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Do it Yourself Experiment
Phillip Russell
December 16, 2009
MEMT 313-003
Partner(s): Daniel McAfee
Table of Contents
Objective.......................................................................................................3
Background and Theory ................................................................................4
Procedure .....................................................................................................6
Results ..........................................................................................................7
Discussion and Conclusions...........................................................................8
Appendices ...................................................................................................9
Objective
The purpose of this experiment was to explore the fluid property of surface tension by
comparing a calculated value for two fluids: SAE 30W oil and water.
Surface tension is denoted by the Greek letter sigma (), and has units of . The derived
equation for surface tension (Eq. 1) is given as:
=
ghr
2 cos
Surface tension is dependent upon density (); the denser the fluid is, the more surface tension
there will be. This holds true because density is a property that is defined by . More
molecules packed into the same volume will yield higher forces exerted on those outer surface
molecules. Also, decreasing the volume with the same amount of molecules will increase the
unbalanced forces. Gravity (g) affects surface tension because it is an attractive force that acts
downward. If gravity is increased, it increases the unbalanced forces that the outer molecules
experience. The height (h) that the liquid is elevated in the tube is related to surface tension
because it directly shows how much the unbalanced forces are pushing on the surface
4
molecules. If the unbalanced forces are increased, the result will be seen in the liquid rising
higher in the tube. The radius of the capillary tube (r) and the height (h) are inversely
proportional. If the tube is widened, the height of the liquid will decrease. Taking the cosine of
the angle formed between the tangent line of the liquid on the tubes wall and the tube wall
itself is also important. If the angle is increased, the liquid appears flatter in the tube,
increasing the surface tension. This relationship occurs due to the molecules of the liquid being
more attracted to each other, which is an observance of increased surface tension.
surface tension also plays a role in how much work can be done by the liquid. Increased surface
tension will lead to an increased area over a constant area (area of the capillary tubes cross
section). If the capillary tubes cross-sectional area is decreased, while the surface tension is
the same for the liquid, there will be an increase in energy produced by the liquid.
Procedure
Before beginning the experiment, we gathered the necessary materials. The two liquids that
we studied were water and SAE 30W oil. We used regular water from the tap and Shell SAE
30W motor oil purchased from Auto-Zone. For a capillary tube, we used an ordinary drinking
straw cut in half so that each liquid had its own tube. To make measurements, we used a
permanent marker to mark the liquid levels and a CEN-TECH 6 dial caliper.
To begin the experiment, we measured the diameter of the drinking straw to obtain its radius.
We then placed a mark about an inch from the bottom of the straw to show how far it would
be inserted into the liquid. Next, we poured the two liquids into two separate containers and
allowed them to settle. Then, we inserted the two drinking straws into each liquid separately
up to the initial mark and recorded a mark at the height that the liquid raised. We also
estimated the angle that the liquid formed with the wall of the tube as best as possible, using
our judgment. The differences in the two marks on the drinking straws were recorded. With
the gathered data, the surface tension of each liquid was then calculated using Eq. 1.
Lastly, we looked up accepted values for the actual surface tension of the two liquids. These
were compared to our experimental calculations and we calculated the percent error to show
how far off our experiment was.
Results
Fluid
Density ()
(lbm/in.^3)
Height (h)
(in.)
Angle ()
(radians)
Surface Tension ()
(lbm/s^2)
0.032
0.115
0.611
0.086732471
Water
0.036
0.067
0.698
0.060776094
Gravity (g)=
386.089 in./s^2
Radius ( r )=
0.1 in.
Calculated Surface
Tension (lbm/s^2)
Accepted Value of
Surface Tension
(lbm/s^2)
0.086732471
0.060776094
0.079
0.16
Error
(%)
9.79%
62.01%
Appendices
A: Sample Calculations from Mathcad:
B: References
For densities: http://www.engineersedge.com/fluid_flow/fluid_data.htm
For Figure 1:
http://www.pharmainfo.net/files/images/stories/article_images/Capillary_action_a%20wetting
_non_wetting_liquid%20.jpg
For a definition of surface tension:
http://ezproxy.prescott.latech.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dir
ect=true&db=a9h&AN=39034459&site=ehost-live&scope=site
For surface tension of water:
http://www.xydatasource.com/xy-showdatasetpage.php?datasetcode=4444&dsid=107&searchtext=wat
er
For surface tension of oil:
Jasper, J.J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 841, 1972.