SUBJECT: ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

ASSIGNMENT
TOPIC: STRENGHTHENING OF EXISTING TRANSMISSION
CORRIDOR AND TRANSMISSION PLANNING TOOLS

SUBMITTED BY :
ANIL KUMAR GUPTA 11-EES-10
ANIRUDH SHARMA 11-EES-11
ANURAG CHADHA 11-EES-13
ARSHI ZAKI 11-EES-14
CLASS: B.TECH, ELECTRICAL ENGG., 8TH SEMESTER, IV YEAR.
NAME OF INSTITUTION: F/O ENGG. AND TECH., JAMIA MILLIA
ISLAMIA, NEW DELHI.
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 10-03-2015

Strengthening of existing transmission

corridors
Power Transmission Corridors are essential for purchasing power from other
States, particularly the Northern States.
Strengthening the existing corridors enables the transmission of power from the
surplus States to deficit States.
As the New Power Transmission Corridors have not been established, and the
existing corridors have not been strengthened, many difficulties have been experienced in transmitting
power from surplus States to deficit States.
India faces an acute deficit of electric power. Almost half of all Indian
households do not have access to electricity. Average annual per capita consumption of electricity in
India was only about 30 percent of the worlds average in 2007 and 2008. Generation capacity is
insufficient to meet the existing demand for electricity, and transmission and distribution networks
that carry power to consumers are inadequate.
As Indias energy resources are spread unevenly across the country, the efficient
transmission of power from surplus to deficient regions is critical. There is, therefore, a pressing need
to strengthen and expand the all-India national transmission networkthe national grid.
IBRD has been involved with Indias current energy program for more than a decade, using
innovative financing and technical advice to assist the Indian government and its power transmission
utility. Implementation of all World Bank-financed projects with POWERGRID is progressing well
and they have successfully achieved all development objective indicator targets in recent years. For
the fiscal year to June 30, 2009, results include:

46,027 million kilowatt hours of power exchange between and across the regions against a
target of 46,000 million kilowatt hours.
71,447 circuit km of transmission capacity against a target of 71,000 circuit km.
79,522 Megavolt Ampere (MVA) of transformation capacity against a target of 75,000
MVA.
Also, the National Load Despatch Centre, the apex body to ensure integrated operation of the
national power system, commenced operations as targeted in April 2009. Indias electricity
transmission system operator is also consistently maintaining transmission system
availability at over 99 percent, which is at par with international utilities.

Strengthening of Existing Corridors:

As part of the studies, the need for strengthening of existing transmission
corridors has also been broadly taken into consideration. The following transmission corridors have
been identified for strengthening through replacing the existing conductors with higher capacity
conductors/upgrading to higher voltage levels.
Northern Region:
1. 400kV Singrauli-Anpara S/C
2. 400kV Meerut-Muzaffarnagar S/C
3. 220kV Ballabgarh-Badarpur Southern Region
4. Kolar Hosur 400 kV D/c line.
5. Kaiga Guttur 400 kV D/c line. Eastern Region
6. Jeypore-Jayanagar 220kV D/C
7. Maithon RB Maithon 400kV D/C line
8. Maithon Raghunathpur 400kV line North-Eastern Region:
9. Biswanath Chariali Balipara 400kV 2xD/c line
10. Reconductoring of Balipara - Bongaigaon 400kV D/c
11. Byrnihat Misa 220 kV D/c line to be upgraded to 400kV high Capacity line

Transmission planning tools

Transmission planning is a continuous process of identification of transmission
system addition requirements, their need and time frame of implementation commensurate with
generation addition and growth in demand for electricity.
Transmission system planning involves determining and scheduling the additions
and changes that will need to be made to a high-voltage power transmission grid as future conditions,
including demand for power, change.
Transmission system planning involves a host of complicated technical
considerations related to power flow through an electric network and the dynamic behaviour of
demand, equipment, systems, and control equipment.

Reasons For and Goals Of Transmission Planning

The majority of transmission system planning required is due to a continuing growth of
electric demand. Even allowing for significant improvements in the efficiency of electric appliances
and usage, a growing population and economy leads to increased demand for electric power.
Typically electric demand grows by one half to one percent a year in most areas of the developed
world, and at faster rates in developing nations. Increasing demand requires more transmission system
capability, even if more transmission lines and substations are not built.

A large part of transmission planning in many cases involves determining how to

increase the capacity of existing systems without adding new lines and rights of way. This is
accomplished by upgrading transmission lines and transmission systems throughout a utilities area.
Other reasons that transmission planning is required include replacement of aging
electric power infrastructures, planning for relocation of transmission lines that must be moved due to
societal demands or changes in the makeup of metropolitan areas, or to lower the cost of power by
reducing what is called power transmission congestion in a regional grid.

The goals of transmission system planning include those common to all utility system
planners: assuring reasonable reliability and quality of service to energy consumers, minimizing costs,
assuring the system is safe and built and operable within all laws, codes, and regulations.
In addition, transmission system planning for regional and wholesale grids normally has
to take into account system interconnected security, transmission congestion constraints, transmission
market costs including in some cases locational marginal based pricing, the availability and esthetic
impacts of required rights-of-way and transmission switching substation sites that will be required,
and community and social acceptance in determining what plans best meet current and future needs.

TOOLS AND METHODOLOGIES REQUIRED FOR PLANNING:

The classic tools used in transmission planning are: Power Flow and Dynamic
Stability Analysis.

They are used to evaluate the performance of proposed additions to the transmission system
against reliability criteria for system performance.
They result in transmission system ratings that allow system operators to maintain system
reliability while serving the energy needs of the system users.
Transmission system is accessed using a variety of system modelling and simulation tools to
measure the transmission systems capabilities against design criteria.
This is done for present and planned configurations for present and future load levels,
respectively.
The simulations are validated using real-time measurements made under normal and
contingency conditions whenever possible.

Assessments are made in the following areas, using standardised software packages to study the
systems performance:
a) Thermal:

Load flow studies method is used to assess the performance of the transmission
system.
The softwares used for this purpose are MATLAB, PSCAD, Mipower and PSS/E.
The load flow levels established by the studies are measured against the thermal
ratings of transmission facilities.
Transmission equipments including lines and transformer banks are assigned with
thermal ratings for normal operation, long-time emergency operation and short-time
emergency operation.
Load flow studies are conducted to simulate normal operation under peak forecast
loads.
No transmission facilities should exceed their normal ratings at this operating
condition.

b) Voltage:

c)

Load flow studies method is used to check the voltages throughout the transmission
system.
It checks voltage support and control provided by reactive power, measured in
MVAR.

Short Circuit:
Short circuit studies are conducted to assess the following:

The ability of circuit breakers on the transmission system to interrupt fault currents.
The ability of all equipments on the transmission system to withstand the mechanical
forces associated with fault currents.

d)

Under frequency load shedding:

Under-frequency relays are installed at various locations throughout the system to
provide protection against widespread system disturbances.

e) Extreme contingencies:
In order to determine whether the system will remain within mandatory performance
criteria under various operating scenarios, planners measure system performance under three
increasingly stressed conditions:
All facilities in service (No contingencies or N-0).
A single element out of service (single contingency or N-1).
Multiple elements out or removed from service (multiple, due to a single contingency
or a sequence of contingencies, i.e., N-1-1).
In the N-1-1 scenario, planners assume one element is out of service followed by
another event that occurs after a certain period.
After the first contingency, operators make adjustments to the system in preparation
for the next potential event, such as switching in or out certain elements, resetting
inter-regional tie flows where that ability exists, and turning on peaking generators,
In such scenario, if the software used to simulate the electric grid shows that the
system cannot maintain acceptable levels of power flow and voltage, a solution is
required to resolve the reliability concern.
f)

Equipments replacements due to condition:

Assessments are made for the equipments that have to be replaced due to different
conditions.

Tools:
The various methods used for planning are as follows:
1. Trend Analysis method:
In this method, load is predicted on the basis of past data or trend. For eg. For
the 5 years plan of the duration 2007-2017, the past data of 2002-2007 is considered and studied. The
constants or variables to be considered are:

Average energy consumption

Peak demand
Population rise
Infrastructure
Fault analysis

2. Econometric method:
It estimates the relationship between energy consumption and factors
influencing the consumption. Economic variables , such as, pricing, sales, and statistics are
considered.

3. End use method:

It builds up estimates of electricity needs starting with an analysis of the
purpose for which electricity is used. Each and every appliance consuming electricity is considered.
Short term load forecasting is done for domestic loads, such as, refrigerator, A.C., kitchen appliances,
washing machine, lighting loads etc.
4.Time-series method:
Time series methods are based on the assumption that the data has an eternal
structure, such as, auto-correlation, trend, seasonal variation. It detects and explores such structures.

Analytical Tools :
Transmission system analysis involves complicated computations of power flow, fault currents,
transient phenomena and a host of other engineering factors related to system performance and
equipment suitability.
Analytical Tools used are:

PSS/E
PSS/O
Power Factory
Power World
EMTP
EDSA INSITE
Matlab
Mathematica

Types of planning:
Strategic Transmission Planning:
It involves the determination of the best long-term approach to handling the
wholesale power transmission needs in a region. These usually lead to a long range (20-year)
overview plan that identifies the preferred voltage ranges (e.g,. 765 and 500 kV) and general
characteristics of the future grid.
Regional Grid Planning:
It involves most of the factors of strategic transmission planning in addition to
the factors considered in most transmission planning studies, such as policy issues involving
complicated regional issues and equity of distribution costs and capability which may have to be
accommodated.
Sub-Transmission Planning:
It involves planning of the transmission-voltage portions of local power delivery
systems, lines most often of delta configuration and operating at nominal voltages of anywhere from
34.5kV to 345kV. While of high-voltage, the predominate reason these lines are needed and operated
is to route power to local distribution substations. As such, they are legally and practically part of the

local delivery system rather than the regional wholesale power grid, and are best planned as part of
that local delivery system.

Substation-Planning:
It involves the determination of the sites, sizes and configurations, and timing of
future additions of distribution and transmission switching stations, as well as additions and upgrades
to existing substations. The planning of transmission switching stations (e.g., 500 kV to 230 kV
stations) is a key element of good transmission planning and accomplished as part of that function.

Perspective Transmission Plan for Twenty

Years (2014-2034) (August 2014) Government of India Ministry of Power
(Prepared in association with Central Electricity Authority, PGCIL and POSOCO)

Objective for a Perspective Transmission Plan:

Transmission planning is a continuous process of identification of transmission
system addition requirements, their need and timeframe of implementation commensurate with
generation addition and growth in demand for electricity. It has to be in consonance with principle of
development of power system enshrined in Section 3 of the Electricity Act 2003, i.e. ..for
development of the power system based on optimal utilisation of resources such as coal, natural gas,
nuclear substances or materials, hydro and renewable sources of energy.

Present transmission system and developments:

The development and present status of the transmission system(of 220kV and above voltage level)
from 10th Plan onwards is indicated below:

Table 1 : Transmission Lines during 10th, 11th and 12th Plans

Approach for Perspective Transmission Plan:

The 20-year Perspective Transmission Plan has been formulated in two parts.
Part- I : Evolving Transmission System Additions for 13th Plan i.e. up to 2021-22 Part- II: Evolving
Transmission Corridors for period 2022-34 i.e. 14th, 15th Plans and beyond up to 2034
The perspective transmission plan is basically indicative in nature and covers the
transmission systems at 400kV and above voltage levels. The planned transmission systems would
need to be reviewed based on the actual developments particularly relating to location of generation
plants and demand and the programme and policies of various states. The planned systems may be
Inter-State or Intra-state transmission system as may be firmed up later through the transmission
planning process of Standing Committees on Power System Planning.
In respect of part one, i.e. up to 13th Plan end, transmission system has been
evolved based on State-wise demand projections and generation plants under various stages of
implementation.
In regard to part two, as the generation has been de-licensed and generation Part
one, i.e. upto 13th Plan end, transmission system has been evolved based on State-wise demand

projections and generation plants under various stages of implementation. Part two gives broad
transmission corridors. Perspective Transmission Plan for Twenty Years (2014-2034) - 7 - plants in
this timeframe are yet to take off, it is not possible to identify the optimum generation plan for 202234. In such a scenario, it is prudent to identify the transmission plan in accordance with the location of
generation resources/ generation potential along with projected demand.

Important factors in the context of implementation of Transmission Plan:

To ensure that the planned transmission network gets implemented as per the schedule, the issues
related to ROW, forest clearance and various other clearances would need to be addressed with the
appropriate Ministry.
Providing mechanisms for secured operation of large Indian grid is an essential pre-requisite. This
inter-alia involves implementation of Primary and Secondary response, Protection audit, Ancillary
services, Reliability Standards, compliance to Grid Code and Standards etc. Intermittent and variable
generation from renewable sources also impacts grid stability.
There is need to develop adequate balancing facilities and mechanisms for handling variable nature
of renewable Energy sources of generation which include creation of generation capacity for
balancing, grid integrations of renewable sources of power control infrastructure, and enabling
regulations.

Load and Generation Assumptions for 13th Plan:

The expanse of the transmission system depends on the load demand it is
required to meet and the generation resources. It is essential to have load demand forecast for
planning of transmission network. This includes peak demand projections, demand variations over
various seasons/months during a year as well as daily variations.

(i) Load Assumptions for 13th Plan:

The planning of transmission network for the next 20 years is proposed
to be based on the electricity demand projections of each state/region as per 18th EPS (Electric
Power Survey) of the country which covers year-wise projections for the 12th and 13th Plan and
projections for the terminal years of the 14th and 15th Plans i.e. up to 2031-32.

Table 2 : 18th EPS Forecast of Annual Peak Load for 12th and 13th Plans (figs. in MW)

The transmission system is planned to meet the peak load demand.

During 8760 hours of the year, the load varies on a diurnal and monthly/seasonal basis. In India
there are distinct load behaviors in three seasons of Summer, Monsoon and Winter. There are also
distinct hours of peak(peak load) and off-peak (base load) during a year. The planned
transmission system must be able to meet the load demand for all hours in a year. The variation in
demand is different in different regions and this gives rise to diversity of demand. It is important
here to note that though the transmission system planned considering this diversity provides
saving in generation resources in the country but it is more important to plan optimum corridors
of transmission. Actually, it is this diversity which provides economic power flows on all-India
basis as compared to if planning is done on only regional basis.

(ii) Generation Capacity up to end of 13th Plan:

The present generation installed capacity in the country by end of July
2014 was about 250 GW including renewable generating resources of about 32 GW. During 12th
plan about 40 GW generation capacity has been added, which also includes about 9600 MW of
capacity that was not in the planned list of 88.537 GW. Further, about 20 GW of additional
capacity may be also added during 12th Plan while some of the earlier identified capacity may slip
to 13th Plan. For the purpose of this report, an assessment has been carried out to identify
generation capacity state-wise and type-wise that is likely to be commissioned up to end of 13th
Plan i.e. 2021-22. It is seen that about 113 GW of generation capacity may be added in the
remaining period of 12th Plan and about 100 GW during 13th Plan. Further about 5 GW may be
added in Bhutan for benefit of import to India. It is important to note here, that, these assessments
have been for the purpose of transmission planning and not for assessing generation capacity
required for meeting the demands. A more accurate assessment for 12th Plan may be carried out at
the time of mid-term-review. Following table give the generation scenario that may be available
by end of 13th Plan. The total Installed Capacity by the end of 13th Plan is expected to be of the
order of 469 GW which also includes 65 GW of renewable capacity.

Table 3 : Installed Capacity during 12th and 13th Plans (All figures are in MW)

Assessment of transmission needs for 13th Plan:

(i) Transmission system requirement:

It needs to be evolved at State level which is aggregated on regional level
and there on at National level. The aggregation of import export requirement of States within a
region, and taking into consideration the diversity factor, translates into Inter-regional power
transfer requirements. The transmission system is evolved to cater to the inter-state and interregional power transfer requirements.

(ii) Load Generation Balance:

In order to find out the requirement of transmission system, it is
important to find out the surplus/deficit of each Region/State under various conditions which
would give the the Summer Peak, Monsoon Peak, Winter Peak and Winter Off-Peak condition
and the same is tabulated below :

Table-4 Load Generation Balance at the end of 13th Plan (2021-22) for Study
The load generation balance shows that NR is having a deficit of about 18500-22200 MW while the
deficit of SR is about 13000 to 19100 MW at the end of 13th Plan condition.
The above load generation balance shows that NR is having a deficit of about 18500-22200 MW
while the deficit of SR is about 13000 to 19100 MW at the end of 13th Plan condition. Surplus in WR
is about 11500-15900 MW in Summer Peak, Winter Peak and Winter Off-peak condition while
during Monsoon Peak condition the surplus gets reduced to about 2000 MW only. Surplus in ER,
NER and Bhutan also varies from 17800-24700, 2800-6100 and 600-5500 respectively. NER is
experiencing deficit of about 1400 MW during Winter Off-peak condition.