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rA k2 c A k2 cB
rP k1c AcR
(a) Show that the introduction of R in large excess renders the thermodynamic
equilibrium between A and B infeasible.
(b) If R is only introduced in moderation, how should the reactor be operated
to increase the yield of P? Three thermal management schemes have been
proposed:
A temperature profile that increases linearly with reactor length
A temperature profile that decreases linearly with reactor length
Isothermal operation at the highest possible temperature
Which temperature scheme will you recommend and why?
2. Sketch the operating line(s) for the following non-isothermal reactor operation
on the xA-T diagram for an exothermic reaction.
occur with elementary second order kinetics. Find the optimum temperature
of operation of a plug flow reactor, and the corresponding maximum fractional
yield of R per mole of A in the feed. R is the desirable product, and any
temperature between 5 and 65oC may be used.
Data: Equimolar quantities of A and B were mixed and allowed to rest in
beakers at different temperatures. When all B was consumed, analysis showed
that 75% of A had reacted at 25oC, 60% of A had reacted at 45oC.
1
3
A
R
S desired
2
4
T
U
k1 109 e 6000/T
k2 107 e 4000/T
k3 108 e 9000/T
k4 1012 e 12000/T
are to be run in two mixed flow reactors in series anywhere between 10 and 90
o
C. If the reactors may be kept at different temperatures, what should these
temperatures be for maximum fractional yield of S? Find this fractional yield.
5. (OL 10.15) We want to produce R from A in a batch reactor with a run time no
longer than 2 hours and at a temperature somewhere between 5 and 90oC. The
kinetics of this liquid phase first-order reaction system is as follows:
A
R
S
1
k1 30e 20000/ RT
k [min 1 ]
k2 1.9e 15000/ RT
R 8.314 J/molK
Determine the optimum temperature which yields cR ,max , the run time to use
and the corresponding conversion of A to R.
[Discussion Topics]
1. The first order irreversible gas-phase reaction A B C is carried out
adiabatically in a PFR packed with a catalyst. Pure A enters the reactor at the
volumetric flow rate of 20 l/s at a pressure of 10 atm and a temperature of
450K. Plot the conversion and temperature down the PFR length until 80%
conversion is reached. The maximum catalyst weight that can be packed into
the PFR is 50 kg.
Data:
k=0.133e R
1 1
)
273 T
[Worked Examples]
1. Recommend, with reasons, the contacting scheme and temperature profile that
will maximize the yield of R per mole of A reacted in the following competing
reactions:
A B R
r1 k1c AcB
AS
r2 k2 c A2
E1 E2
Solution
c 'p
H
i i c pi
H
100
1
18000 180
It is not possible to operate a PFTR as the feed would have to enter below 5oC. It
is however possible to operate a PFTR with recycle. In this case, the product is
cooled to 5oC (point E) and mixed with the fresh feed at 5oC (point F) to obtain a
partially converted feed (point A)
FA0 , v
xAi
R
1 xAf xAi
( R 1) FA 0 (1 x Ai )
RFA 0 (1 x Af ), Rv
1.58
amount of fresh feed
EA 0.8 0.49
(b) Select the design of an adiabatic CSTR. Note that recycle is needed even for a
CSTR. (Note: The design equation for CSTR is not changed with recycle. You
may like to prove that yourself)
FA0 1 kmol/min
rA 0.110 1
5
800 (l )
1
rA
T
0.417 ) passes through
180
0.6
1000 3000 (mol/min)
0.8 0.6
(a) From the above k values the first step is evidently rate limiting. For maximum
yield of S per mole of A charged to the reactor, one should operate a PFTR for the
complete conversion of A at 77oC
( S | A0 )
FS
FS
FA0 FS FT
dF
dF dF
r dV
r dV r dV
k c dV
k c dV k c dV
S
2 R
2 R
3 R
k2
k 2 k3
910
0.31
910 2035
(b) Since the first step (A R) is rate limiting, cS 0.99cS ,max corresponds
approximately to c A 0.01 mol/l . From the PFTR design equation,
c A dc
dcA
A
cA 0 r
cA 0 k c
1 A
A
cA
10200 s