routing protocol Hybrid
routing protocol is based on GPS (Global positioning
system), which allows each node to identify its physical
position before mapping an area with table to identify it to
which it belongs. Reactive protocols obtain the necessary
route when it is required, by using route discovery process.
In proactive protocols, nodes periodically exchange
information to maintain up-to-date routing information.
Hybrid routing protocols combine basic properties of both
approaches [11,12]. There are different type of Hybrid
protocol like, Zone routing protocol (ZRP), Zone-based
hierarchical link state routing protocol.

dropping all data packets passing through it as like matter

and energy disappear from the path in a black hole. If the
attacking node is a connected node of two networks then it
totally separated as the two networks.
3.1.2 Cooperative black hole attack
This attack is similar to Black-Hole attack, but more than
one malicious node tries to disrupt the network at the
same time. It is one of the most critical attack and can
totally disrupt the operation of an Ad Hoc network[16].
Mostly the only solution becomes finding alternating route
to the destination, if at all exists.
3.1.3 Grey-hole attack
It too drops data packets, but nodes malicious activity is
limited to certain conditions or trigger. Two most
common type of behavior [17].
3.1.3.1 Node dependent attack drops data packets
destined towards a certain victim node or coming from
certain node, [18] while for other nodes it behaves
normally by routing data packets to the destination nodes
correctly.
3.1.3.2 Time dependent attack [19] drops data packets
based on some predetermined/trigger time while behaving
normally during the other instances.
3.1.4
Jellyfish attack
In this attack instead of blindly dropping the data packets,
it delays them before finally delivering them. It
manipulate the order of packets according to they are
received and sends it in random order [17,19]. This
disrupts the normal flow control mechanism used by
nodes for reliable transmission. Jellyfish attack can result
in significant end to end delay so there degrading QoS.
3.2 Control Traffic Attack

3. VULNERABILITIES ON ROUTING
PROTOCOL
Presently there are a wide variety of routing protocols, but
these protocols are not secured and face many attacks
[13,14], which gives rise to the vulnerability in the
network and might highly affect the efficiency of the
system. In mobile ad-hoc network any node can affect by
the different type of attacks. Mainly in MANET there are
two type of attack 1) Data traffic attack. 2) Control traffic
attack. In data traffic attack data packets are affected like,
Black hole attack, Cooperative Black hole attack, Greyhole attack, Jellyfish attack etc. In control traffic attack
control packets are affected, like Worm-hole attack, Hello
flood attack, Bogus registration attack, Rushing attack,
Sybil attack and Blackmail attack etc.
3.1 Data Traffic Attack:
3.1.1 Black hole attack:
In this attack a malicious node acts like a Black hole, [15]

Volume 5, Issue 1, January February 2016

3.2.1 Wormhole attack

If link become the lowest path to the destination then
these malicious node always chosen, while sending path to
the direction. The wormhole attack is possible even if the
attacker has not compromised any hosts, and even if all
communication provides authenticity and confidentiality
[20]. In the wormhole attack, an attacker records data
packet at one location in the network, tunnels them to
another location, and retransmits them there into the
network. The wormhole attack is a serious threat in many
ad hoc network routing protocols. The wormhole attack
can done by a single node and it connect more than one
node as a worm hole link.
3.2.2 Hello flood attack
In this attack every node sent their packets towards this
node hopping to the better route destination. Node
broadcast a single high power transmitter to all its
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International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org
Volume 5, Issue 1, January - February 2016
ISSN 2278-6856
neighbor [21]. Then attacker node not generate any traffic,
so the basis of performance node take the packet and
perform as selective replay attack.
3.2.3 Bogus registration
In bogus registration attack, attacker distinguish it self as
a node and generate wrong information to the neighbor
[21,22]. When packet transmitted then disturb the
neighbor nodes.
3.2.4 Rushing attack
In this mobile ad-hoc network each node before
transmitting data first set the path source to destination.
Sender node broadcast route request and neighbor node
route reply with proper routing information, and again
new selected node doing same method [22]. Rushing
attack quickly forward with a broadcast massage to the
neighbor so, when actual request come neighbor node just
discard the request, due to previous request accept.
3.2.5 Sybil attack
Sybil attack shows the fake multiple identities, show
multiple node in the networks [23]. So one single node
can assume as the multiple nodes and can hamper
multiple nodes at a time.
3.2.6 Blackmail attack
In the blackmail attack attacker nodes accused an innocent
node as harmful node [24]. When the routing table try to
identify perfect node according to the vote then if attacker
node in sufficient number of those MANET it can give the
wrong information according to the path.

4. DIFFERENT SECURE ROUTING

PROTOCOLS
For the secure routing protocol first need proper
authentication need to digital signature of each and every
authenticated nodes [25,26]. It also need to mutable
information of the control packets. It also often
complemented with the use of one-way hash functions.
Identify wormhole and the tunnel [27,28]. These routing
schemes provide authentication services which guard
against modification and replaying of routing control
messages and uses different cryptographic primitives for
providing secure routing.
4.1 Basic Routing Protocols
This protocol maintained by the originating node hashing
the messages and signing the resulted message digest,
which is verified by the recipients of a route request, by
computing the hash of a message using the agreed upon
hash function [29,30]. The advantage is that the protocol
can combat external attacks by checking for the
authenticity. The advantage of this protocol is that it
extends the ICMP router discovery packet format to
include the MAC and IP address of the sender, and

Volume 5, Issue 1, January February 2016

authentication information that can be used to verify the

broadcast beacon [31,32]. But the disadvantage of it is that
it requires nodes to have shared secret keys for generating
message authentication codes which are used to
authenticate the routing control messages and the scheme
is based on the assumption that the nodes in the network
mutually trust each other and it employs public key
cryptography for providing the security services.
4.2 Trust based Routing Protocols
Trust is a value that can calculated on the basis of nodes
action when it needed. Trust used to prevent from various
attacks like wormhole, black-hole, Dos, selfish attack
etc. Trust can be implemented in various ways such
as by reputation, from opinion of nodes etc. This
routing security schemes which fall in this category assign
quantitative values to the nodes in the network, based on
observed behavior of the nodes in question. The trust
values are then used as additional metrics for the routing
protocols [33,34]. The advantage is that it is robust
against individual attackers and capable of adjusting its
scope between local and network wide topology discovery.
It can also operate well in networks where the topology
and membership is changing very frequently.
4.3 Incentive based Routing Protocols
In ad hoc networks, devices have to cooperate.
Autonomous devices tend to abstain from cooperation.
Incentive schemes have been proposed as a means of
fostering cooperation under these circumstances. In order
to work effectively, incentive schemes need to be carefully
tailored to the characteristics of the cooperation protocol
they should support [16,35,36]. These routing schemes
implemented using credits that are given to nodes that
cooperate and forward packets. In turn network services
such as routing is provided only to those nodes that have
good credit. If a node at an unfavorable location

may not get enough packets to forward and thus

may never be able to get credits to forward its
own packets.
4.4 Detection and isolation based secure routing
scheme
This protocol can detects flooding, black hole, gray hole,
wormhole and blackmail attacks. On detection the
protocol takes immediate actions to blacklist these nodes
from the network, thereby decreasing the number of
malicious nodes in a network, hence improving the other
QoS parameters [37,38]. This protocol detects and isolates
misbehaving nodes in MANET. It is an enhancement of
DSR routing and based on selection of selfish and
unselfish nodes. The advantage is that the trust and
routing calculation process is evaluated by experience,
observation and behavior of other nodes, present in the
network [39,40]. This protocol can effectively detect
selfish nodes and isolate wormhole nodes that drop
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International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org
Volume 5, Issue 1, January - February 2016
ISSN 2278-6856
packets.

5. CONCLUSION
From extensive studies on existing secure MANET
routing protocols, it has been observed that these protocols
do not adequately mitigate attacks by misbehaving nodes
which not only modify packets but also selectively drop
some or all the packets. These misbehaving nodes cause
various network communication problems. These studies
have finally motivated us to search for an alternative
design towards more efficient, secure routing protocols for
MANET to be used in adversarial environment.

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[9] K. Roy and H. N. Saha, Restricted Hoping Routing

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2010.
[17] H. N. Saha, D. Bhattacharyya, P. K. Banerjee, A.
Bhattacharyya , A. Banerjee and D. Bose, Study of
Different Attacks in MANET with its Detection &
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Advanced Engineering Technology (IJAET),vol.
3,no. 1, pp.383-389, January 2012.
[18] H. N. Saha, D. Bhattacharyya and P. K. Banerjee,
A Novel Energy Efficient and Administrator Based
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Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), vol.4,
no.4, AIRCC, pp.73-92,July 2012.
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International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org
Volume 5, Issue 1, January - February 2016
ISSN 2278-6856
[19] H. N. Saha,D. Bhattacharyya and P. K. Banerjee,
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A Novel Approach for Attacks Mitigation in Mobile
Ad Hoc Networks using Cellular Automata,
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Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC),vol. 3, no.2,AIRCC,
pp.33-49, April 2012.
[23] H. N. Saha,D. Bhattacharyya and P. K. Banerjee,
Semi-Centralised Multi Authenticated RSSI Based
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Computer Science and Emerging Technologies
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proc. of Advances in Computing and Information
Technology
(ACITY),
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Bandhyopadhyay and P. K. Banerjee, Two-level
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Volume 5, Issue 1, January February 2016

[29] J. Binkley, et al., Authenticated ad hoc routing at

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Banerjee, An Administrator and Fidelity Based
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Computing and Information Technology (CIT),
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5,AIRCC, pp.249-264, October 2011.
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Saha, Energy efficient routing in mobile ad-hoc
networks , in proc. of 6th International Conference
and Workshop on Computing and Communication
(IEMCON -2015), IEEE Xplore Digital Library,
October 2015 , pp. 1-7.
[37]H. N. Saha, K. Hazra, I. Mondal, M. Chakraborty
and S. Sarkar, A Review on Intelligence Secure
Routing Protocols in the Mobile Ad-hoc Networks,
International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary
Research(IJAMR),vol.1,no. 3, pp.0113, December
2014.
[38] H. N. Saha, D. Bhattacharyya and P. K. Banerjee,
Minimized Overhead and Administrator Based
Secure Routing Protocol, International Journal of
Computer
Applications(IJCA),vol.25,no.
9,
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2011.
[39] H. N. Saha, R. Singh and D. Bhattacharyya,
"Hardware Implementation of Fidelity based OnDemand
Routing
Protocol
in
MANETs,
International Journal of Computer Network and
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Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org
Volume 5, Issue 1, January - February 2016
ISSN 2278-6856
Information Security (IJCNIS), MECS, vol.7,no.8, pp.
39-48, July 2015.
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analysis of the CONFIDANT protocol, in proc. of
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2002, pp.226236.

AUTHOR
He completed B-Tech from West Bengal University
of Technology, India on Computer Science
Engineering and Technology from CSET and
completed M.Tech form West Bengal University of
Technology,
India
on Computer
Science
Engineering and Technology from Institute of Engg & Tech,
Kolkata. His area of interests is Wireless sensor networks, Data
Mining, Image Processing.
Himadri Nath Saha has completed his Bachelor
of Engineering from Jadavpur University and has
received his Master of Engineering from Indian
Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology.
After completing his Master of Business
Administration he has completed his PhD in Engineering from
Jadavpur University.

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