INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND STRATEGIES

ASSIGNMENT
Title: A comparative study between Finland and Sweden

Presented By
Shiva Badola
VaradVatsal
ArjunBrar
RoshniVinod

INDEX
Sr. No
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Title
Objectives
Country Background
Comparative Study
- History
- Geography
- Demographics
- Government
- Economy (comparative graphs included)
- Military
- Transnational Issues
Comparison of an emerging sector
- ICT
Relations between Finland and Sweden
Current Issues
Future Trends
Winning Trends Summary and Overview
TOWS
International Issue
References and Bibliography

Pg. No
1
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3

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27
30
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37

OBJECTIVES

1. To do a detailed comparison of two competing countries - SWEDEN and

FINLAND
-to understand their present scenario
-to evaluate their new perceptions &
-individual growth

2. Comparative research or analysis of FINLAND and SWEDEN including both

quantitative and qualitative comparison of:
- Social entities based on many lines such as geographical, economical, military,
technological and political.

3. Also analyze the competitive advantages and disadvantages of both countries

with:
- The tows matrixan alternative to porter's model.

4. To target an important issue concerning both the countries chosen that has
been in the news in the recent past.

COUNTRYBACKGROUND

FINLAND
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordered
by Sweden to the west, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east; Estonia lies to the south
across the Gulf of Finland. Finland is part of the geographic region of Fennoscandia, which
also includes Scandinavia and parts of Russia.
Brief History
From the late 12th century until 1809, Finland was part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the
prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. It was then incorporated into the
Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, until the Russian Revolution of
1917 prompted the Finnish Declaration of Independence. This was followed by the Finnish
Civil War in which the pro-Bolshevik Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic was defeated by
the pro-conservative "Whites" with support from the German Empire. After a brief attempt to
establish a kingdom, the country became a republic. In World War II, Finnish forces fought in
three separate conflicts: the Winter War (19391940) and Continuation War (19411944)
against the Soviet Union, and the Lapland War (19441945) against Nazi Germany. Finland
joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. It joined the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1969, the European
Union in 1995, and the Eurozone at its inception in 1999.
In 2013, Finland's population was around 5.5 million, with the majority living in its southern
regions. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe and the most sparsely
populated country in the European Union. Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central
government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 317 municipalities, and an
autonomous region, the land Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki
metropolitan area, which produces a third of the country's GDP.
Recent history
Like other Nordic countries, Finland has decentralised its economy since the late 1980s.
Financial and product market regulation were loosened. Some state enterprises have been
privatized and there have been some modest tax cuts. Finland joined the European Union in
1995, and the Eurozone in 1999.

The Finnish markka was replaced by the euro in 2002. In 2007, in order to adopt the new
common map like the rest of the Eurozone countries, Finland changed the common side of its
coins.

SWEDEN
Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It
borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, and is connected to Denmark in the
southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the resund. Sweden is the third-largest country in the
European Union by area, with a total population of over 9.8 million. Sweden is part of the
geographical area of Fennoscandia.
Brief History
Germanic people have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the
Geats and Swedes and constituting the sea peoples known as the Norsemen. Sweden emerged
as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, it
expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers
of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula
were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, beginning with the annexation of
present-day Finland by Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved
was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union.
Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining an official policy of neutrality in foreign
affairs.The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Sweden's current
borders. Though it was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in
humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end
of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995, but declined NATO
membership.
Today, Sweden is a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy, with the
Monarch as the head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous
city in the country. Legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag.
Executive power is exercised by the Government, chaired by the Prime Minister.
Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and
tertiary education for its citizens. It has the world's eighth-highest per capita income and
ranks highly in numerous metrics of national performance, including quality of life, health,
education, protection of civil liberties, economic competitiveness, equality, prosperity and
human development. Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January
1995, but declined Eurozone membership following a referendum. It is also a member of the

United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and
the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
COMPARATIVE STUDY
A) History

Finland

Sweden

Finland was a province and then a

grand duchy under Sweden from
the 12th to the 19th centuries, and
an autonomous grand duchy of
Russia after 1809. It gained
complete independence in 1917.

A military power during the 17th

century,
Sweden
has
not
participated in any war for almost
two centuries. An armed neutrality
was preserved in both world wars.

During World War II, it

successfully
defended
its
independence through cooperation
with Germany and resisted
subsequent invasions by the Soviet
Union - albeit with some loss of
territory. In the subsequent half
century, Finland transformed from
a farm/forest economy to a
diversified
modern
industrial
economy; per capita income is
among the highest in Western
Europe.
A member of the European Union
since 1995, Finland was the only
Nordic state to join the euro single
currency at its initiation in January
1999.
In the 21st century, the key features
of Finland's modern welfare state
are high quality education,
promotion of equality, and a
national social welfare system currently challenged by an aging
population and the fluctuations of
an export-driven economy.

Sweden's
long-successful
economic formula of a capitalist
system
intermixed
with
substantial welfare elements was
challenged in the 1990s by high
unemployment and in 2000-02
and 2009 by the global economic
downturns, but fiscal discipline
over the past several years has
allowed the country to weather
economic vagaries.
Sweden joined the EU in 1995,
but the public rejected the
introduction of the euro in a 2003
referendum.
Sweden maintains a Nordic social
welfare system that provides
universal health care and tertiary
education for its citizens. It has
the world's eighth-highest per
capita income and ranks highly in
numerous metrics of national
performance, including quality of
life, health, education, protection

B) Geography

Location

Northern
Europe,
bordering the Baltic Sea,
Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf
of
Finland,
between
Sweden and Russia

Northern
Europe,
bordering the Baltic Sea,
Gulf
of
Bothnia,
Kattegat, and Skagerrak,
between Finland and
Norway

Area

total: 338,145

total: 450,295

Climate

cold temperate; potentially

subarctic
but
comparatively
mild
because of moderating
influence of the North
Atlantic Current, Baltic
Sea, and more than 60,000
lakes

temperate in south with

cold, cloudy winters and
cool,
partly
cloudy
summers; subarctic in
north

Natural resources

timber, iron ore, copper,

lead,
zinc,
chromite,
nickel,
gold,
silver,
limestone

iron ore, copper, lead,

zinc,
gold,
silver,
tungsten,
uranium,
arsenic, feldspar, timber,
hydropower

Natural hazards

NA

ice
floes
in
the
surrounding
waters,
especially in the Gulf of
Bothnia, can interfere
with maritime traffic

Environment - current
issues

air
pollution
from
manufacturing and power
plants lead to acid rain;
water
pollution
from
industrial
wastes,
agricultural
chemicals;
habitat
loss
threatens

acid rain damage to soils

and lakes; pollution of
the North Sea and the
Baltic Sea

sq

km

sq

km

wildlife populations
Environment
international
agreements

party to: Air Pollution,

Air
Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Air PollutionPersistent
Organic
Pollutants, Air PollutionSulfur 85, Air PollutionSulfur 94, Air PollutionVolatile
Organic
Compounds,
AntarcticEnvironmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources,
Antarctic
Treaty,
Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification,
Endangered
Species,
Environmental
Modification, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Marine Dumping, Marine
Life Conservation, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber
83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands,
Whaling
signed,
but
not
ratified: none
of
the
selected agreements

party to: Air Pollution,

Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Air PollutionPersistent
Organic
Pollutants, Air PollutionSulfur 85, Air PollutionSulfur 94, Air PollutionVolatile
Organic
Compounds, AntarcticEnvironmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources,
Antarctic
Treaty,
Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification,
Endangered
Species,
Environmental
Modification, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Marine Dumping, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution,
Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands,
Whaling
signed,
but
not
ratified: none of the
selected agreements

C) Demographics
Finland

Sweden

Population

5,268,799 (July 2014 est.)

9,723,809 (July 2014 est.)

Population
growth rate

0.05% (2014 est.)

0.79% (2014 est.)

Birth rate

10.35 births/1,000 population

(2014 est.)

11.92 births/1,000 population

(2014 est.)

Death rate

10.51 deaths/1,000 population

(2014 est.)

9.45 deaths/1,000 population

(2014 est.)

Net migration
rate

0.62 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2014 est.)

5.46 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2014 est.)

Sex ratio

total population: 0.96

male(s)/female (2014 est.)

total population: 0.98

male(s)/female (2014 est.)

Infant
mortality rate

total: 3.36 deaths/1,000 live

births
male: 3.65 deaths/1,000 live
births

total: 2.6 deaths/1,000 live

births
male: 2.88 deaths/1,000 live
births

Finland

Sweden

female: 3.06 deaths/1,000 live

births (2014 est.)

female: 2.3 deaths/1,000 live

births (2014 est.)

total population: 79.69 years

male: 76.24 years
female: 83.29 years (2014
est.)

total population: 81.89 years

male: 80.03 years
female: 83.87 years (2014
est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over

can read and write
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100% (2015 est.)

definition: age 15 and over

can read and write
total population: 99%
male: 99%
female: 99% (2013 est.)

Education
expenditures

6.8% of GDP (2010)

7% of GDP (2010)

Urbanization

urban population: 83.7% of

total population (2011)
rate of urbanization: 0.47%
annual rate of change (201015 est.)

urban population: 85.2% of

total population (2011)
rate of urbanization: 0.74%
annual rate of change (201015 est.)

Drinking water
source

total: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

Sanitation
facility access

total: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

Health
expenditures

8.9% of GDP (2011)

9.4% of GDP (2011)

Life
expectancy
birth

at

D) Government
Finland
Country name

Republic
of
Suomi/Finland

Sweden
Finland

Kingdom
of
Sweden /Sverige

Sweden

Finland

Sweden

Government
type

republic

constitutional monarchy

Capital

Helsinki

Stockholm

Administrative
divisions

19 regions

21 counties

Independence

6 December
Russia)

(from

6 June 1523 (Gustav VASA

elected king)

Constitution

previous 1906, 1919; latest

drafted 17 June 1997,
approved by Parliament 11
June 1999, entered into force
1 March 2000; amended
several times, last in 2011
(2011)

several previous; latest adopted

1 January 1975; amended
several times, last in 2011
(2011)

Legal system

civil law system based on the

Swedish model

civil law system influenced by

Roman-Germanic law and
customary law

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

18 years of age; universal

Executive
branch

chief of state: President

SauliNiinistro (since 1 March
2012)
head of government: Prime
Minister JyrkiKatainen (since
22
June
2011)
cabinet: Council of State or
Valtioneuvosto appointed by
the president, responsible to
parliament
elections: president elected
by popular vote for a six-year
term (eligible for a second
term); election last held on 5
February 2012 (next to be
held in February 2018); the

chief of state: King Carl XVI

Gustaf (since 19 September
1973); Heir Apparent Princess
Victoria Ingrid Alice Desiree,
daughter of the monarch (born
14
July
1977)
head of government: Prime
Minister
Fredrik
Reinfldt
(since 5 October 2006);
Deputy Prime Minister Jan
Bjorklund (since 5 October
2010)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by
the
prime
minister
elections: the monarchy is
hereditary;
following

1917

Finland

Sweden

parliament elects a prime

minister
who
is
then
appointed to office by the
president

legislative elections, the leader

of the majority party or the
leader of the majority coalition
usually becomes the prime
minister

Legislative
branch

unicameral Parliament or
Eduskunta
(200
seats;
members elected by popular
vote on a proportional basis
to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held on 17
April 2011 (next to be held in
April
2015)

unicameral
Parliament
or
Riksdag (349 seats; members
are elected by popular vote on
a proportional representation
basis to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held on 19
September 2010 (next to be
held in September 2014)

Judicial branch

highest
court(s): Supreme
Court or KorkeinOikeus
(consists of the court
president and 18 judges);
Supreme
Administrative
Court (consists of 21 judges
including the court president
and
organized
into
3
chambers)
note - Finland has a dual
judicial system - courts with
civil
and
criminal
jurisdiction,
and
administrative courts with
jurisdiction for litigation
between individuals and
administrative organs of the
state
and
communities
judge selection and term of
office: Supreme Court and
Supreme
Administrative
Court judges appointed by the
president of the republic;
judges serve until mandatory
retirement
at
age
65
subordinate courts: 6 Courts
of Appeal; 8 regional
administrative courts; 27
district courts; special courts
for issues relating to markets,

highest
court(s): Supreme
Court of Sweden (consists of
16 justices including the court
chairman;
Supreme
Administrative Court (consists
of 18 justices including the
court
president)
judge selection and term of
office: Supreme Court and
Supreme Administrative Court
justices nominated by the
Board of Judges, a 9-member
nominating body consisting of
high-level judges, prosecutors,
and members of Parliament;
justices appointed by the
Government;
following
a
probationary period, justices'
appointments are permanent
subordinate
courts: first
instance and appellate general
and administrative courts;
specialized courts that handle
cases such as land and
environment,
immigration,
labor, markets, and patents

Finland

Sweden

labor,
insurance,
impeachment, land, tenancy,
and water rights
Flag
description

white with a blue cross

extending to the edges of the
flag; the vertical part of the
cross is shifted to the hoist
side in the style of the
Dannebrog (Danish flag); the
blue represents the thousands
of lakes scattered across the
country, while the white is for
the snow that covers the land
in winter

blue with a golden yellow

cross extending to the edges of
the flag; the vertical part of the
cross is shifted to the hoist side
in the style of the Dannebrog
(Danish flag); the colors reflect
those of the Swedish coat of
arms - three gold crowns on a
blue field

National
anthem

name: "Maamme"
(Our
Land)
note: in use since 1848;
although never officially
adopted by law, the anthem
has been popular since it was
first sung by a student group
in 1848; Estonia's anthem
uses the same melody as that
of Finland

name: "Du Gamla, Du Fria"

(Thou Ancient, Thou Free)
note: in use since 1844; the
anthem, also known as "Sang
till Norden" (Song of the
North), is based on a Swedish
folk tune; it has never been
officially adopted by the
government; "Kungssangen"
(The King's Song) serves as
the royal anthem.

International
law
organization
participation

accepts
compulsory
ICJ
jurisdiction with reservations;
accepts ICCt jurisdiction.
Follows WTO norms.

accepts
compulsory
ICJ
jurisdiction with reservations;
accepts ICCt jurisdiction.
Follows WTO norms

E) Economy
Finland
Economy overview

Finland
has
a
highly
industrialized, largely free-market
economy with per capita output
almost as high as that of Austria,
Belgium, the Netherlands, or

Sweden
Aided by peace and neutrality
for the whole of the 20th
century, Sweden has achieved
an enviable standard of living
under a mixed system of high-

Finland

Sweden

Sweden.

tech capitalism and extensive

welfare benefits.

Trade is important, with exports

accounting for over one-third of
GDP in recent years. Finland is
historically
competitive
in
manufacturing - principally the
wood,
metals,
engineering,
telecommunications,
and
electronics industries. Finland
excels in export of technology for
mobile phones as well as
promotion of startups in the ICT,
gaming,
cleantech,
and
biotechnology sectors.

It has a modern distribution

system, excellent internal and
external communications, and a
highly skilled labor force. In
September 2003, Swedish
voters turned down entry into
the euro system concerned
about the impact on the
economy and sovereignty.

Except for timber and several

minerals, Finland depends on
imports of raw materials, energy,
and some components for
manufactured goods.

Timber, hydropower, and iron

ore constitute the resource base
of an economy heavily oriented
toward foreign trade. Privately
owned firms account for vast
majority of industrial output, of
which the engineering sector
accounts for about 50% of
output and exports.

Because
of
the
climate,
agricultural
development
is
limited to maintaining selfsufficiency in basic products.
Forestry, an important export
earner, provides a secondary
occupation
for
the
rural
population.

Agriculture accounts for little

more than 1% of GDP and of
employment.

Finland had been one of the best

performing economies within the
EU in recent years and its banks
and financial markets avoided the
worst of global financial crisis.

Until 2008, Sweden was in the

midst of a sustained economic
upswing, boosted by increased
domestic demand and strong
exports. This, and robust
finances, offered the centerright government considerable
scope to implement its reform
program aimed at increasing
employment, reducing welfare
dependence, and streamlining

Finland

Sweden
the state's role in the economy.

However, the world slowdown hit

exports and domestic demand hard
in
2009,
with
Finland
experiencing one of the deepest
contractions in the euro zone. A
recovery of exports, domestic
trade, and household consumption
stimulated economic growth in
2010-11, however, continued
recession within the EU dampened
the economy in 2012-13. The
recession
affected
general
government finances and the debt
ratio, turning previously strong
budget surpluses into deficits, but
Finland took action to ensure it
that it met the EU deficit targets in
2013 and retained its triple-A
credit rating. Finland's main
challenge will be to stimulate
growth while faced with weak
export demand in the EU and its
own
government
austerity
measures.

Despite strong finances and

underlying fundamentals, the
Swedish economy slid into
recession in the third quarter of
2008 and the contraction
continued
in
2009
as
deteriorating global conditions
reduced export demand and
consumption.
Strong exports of commodities
and a return to profitability by
Sweden's banking sector drove
a rebound in 2010, but growth
slipped in 2013, as a result of
continued economic weakness
in the EU - Swedens main
export market.

Longer-term,
Finland
must
address a rapidly aging population
and decreasing productivity in
traditional industries that threaten
competitiveness,
fiscal
sustainability,
and
economic
growth.
GDP
(purchasing
power
parity)

$195.5 billion (2013 est.)

$196.8 billion (2012 est.)
$198.4 billion (2011 est.)
note: data are in 2013 US dollars

$393.8 billion (2013 est.)

$390.4 billion (2012 est.)
$386.7 billion (2011 est.)
note: data are in 2013 US
dollars

GDP - real
growth rate

-0.6% (2013 est.)

-0.8% (2012 est.)
2.7% (2011 est.)

0.9% (2013 est.)

1% (2012 est.)
2.9% (2011 est.)

Finland

Sweden

GDP - per
capita (PPP)

$35,900 (2013 est.)

$36,300 (2012 est.)
$36,700 (2011 est.)
note: data are in 2013 US dollars

$40,900 (2013 est.)

$40,900 (2012 est.)
$40,800 (2011 est.)
note: data are in 2013 US
dollars

GDP composition
by sector

agriculture: 2.9%
industry: 25.1%
services: 71.9% (2013 est.)

agriculture: 2%
industry: 31.3%
services: 66.8% (2013 est.)

Population
below
poverty line

NA%

NA%

Inflation rate
(consumer
prices)

2.2% (2013 est.)

3.2% (2012 est.)

0% (2013 est.)
0.9% (2012 est.)

Labor force

2.685 million (2013 est.)

5.107 million (2013 est.)

Labor force by
occupation

agriculture and forestry: 4.4%

industry: 15.5%
construction: 7.1%
commerce: 21.3%
finance, insurance, and business
services: 13.3%
transport and
communications: 9.9%
public services: 28.5% (2011)

agriculture: 1.1%
industry: 28.2%
services: 70.7% (2008 est.)

Unemployment rate

8.1% (2013 est.)

7.8% (2012 est.)

8.1% (2013 est.)

8% (2012 est.)

Industries

metals and metal products,

electronics, machinery and
scientific instruments,
shipbuilding, pulp and paper,
foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles,
clothing

iron and steel, precision

equipment (bearings, radio and
telephone parts, armaments),
wood pulp and paper products,
processed foods, motor
vehicles

Industrial

-4.2% (2013 est.)

-1% (2013 est.)

Finland

Sweden

production
growth rate
Agriculture products

barley, wheat, sugar beets,

potatoes; dairy cattle; fish

barley, wheat, sugar beets;

meat, milk

Exports

$75.7 billion (2013 est.)

$76.46 billion (2012 est.)

$181.5 billion (2013 est.)

$184.8 billion (2012 est.)

Exports commodities

electrical and optical equipment,

machinery, transport equipment,
paper and pulp, chemicals, basic
metals; timber

machinery 35%, motor

vehicles, paper products, pulp
and wood, iron and steel
products, chemicals

Exports partners

Sweden 11.1%, Russia 9.9%,

Germany 9.3%, Netherlands
6.3%, US 6.2%, UK 5.1%, China
4.6% (2012)

Norway 10.4%, Germany

10.3%, UK 8.1%, Finland
6.8%, Denmark 6.7%,
Netherlands 5.5%, US 5.5%,
Belgium 5%, France 4.8%
(2012)

Imports

$70.67 billion (2013 est.)

$72.13 billion (2012 est.)

$158 billion (2013 est.)

$163.3 billion (2012 est.)

Imports commodities

foodstuffs, petroleum and

petroleum products, chemicals,
transport equipment, iron and
steel, machinery, computers,
electronic industry products,
textile yarn and fabrics, grains

machinery, petroleum and

petroleum products, chemicals,
motor vehicles, iron and steel;
foodstuffs, clothing

Imports partners

Russia 17.7%, Sweden 14.8%,

Germany 13.9%, Netherlands
8.1%, China 4.4% (2012)

Germany 17.4%, Denmark

8.5%, Norway 8.4%, UK 6.5%,
Netherlands 6.4%, Russia
5.6%, Finland 5.1%, China
4.9%, France 4.2% (2012)

Debt external

$586.9 billion (31 December 2012

est.)

$1.039 trillion (31 December

2012 est.)

Finland

Sweden

Reserves of
foreign
exchange
and gold

$10.6 billion (31 December 2013

est.)

$52.23 billion (31 December

2012 est.)

GDP composition,
by end use

household consumption: 56.3%

government
consumption: 24.3%
investment in fixed
capital: 18.3%
investment in inventories: 0.3%
exports of goods and
services: 38%
imports of goods and services: 37.3%
(2013 est.)

household
consumption: 48.6%
government
consumption: 26.8%
investment in fixed
capital: 18.3%
investment in
inventories: 0.4%
exports of goods and
services: 45.8%
imports of goods and
services: -39.9%
(2013 est.)

Graphs :- Source: http://www.indexmundi.com/factbook/compare/finland.sweden

Govt. debt, Currency Exchange rate, Trade% as per GDP, Inflation,
Unemployment Rate, GDP per capita.
-

F) Military
Finland

Sweden

Military
branches

Finnish Defense Forces (FDF):

Army, Navy ( includes Coastal
Defense Forces), Air Force
(2013)

Swedish Armed Forces

(Army, Royal Swedish Navy,
Swedish Air Force (2010)

Military
service age and
obligation

18 years of age

18 years of age

Military
expenditures percent of
GDP

1.47% of GDP (2012)

1.42% of GDP (2011)
1.47% of GDP (2010)

1.18% of GDP (2012)

1.17% of GDP (2011)
1.18% of GDP (2010)

G) Transnational Issues
Finland

Sweden

Disputes international

various groups in Finland

advocate restoration of Karelia
and other areas ceded to the
Soviet Union, but the Finnish
Government asserts no territorial
demands

none

Refugees and
internally
displaced
persons

stateless persons: 2,017 (2012)

refugees (country of
origin): 24,006 (Iraq);
20,613 (Somalia); 17,984
(Syria); 10,499
(Afghanistan); 8,954
(Eritrea) (2013)
stateless persons: 9,596
(2012); note - the majority of
stateless people come from
the Middle East and Somalia

COMPARISON OF AN EMERGING SECTOR IN BOTH COUNTRIES.

1) ICT Software Technologies, Electronic Networking, Telecom & Gaming
In both Finland and Sweden, the ICT sector accounts for 56% of GDP and 34% of
totalworking hours. Since Sweden is a bigger economy than Finland, its ICT sector has
abouttwice as workers. Software is the biggest ICT sub-sector in both countries. The
mostapparent structural difference relates to ICT consulting, which in Sweden is
overonefourthand in Finland under one-tenth of ICT employment. The Swedish ICT
sectorappears more diverse and more dynamic than its Finnish counterpart.
World Economic Forum (WEF), best-known for its annual Davos meetingsgathering the
worlds political and business elite to a Swiss ski resort, publishes The NetworkedReadiness
Index (NRI) as a part of its annual Global Information Technology Report.Singapore,
Finland, and Sweden are the top three among the 143 countries ranked in the 2015edition of
NRI. In international comparison, Finland and Sweden are undeniably among the most
intense andadvanced ICT-using countries in the world.
Finland and Sweden have been, and continue to be, considerable ICT providers, even if their
global footprints are naturally somewhat limited by their relatively small sizes.

The below figure is an outcome of a complex calculation attempting to capture a

countrys value added share of final ICT goods and services demand abroad in 2007 and
in 2013

Industry Trends
Until the mid-1990s, The ICT sector was of similar economic importance in Finland and
Sweden and it accounted for 35% of the countries GDP and employment. Since then,
Finland experienced a Nokia-led boom-bust cycle. In 2002, the sectors GDP share was twice
as high as in Finland compared to what it was in Sweden. In terms of employment, however,
the difference was less drastic the sectors employment in Finland was about one-fifth
larger than what it was in Sweden. Ultimately in 2014, the ICT sectors GDP share was again
about the same, 56%, in both countries and the ICT sector accounts for about 4% of total
labor hours in Finland and about 3% in Sweden.
Nokias share of Finnish GDP was the highest, four per cent, in year 2000, at which time it
directly (excluding its domestic partner and supplier network, which consisted of several
hundred companies at the time) accounted for over forty per cent of the sectors value added
in Finland (Figure 3.3). In year 2000, Ericssons share of Swedish GDP was about two per
cent. and its share of the sectors value added in Sweden was about thirty per cent. Ericsson
too was both directly and indirectly a national champion and leader of the ICT sector, but it
was never as dominating as Nokia was in Finland. Since year 2000, Nokias direct role
started to shrink but remained large until 2008.

Currently, both Nokia in Finland and Ericsson in Sweden remain nationally important
companies, but not overwhelmingly so.The Finnish ICT sectors Nokia-led boom-bust cycle
is most evident upon considering the share of ICT in total goods exports In 1996, ICT goods
comprised of 13% of total exports in both Finland and Sweden. The shares peaked in both
countries in year 2000: the share was was 24% in Finland and 18% in Sweden. Since then the
proportions have gradually declined in both countries. In 2013, the share was 2% in Finland
and 7% in Sweden.
Figure: Share of ICT in total goods exported

Main observations
The size of the Swedish ICT sector is gigantic compared to the Finnish ICT sector in absolute
terms it has six times more firms and employs twice more workers. In comparison to the
total economic activity by country, the differences, however, mainly vanish. The share of ICT
in total value added is in the both countries, for instance, at the level of 56%. In relative
terms the ICT sectors role in regard to employment, exports and R&D has been declining in
both economies during the last decade. Regarding the employment of sub-sectors of ICT,
striking differences between the countries are the high share of ICT consulting firms in
Sweden and ICT maintenance firms in Finland,respectively. In both countries, incumbent
firms are dominant employers. As employers the relative role of younger firms is larger in
Finland and the relative role of micro- and small-sized firms in Sweden, respectively. During
the years 20082012 the Finnish ICT sector lost over 10,000 jobs, mostly due to Nokia,
whereas in the Swedish ICT sector created about 4,000 jobs. The main labor market effects
have been occurring in the continuing firms; the employment effect of exiting and entering
firms has been in range of 10-14% in both countries. By subsector, dynamic labor market
effects have been the most significant in ICT consulting and software in Sweden and in IC
manufacturing and software in Finland.

Sweden and Finland are the main video game exporters in Scandinavia.The balance was
originally that the Swedish industry was about twice the size of the Finish in terms of
aggregated revenues. However, recently tremendous growth in Finland has led to a shift in
leadership, where Finland is now the bigger player. The Finnish industrys revenue is
extremely dominated by Supercell with mobile game hit titles like Clash of Clans and Hay
Day. The Swedish industry is also quite concentrated, but there are more large firms and a
much greater share of revenues coming from console and PC games.
While the data and analysis specifically concerns Sweden, many of the circumstances and
industry formation process are similar to the other Scandinavian countries. A major source of
competitive advantage appears to be the competence and networks in the industry, resulting
from previous success. These become a general asset, especially for start-ups, because of the
pronounced tradition of sharing and helping that characterize the industry culture. On the
negative side, hampering the establishment and growth in the industry, are bureaucracy, taxes,
and lack of government support, especially compared to competing nations like Finland and
Canada. It is also difficult for game developers to attract significant capital from other
sources than the publishers.

FINLAND SWEDEN RELATIONS

Finland and Sweden share a long history, religion, legal system and economic and social
model together. Finland was part of Sweden for almost 700 years from around 1150 until the
Finnish War of 1809 that saw Finland becoming an autonomous part of Russia as the Grand
Duchy of Finland. Since Finland gained its full independence from Russia in 1917 the two
countries have been close partners enjoying a Special Relationship. The number of FinnishSwedish connections and the quality of cooperation in most areas of the government is
unique when compared to other international relations in both countries. Swedish language
has an official status in Finland whilst Finns form the largest ethnic minority in Sweden,
estimated to be about 675 000.
Since both Finland and Sweden joined European Union in 1995 the EU membership has
brought many more issues to further intervals. Relationships are maintained at the highest
political level on a regular basis, while interaction between public authorities and civil society
is also very strong. New elements of the Special Relationship are the official minority
language status that Finnish language received in Sweden, as well as the business integration
between the two countries. Both countries are also united by the fact, that neither Finland or

Sweden have decided to join NATO, whereas all the other Nordic Countries as well as the
Baltic States are members of NATO.
Viking Period and Swedish Crusades
Contact between Sweden and what is now Finland was considerable even during preChristian timesthe Vikings were known to Finns both due to their participation in
commerce and plundering.
Middle Ages
Finland gradually became an integrated and important part of Sweden. Finland became
known as sterland In 1362, representatives from Finland were called to participate in the
elections for king of Sweden.
World War II
During World War II Sweden declared its neutrality, but in the Winter war it supported
Finland's cause to a certain, but limited, extent. This included over 8,000 Swedish army and
air force volunteers. Sweden also accepted and cared for a host of Finnish "war"-children
during World War II. After the war Sweden had a clear head-start in the post-war economical
development, much due to its neutrality in the war, making the Finnish-Swedish relationship
similar to that of Finland and Estonia of today since the 1990s. Since the mid-1990s, the
inequalities between Finland and Sweden can be seen as balanced, and the relations between
the two countries be seen as equal and good.
In 2014, the two countries announced a special defense partnership between them.

THE FUTURE
Finland
Finlands economy has had a torrid time since the onset of the financial crisis and the euro
crisis that followed it.2015 looks set to be the fourth consecutive year that the economy has
either contracted or stagnated, even as the recovery in the rest of the euro area (excluding
Greece) seems to be picking up pace.
Here is how Finlands GDP has fared compared with other advanced economies:

One factor that helps explain this is the decline of one of the countrys major exporting
companies: Nokia. In 2000, the company accounted for some 4% of Finlands GDP, but its
fortunes reversed dramatically following the introduction of the Apple iPhone and Android
devices into the market. By 2013 it accounted for less than 0.5% of the countrys output.The
deeper problems are in the composition of Finlands export market. Almost half of the
countrys exports are raw materials and production supplies used in manufacturing and a
further third are investment goods.
Despite the broad uptick in growth across the Eurozone, neither manufacturing nor the pace
of corporate investment is growing at a sufficient pace to boost Finnish trade prospects. This
is having spillover effects on domestic company expansion plans, with private-sector
investment at its lowest point for 15 years, according to Nordea Bank.

In the short term, it looks like its going to be a difficult period for Finnish workers. On 22
July, Finnish Prime Minister JuhaSipila announced plans to cut the countrys wage costs by
5% by 2019. In other words, there are going to be significant pay cuts.
Currently Finland has the seventh-highest labour costs in the Eurozone, joint with Germany.
However, its labour productivity (GDP per hour worked) is significantly below the Eurozone
average.
As a consequence of this, unit labour costs are some 20% higher in Finland than they are in
Sweden.Without a free-floating currency to help boost competitiveness with its fellow euro
member states through devaluation, the adjustment has to be carried out through internal
devaluation (lower wages and/or higher unemployment). The signs of this can already be
seen with unemployment at 9.4% and likely to stay above 9% through 2016.
One way of achieving this adjustment without significantly increasing job losses or forcing
people to accept nominal pay cuts is to increase the amount of hours worked without raising
wages accordingly. Yet there will have to be some difficult negotiations with the countrys
unions if they are to achieve this.
The hope is that the painful adjustment will allow Finland to benefit, once corporate
investment starts picking up across the Eurozone, as survey data has been suggesting it will,
and the manufacturing sector begins to increase activity.
Sweden
The Swedish economy is in an upturn. Gradually stronger international growth in increasing
the demand for Swedish exports, which in turn is expected to contribute to increased
investments, lower unemployment and rising resource utilization. However, the forecast is
uncertain and there is a great risk of weaker growth.
Recovery abroad
A continued recovery abroad creates the conditions for improved economic development in
the Swedish economy. The recovery in the euro area appears to be slow, although prospects
for economic development have become brighter in 2015. The European Central Banks
expansionary monetary policy has stimulated exports and confidence in the economic outlook
has increased among businesses and households. Good growth continues in the United States,
where there is a positive trend in
Relatively high GDP growth in the future
Swedens GDP is expected to grow at a relatively rapid rate in 2015 and 2016. This is due to
several factors, including the expectation that the demand for Swedish exports will accelerate

when international growth improves. In the years ahead, consumption and investment growth
will also continue to contribute to growth. This applies to household as well as public sector
consumption and investments in housing and the service sector. As a result of the recovery in
the economy, resource utilization will increase in 2015 and 2016.
The labour market is recovering
The Swedish economy has been in a protracted recession and unemployment has been at a
high level for a long time, at around 8 per cent. As the labour force has grown rapidly,
employment growth has not been sufficiently high to push down the unemployment rate. As
economic activity will improve this year and next year, labour demand is expected to
increase, thus also increasing employment. Employment is expected to increase mainly in the
local government sector, but is also expected to grow at a good rate in business services and
the construction sector. Overall, approximately 250 000 more people are expected to be
employed in 2018 compared with 2014. It is estimated that in 2018, the unemployment rate
will be close to 6 per cent.
Reduced deficit in public finances
Net lending reported by the general government sector in 2014 came to SEK -75 billion, or
-1.9 per cent of GDP*. The deficit is expected to decrease from 2015 onwards. Net lending is
estimated to be -0.9 per cent of GDP in 2015 and is expected to be turned into surplus in
2019.
Engineering industries
Sweden is engineering-driven country, which produces thousands of high-tech products and
services for all of the people in the world. The advanced manufacturing industry covers from
robotics to aerospace and medical imaging. Engineering plays an essential role not only in
manufacturing but also in services such as Spotify or Klarna.
Forestry
Swedens forest and pulp and paper research is extensive both on a national level and under
the European framework program. In recent years, wood products, the pulp-and-paper
industry and the publishing and printing industry account for around one tenth of the total
manufacturing output.
Information and communication technology
Numerous studies and newspapers articles have always listed Sweden as one of the best IT
countries in the world. Among the areas where Sweden offers competitive advantages in
information and communication technologies area, you can count Internet procurement
solutions, mobile wireless solutions & services, Internet, e-commerce, IP Telephony, wireless
infrastructure equipment, e-based learning, vehicle telematics, robotics and the online and
mobile games industry.

Biotech and life science industries

With more than 200 biotechnology companies, Sweden has Europes fourth-largest biotech
industry, and the largest in relation to both population and GDP. Most of the companies are
active in the healthcare area, either producing new pharmaceutical drugs or developing tools
for drug research and development. The deep tradition in biotech research, strong
consolidation in the pharmaceutical sector, booming entrepreneurial activity, excellent
research, biotech friendly legislative environment and access to venture capital all contribute
to the Swedish biotech industrys vitality.

Environmental industries and renewable energy

Environmental technologies (water, waste, air pollution control) and renewable energy
(biomass and waste-to-energy) are areas in which Sweden holds a significant competitive
advantage compared to other countries. Sweden recycles almost half of their waste and uses
52 percent to generate heat, less than 1 percent of garbage now ends up in the dump. Using
garbage for energy effortlessly solves the issue of excessive reliance on landfills while at the
same time helping to residents energy and heating needs.

WINNING STRATEGIES OF BOTH COUNTRIES

It is important to build sound national innovation systems in order to increase exports,
broaden the national industrial base, generate new jobs and expand community
wellbeing.high performance innovation systems arecharacterised by:
high levels of research and development expenditure that is wellcoordinatedby business
and government;
strong emphasis in universities and public education on engineering andsciences;
intensive linkages and cooperation between companies and publicsector organisations; and
a focus on national innovation and technology policy that is aimed atbuilding and sustaining
long term world class capabilities in localcompanies.
All of this occurs against a backdrop of an economy which is flexible and adaptable, withboth
a global focus and a commitment to reform. The end goal is innovation as a driver
ofeconomic growth and prosperity, tailored to the particular attributes and circumstances of
the nation.
Followingrecommendations are seen as likely to strengthen the innovation system in both
countries in the future.
CHAMPION A NEW APPROACH TO INNOVATION POLICY
A key observation from the success of the national innovation systems ofFinland and Sweden
is the role played by government. Government operates as aninformed and demanding
champion of policies and programs designed to drive both moreinnovative behaviour in firms
and more long-lasting economic capabilities and outcomesfor the nation.With suitable
policies and investments in human and physical capital, both countries have the capacity to
further upgrade its industry from raw material-intensive and labourintensiveactivities to
knowledge and technology-intensive sectors. The Swedishexperiences also highlight the great
importance of political will and commitment inproviding a suitable environment for growth
and development.
WHEN RESOURCES ARE
CLUSTERS

SCARCE,

FOCUS

ON

SPECIFIC

INDUSTRY

Finnish development suggests that small countries with limitedpublic resources for
investment may need to focus on specific industry clusters. Tofacilitate specialization and
positive externalities, it is necessary to promote linkages,knowledge flows, and technology
diffusion within the cluster.
DEVELOP REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS

The positive experience Finland has had with focussing on particular clusters alsohighlights
the growing importance of the innovation system approach within regionaldevelopment.
The Finnish network of higher education institutions, technology centres, centres of expertise
and other similar operational players has promoted innovation in theregions to the extent that
they are now referred to as regional innovation systems.These spatial clustering opportunities
for boostinginnovation capabilities should be fostered.
TAKE A STAKEHOLDER APPROACH
Finland made major advances in developing a coordinated nationalinnovation system with
frequent consultation and highly developed linkages betweenindustry and government. It is
not sufficient to delegate responsibility to any individualministry, agency or department; all
the main actors, including industry, universities, labourmarket organizations and other central
players must be represented in the policydiscussion. Finland also has a system of evaluation
of government programs whichdetermines their impact on jobs, turnover and exports, and so
improves the performanceboth of the programs and the companies involved.
REMAIN FLEXIBLE
Discussion of Swedish experiences points in particular to the need for flexibility. Reform of
the Swedish model did not commence until the financial crisis of 1991-93 when it forcedthe
Swedish Government to reduce the tax burden and to increase cautiously theemphasis on
growth rather than distribution in its overall policies.
ADOPT AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
To remain competitive, it is necessary for both countries to adopt an international
perspectiveon its business environment. There is no optimal model that will fit in spite of
changinginternational conditions, but instead a need for continuous reform as demand,
technology,and competition change. The explicit monitoring of competing economies and
comparisonagainst the best performers in various policy areas benchmarking is probably
the onlyway to measure the strength of the national innovation system.
SUPPORT LOCAL VENTURES
One key factor which is common in both countries is the way in which their companies and
their governments support local ventures, resulting in the successful development of a range
ofbiotech, telecommunications and hi-tech manufacturing companies. Local suppliers are
considered not only in light of the value they represent, but for thelonger term economic
benefits that derive from their contracts.Finland applies a highly co-operative partnering
approach to industry development, with arrange of private/public alliances driving growth.
This is particularly noticeable in Finnishpublic sector decision-making, in which the Prime
Minister heads a Science andTechnology Policy Council that is responsible for setting the
national agenda. Withrepresentation from both the government and private enterprises, this
Council is morethan just a bureaucratic think tank or committee. It is a major force in
decisions about howto best grow the industry and the economy.

SWEDEN
Strengths:
Natural Resources
Sweden has a very large amount of natural resources such asiron ore, copper, lead, gold, zinc, silver,
uranium, tungsten, feldspar, wood, arsenic, and hydropower.

Export Based Economy

An export based economy is a good economy to have because everyone needs goods, and not
everyone can produce these goods. Countries like Sweden with abundant resources are perfect for
export based economies. As long as there are people on the earth who are willing to buy things, export
based economies will exist.

A Strategic Location
Sweden is located along the Danish Straits, which link the Baltic Sea to the North Sea. Ships must
pass through these straits, meaning Sweden gets a lot of marine traffic. Also, in times of war this
could be a great way to cut off supplies to far northern Europe that arrive by boat.

Weaknesses
Birth Rate Decline
In Sweden, for every 1000 people in the population there are about 10 babies born. That is pretty
small compared to most of the world, and that means in times of war the soldiers would mostly be
older people. This could be due to the recessions that have happened recently, and maybe now that
they are coming to an end the birth rate will increase.

Older/Younger Population
Due to the recent birth rate declines and since the average Swede lives 81 years, a large amount of
their population is older/younger. This is a disadvantage in both wartime and peacetime, because
older/younger people can't work as many kinds of jobs as younger people, and old soldiers are not
effective.

Opportunities
Consultancy
With one of the highest researchers per capita Sweden can provide the best solutions to cross
platform problems to clients across the world. There are lots of avenues for such an activity
and the demand for the same would be never ending.

Environment Model
Sweden is one of the fastest adopters of renewable energy with aims to reduce by 80% by the
year 2025. The can pioneer this field and provide valid solutions trying to implement the
same.

Threats
Negative interest rates
In2015 the bank rates have fallen to an all time low costing people to remove their cash
reserves. This has been done in efforts to get rid of currency entirely however public backlash
has created tensions between the two.

Finland
Strengths
Strong education sector
The Finland phenomenon as it is known has grabbed attention around the world for its
comprehensive education model. Finnish schools are ranked among the best in the world and
continue to provide individuals with excellent capability.

Currency
Finland uses the Euro the common currency of the EU.

Weakness
Ageing population
The population curve due to stagnated birth rates is composed more towards the older side
which needs medical attention and the burden falls on the younger generation.

Slowing Nordic Market

In recent years, the role of the Nordic countries as trading nations has gradually been declining and
the composition changing towards the service sector as well.

Opportunities
Healthcare for the elderly
The ageing population of these countries has exposed a new avenue for the future where the bulk of
the population would comprise of elderly citizens, their healthcare would require expert attention and
planning and that's where there is incredible potential for Finland's expertise.

Threats
Instability of neighboring countries

Finland is surrounded by hostile neighbors, and although it has good relations with these countries
any instability could provoke and exodus of migrants to cross the borders for refuge.

Important International Issue

Migrant crisis
By now, the migrant/refugee crisis in Europe is hardly news, but the impact of ongoing waves
of people is only starting to sink in. While political leaders of the EU grapple with issues
concerning a feasible allocative scheme, digestible to all, migrants keep arriving, often with a
destination in mind. Sweden is top among those.
Sweden, following Germany and Hungary, is a rather popular destination for several reasons.
The three main reasons are first that it already has a large foreign-born population (16%),
which attracts refugees and migrants hoping to find friends and family already settled there.
Secondly, a very high proportion of asylum seekers applications are accepted the figure
currently is 77% against a European average of 43%. Finally, on a political, official level,
Sweden welcomes refugees and cultivates a humanist image. This is known among smugglers
and asylum seekers alike; in the information age, news travel fast.
At present, refugees and migrants arriving to Sweden have reached a level that has spurred
border controls. As of last week, the checkpoints are not tasked with turning back refugees,
rather they are offered a choice: apply for asylum or turn back. The lack of control and order
with refugees entering Sweden has been a major worry, and the fact that even Sweden is
reaching max capacity is hardly surprising, given the numbers.
Leading up to imposition of border controls, 9,200 people were arriving weekly. There is a
seasonal effect in this, but extrapolating from present conditions it would mean almost
480,000 in a year (assuming 52 weeks to a year) roughly double that of the estimated intake
for 2015. If 77% are granted asylum, the annual influx into a country of 10m is almost
370,000.
In addition, it bears mentioning that for each accepted asylum seeker, another is added on
average due to family reunification. It is expected that harsher weather as winter approaches
will curb migration. However, so far there is little to suggest that the pressure will diminish;
reports from Europes border show the same impossibly long trails of people, groups
cramming into spaces much too small and crowding bottlenecks and key railway stations and
roads.
-Source BBC
Three-fourths of Syrian refugees entering Finland are young males, and most are from Iraq,
Somalia, and Afghanistan, according to Finlands Interior Ministry. Nearly 11,000 asylum
seekers entered Finland during the month of September, the Finnish news agency Yle
reported on October 5, quoting officials from the Interior Ministry and Immigration Services.

While much of the U.S. media coverage of the European Unions migration crisis has focused
on the massive waves of migrants flowing into Austria, Hungary, Italy, and Germany, all the
member states of the European Union are being affected. Finland is no exception; by October
4 some 19,632 refugees had arrived in the Nordic state this year and many thousands more
want to get in.
Up to October 4, the number of refugees entering Finland from Iraq was 13,848, while 1,810
came from Somalia, 1,060 from Afghanistan, 676 from Albania and 409 from Syria," Yle
reported.
According to Hanna Kautto, Immigration Services communications chief, the vast majority
of the asylum seekers roughly 15,000 are male. Women account for 2,816. There are
close to 2,000 children traveling with adults, while unaccompanied minors number around
1,000.
The costs are mounting dramatically. Earlier this year Finland had 20 reception centers and
emergency shelters for refugees. That has now ballooned to more than 80 centers and
shelters, with still more needed to accommodate the increasing flow. According to Finnish
officials, it costs 40 ($44.98) per day to process an asylum seeker, and accommodating each
asylum seeker at a reception center for one year would cost 15,000 ($16,866.75).
Due to the ongoing migration crush, the Finnish Interior Ministry is calling for the
government to more than double their asylum funding to 114 million ($128 million), up
from the current 54 million. Those numbers, however, deal with only some of the more
immediate, obvious economic costs, and do not, of course, include the social costs. Local
governments are bearing much of the brunt of the migration overload. The migrant numbers
Finland is experiencing would be a destabilizing influence in any country, but because it is a
small nation of only 5.5 million people, with a struggling economy, the influx into this Nordic
state is especially problematic. Young Finnish nationals have been leaving Finland for years,
seeking employment in the EU and the United States. The influx of large numbers of
uneducated, non-native-speaking Muslims will exert profound pressures on unemployment
and welfare benefits, not to mention tensions between native Finns (who are bearing the
refugee costs) and the new arrivals, who are competing with the Finns for jobs and benefits
- Source The New American

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