Calibrating Images Tutorial

Calibrating Images Tutorial

In this tutorial, you will calibrate a QuickBird Level-1 image to spectral radiance and
reflectance while learning about the various metadata fields that ENVI uses to
perform calibration.
Files Used in This Tutorial

The tutorial data files are available in a single ZIPfile from the Exelis VIS website.
Extract this file to a local directory. Go to the folder named rigorous_
ortho\005606990010_01_P008_MUL.
Files
005606990010_01_P008_
MUL\05JUL*.TIF
Description
QuickBird Level-1 multispectral imagery for
Phoenix, AZ from 11 July 2005
QuickBird files are courtesy of DigitalGlobe and may not be reproduced without
explicit permission from DigitalGlobe.
Background
Calibrating imagery is a common pre-processing step for remote sensing analysts
who need to extract data and create scientific products from images. Calibration
attempts to compensate for radiometric errors from sensor defects, variations in
scan angle, and system noise to produce an image that represents true spectral
radiance at the sensor.
ENVI's Radiometric Calibration tool provides options to calibrate imagery to radiance,
reflectance, or brightness temperatures. See the "Radiometric Calibration" topic in
ENVI Help for more information on how each option is computed.
The available calibration options depend on what metadata is included with the
imagery. Most vendors distribute a metadata file or ephemeris data along with the
image data.
Note: It is important to select the correct metadata file (using the File >Open menu option) when
opening data from various satellite sensors so that ENVI reads the required calibration parameters. Refer
to the following table:
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2015 Exelis Visual Information Solutions, Inc., a subsidiary of Harris Corporation. All Rights Reserved. This
information is not subject to the controls of the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) or the Export
Administration Regulations (EAR). However, this information may be restricted from transfer to various embargoed
countries under U.S. laws and regulations.

Calibration Options
Sensor
Radianc
e
Reflectanc
e
ALOS AVNIR2 and PRISM

Level-1B2
data
AlSat-2A
DMC DIMAP
EO-1 ALI
EO-1
Hyperion
Gaofen-1
GeoEye-1
IKONOS
KOMPSAT-3
Landsat TM,
ETM+, and
Landsat-8
OLI/TIRS
Brightness
Temperatur
e
Metadata File to
Open
HDR*.txt
.dim
.dim
Use the File >Open

As > EO-1 >HDF
menu option and select
a *_HDF.L1G file. A *_
MTL.L1G file must be in
the same directory.
Use the File >Open
As > EO1 > HDF
an .L1R file. Calibration
metadata is hardcoded into the
application and not
read from any
metadata files.
Use the File >Open
As > CRESDA > GF-1
an .xml file.
.til
metadata.txt
*_aux.xml
*_MTL.txt, *WO.txt,
*.met
Page 2 of 14

Calibration Options
Sensor
data
OrbView-3
Pleiades
Primary or
Ortho (single
or mosaic)
QuickBird
RapidEye
Level-1B
ResourceSa
t-2
SPOT DIMAP
SSOTDIMAP
WorldView
Ziyuan-102C
Brightness
Temperatur
e
Metadata File to
Open
Radianc
e
Reflectanc
e
.pvl
.til
DIM*.xml
*_metadata.xml
A NITF/NSIF license is
required to open these
files.
.h5
DIM*.xml
METADATA.DIM
.til
Use the File >Open

As > CRESDA > ZY1-02C menu option.
Select from the
following files:
*.orientation.xml
opens the MUX-PAN
data product with
metadata, *-MUX.xml
opens multispectral
data with metadata, *PAN.xml opens
panchromatic data with
metadata, and *.xml
opens the HRC data
product (images with
Page 3 of 14

Calibration Options
Sensor
Ziyuan-3A
Radianc
e
Reflectanc
e
Metadata File to
Open
Brightness
Temperatur
e
two parallel cameras)

with metadata.
Use the File >Open
As > CRESDA > ZY-3
menu option. Select
from the following files:
*.orientation.xml
opens the TLC data
product (images with
nadir, forward,
backward view) with
metadata, *.xml opens
multispectral data with
metadata, *-NAD.xml
opens TLC nadir-view
data with metadata.
To open QuickBird or WorldView data, select the image file. ENVI will read the
necessary metadata from the accompanying *.IMD file.
Open a QuickBird Image and View Its Metadata

1. Start ENVI.
2. From the menu bar, select File > Open. A file selection dialog appears.
3. Navigate to the folder where you saved the tutorial data and select the file
05JUL11182931-M1BS-005606990010_01_P008.tif.
4. In the Layer Manager, right-click on the filename and select View Metadata.
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5. Click the Spectral category on the left side of the Metadata Viewer. This shows
several metadata fields related to calibration. ENVI needs gain and offset
values in units of W/(m2 * m * sr) to calibrate imagery to radiance. You can
see these values under the Gains and Offsets columns. The gains and offsets
are already in the correct units in this image. If they are not in the correct units,
you can use the Scale Factor field (discussed in the calibration steps below) to
scale the calibrated image to the correct units.
6. Select the Image Parameters category. You can see the values for Sun
Azimuth and Sun Elevation that were derived from the QuickBird metadata.
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7. Select the Time category. The Acquisition Time for this scene is listed in
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The Sun Azimuth, Sun Elevation, and
Acquisition Time are used in combination with the various fields under the
Spectral category when calibrating the image to reflectance.
8. Close the Metadata Viewer.
Calibrate the Image to Radiance

1. From the Toolbox, select Radiometric Correction > Radiometric
Calibration. The File Selection dialog appears, with the QuickBird file already
selected.
2. Click OK. The Radiometric Calibration dialog appears.
3. Leave the default options as-is. You will create a floating-point radiance image
(BSQ interleave) in units of W/(m2 * m * sr). Keeping the Scale Factor at
1.00 ensures the units will remain the same as the original gain and offset
values.
4. The Appy FLAASH Settings button is for users who will subsequently perform
atmospheric correction using the FLAASH tool. You can skip this step for the
tutorial, but here is some background information if you plan to use FLAASH in
the future:
The use of FLAASH requires a separate Atmospheric Correction Module: QUAC
and FLAASH license. FLAASH requires input imagery to meet the following
criteria:
2
n The image must be calibrated to radiance in units of W/(cm * nm* sr).
n
The input image can be floating-point, long integer (4-byte signed), or

integer (2-byte signed or unsigned).
The image can be in band-interleaved-by-line (BIL) or band-interleavedby-pixel (BIP) format.
Clicking the FLAASHSettings button will create a radiance image in BIL,

floating-point format. It will apply a scale factor of 0.1 to the radiance image to
get it in units of W/(cm2 * nm* sr). Clicking this button prevents you from
having to separately convert the interleave of the radiance image and figuring
out the appropriate scale factor for use with FLAASH.
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When you start FLAASH, select the radiance image that you just created with
the Radiometric Calibration tool. When the Radiance Scale Factors dialog
appears, leave the default value of 1 for the Single Scale Factor field.
5. Select an output folder for the radiance image, and name it qb_radiance.dat.
6. Ensure that the Display Result check box is selected.
7. Click OK. When processing is complete, the calibrated radiance image is
displayed.
8. To visually compare the original and calibrated images, toggle the qb_
radiance.dat layer off and on in the Layer Manager.
9. With both layers selected in the Layer Manager, click the Cursor Value icon
in the main toolbar.
10. In the Cursor Value dialog, look for the "Data" values for each image. The
original image has integer pixel values, while the calibrated image has floatingpoint values. The following figure shows an example where the calibrated image
is displayed in true color:
n
Band 3 is assigned to the red channel
Band 2 is assigned to the green channel
Band 1 is assigned to the blue channel
For the current pixel location, the calibrated image has a radiance value of
126.556503 W/(m2 * m * sr) in the red band, while the original image has a
raw DN value of 709 in the red band.
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11. Close the Cursor Value dialog.

Another way to quickly verify the radiance values is to display a spectral profile:
1. Uncheck the original QuickBird image (05JUL*) in the Layer Manager so that
only the calibrated image is displayed.
2. Click the Spectral Profile button
3. Click anywhere inside the image to display a plot of radiance values for the
selected pixel location. You can use a spectral profile to help identify features of
interest:
The following example shows a pixel that represents soil. The radiance values
peak in the red wavelength region (~ 650 nm).
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The next example shows a pixel that represents water. The radiance values
peak in the blue wavelength region (~ 485 nm).
Page 9 of 14
Page 10 of 14

The next example shows a pixel that represents vegetation. The radiance
values peak in the near-infrared wavelength region (~ 900 nm).
5. When you are finished, close the Spectral Profile dialog.

6. Right-click on each layer name in the Layer Manager, and select Remove.
Calibrate the Image to Reflectance

Next, you will calibrate the QuickBird image to top-of-atmosphere reflectance. This
image has all the metadata needed to calibrate to reflectance:
n
Gains
Offsets
Solar irradiance
Solar elevation
Acquisition time
Follow these steps:
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1. From the Toolbox, select Radiometric Correction > Radiometric
Calibration.
2. In the File Selection dialog, select the original QuickBird image (05JUL*), then
click OK.
3. In the Radiometric Calibration dialog, change the Calibration Type to
Reflectance.
4. Leave the other options as-is.
5. Select an output folder for the reflectance image, and name it qb_
reflectance.dat.
6. Ensure that the Display Result check box is selected.
7. Click OK. When processing is complete, the reflectance image is displayed.
8. Click the Cursor Value icon
9. Look at the "Data" values for each band in the Cursor Value dialog and verify
that the values are less than 1.0.
10. Click the Spectral Profile button
11. Click anywhere inside the image to display a plot of reflectance values for the
current pixel location. The following figure shows an example of a pixel that
represents water. Reflectance values range from 0.04 to 0.09 across all four
bands, with the lowest value (0.04) in the near-infrared wavelength region:
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12. When you are finished, exit ENVI.

For more information on the topics covered in this tutorial, see the "Radiometric
Calibration" topic in ENVI Help, or click the help button
Calibration tool.
in the Radiometric
Copyright Notice:
ENVIis a registered trademark of Exelis Inc., a subsidiary of Harris Corporation.
QUAC and FLAASH are registered trademarks of Spectral Sciences, Inc.
Page 13 of 14

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