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T H U R S D A Y, D E C E M B E R 0 3 , 2 0 1 5
Together, these four industrial sectors account for 87% of the applications. However, the
applications of the technology are rapidly expanding, including:
1.
2.
3.
landfill leachates
4.
Slope of the separator bottom from 45 60oFree surface in the aperture between the gas
collectors: 15 20% of reactor area.Height of separator from 1.5 2 m
The baffles to be installed beneath the gas domes should overlap the edge of the domes over a
distance from 10 20 cm
Construct material: In the anaerobic conditions of an UASB reactor, there is a risk of corrosion in
two main situations:
Some H2S gas can pass the GSL separator and accumulate above the water level in the top of the
reactor. This will be oxidized to sulphate by oxygen in the air to form Sulphuric Acid that will in
turn cause corrosion of both concrete and steel. Below the water level: Calcium Oxide, (CaO), in
concrete can be dissolve with by Carbon Dioxide, (CO2), in the liquid in low pH conditions. To avoid
these problems, the material used to construct the UASB reactor should be corrosion resistant,
such as stainless steel or plastics, or be provided with proper surface coatings, (e.g. coated
concrete rather than coated steel, plastic covered with impregnated hardwood for the settler,
plastic fortified plywood, etc).
Start-up:
An UASB reactor requires a long time for start-up, e.g. from 2 3 weeks in good conditions (t >
20oC) and sometimes the start-up can take up to 3 4 months. In start-up process, hydraulic
loading must be 50% of the design hydraulic loading.
The start-up of the UASB reactor can be considered to be complete once a satisfactory
performance of the system has been reached at its design load.
Source: http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105104102/Lecture
%2032.htm
UASB Units
UASB type units are one in which no special media have to be used
since the sludge granules themselves act as the 'media' and stay in
suspension. UASB system is not patented. A typical arrangement of a
UASB type treatment plant for municipal sewage would be as follows:
1. Initial pumping
2. Screening and degritting
3. Main UASB reactor
4. Gas collection and conversion or conveyance
5. Sludge drying bed
6. Post treatment facility
In the UASB process, the whole waste is passed through the anaerobic
reactor in an upflow mode, with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of only
about 8-10 hours at average flow. No prior sedimentation is required. The
anaerobic unit does not need to be filled with stones or any other media;
the upflowing sewage itself forms millions of small "granules" or particles
of sludge which are held in suspension and provide a large surface area
on which organic matter can attach and undergo biodegradation. A high
solid retention time (SRT) of 30-50 or more days occurs within the unit.
No mixers or aerators are required. The gas produced can be collected
and used if desired. Anaerobic systems function satisfactorily when
temperatures inside the reactor are above 18-20C. Excess sludge is
removed from time to time through a separate pipe and sent to a simple
sand bed for drying.
Design Approach
Size of Reactor: Generally, UASBs are considered where temperature in
the reactors will be above 20C. At equilibrium condition, sludge
withdrawn has to be equal to sludge produced daily. The sludge produced
daily depends on the characteristics of the raw wastewater since it is the
sum total of (i) the new VSS produced as a result of BOD removal, the
yield coefficient being assumed as 0.1 g VSS/ g BOD removed, (ii) the
non-degradable residue of the VSS coming in the inflow assuming 40% of
the VSS are degraded and residue is 60%, and (iii) Ash received in the
inflow, namely TSS-VSS mg/l. Thus, at steady state conditions,
SRT= Total sludge present in reactor, kg
kg/d
= 30 to 50 days.
Another parameter is HRT which is given by:
HRT= Reactor volume, m3
Flow rate, m3/h
= 8 to 10 h or more at average flow.
The reactor volume has to be so chosen that the desired SRT value is
achieved. This is done by solving for HRT from SRT equation assuming (i)
depth of reactor (ii) the effective depth of the sludge blanket, and (iii) the
average concentration of sludge in the blanket (70 kg/m3). The full depth
of the reactor for treating low BOD municipal sewage is often 4.5 to 5.0 m
of which the sludge blanket itself may be 2.0 to 2.5 m depth. For high
BOD wastes, the depth of both the sludge blanket and the reactor may
have to be increased so that the organic loading on solids may be kept
within the prescribed range.
Once the size of the reactor is fixed, the upflow velocity can be
determined from
Upflow velocity m/h = Reactor height
HRT, h
Using average flow rate one gets the average HRT while the peak flow
rate gives the minimum HRT at which minimum exposure to treatment
occurs. In order to retain any flocculent sludge in reactor at all times,
experience has shown that the upflow velocity should not be more than
0.5 m/h at average flow and not more than 1.2 m/h at peak flow. At
higher velocities, carry over of solids might occur and effluent quality may
be deteriorated. The feed inlet system is next designed so that the
required length and width of the UASB reactor are determined.
The settling compartment is formed by the sloping hoods for gas
collection. The depth of the compartment is 2.0 to 2.5 m and the surface
overflow rate kept at 20 to 28 m3/m2-day (1 to 1.2 m/h) at peak flow. The
flow velocity through the aperture connecting the reaction zone with the
settling compartment is limited to not more than 5 m/h at peak flow. Due
attention has to be paid to the geometry of the unit and to its hydraulics
to ensure proper working of the "Gas-Liquid-Solid-Separator (GLSS)" the
gas collection hood, the incoming flow distribution to get spatial
uniformity and the outflowing effluent.
Physical Parameters
A single module can handle 10 to 15 MLD of sewage. For large flows a
number of modules could be provided. Some physical details of a typical
UASB reactor module are given below:
Reactor
configuration
Depth
Width or diameter
Length
As necessary.
Inlet feed
gravity feed from top (preferred for municipal sewage) or pumped feed from
bottom through manifold and laterals (preferred in case of soluble industrial
wastewaters).
Sludge blanket
depth
Deflector/GLSS
This is a deflector beam which together with the gas hood (slope 60) forms a
"gas-liquid-solid-separator" (GLSS) letting the gas go to the gas collection
channel at top, while the liquid rises into the settler compartment and the
sludge solids fall back into the sludge compartment. The flow velocity through
the aperture connecting the reaction zone with the settling compartmentt is
generally limited to about 5m/h at peak flow.
Settler
compartment
2.0-2.5 m in depth. Surface overflow rate equals 20-28 m3/m2/d at peak flow.
A few process design parameters for UASBs are listed below for municipal sewages with
BOD about 200-300 mg/l and temperatures above 20C.
HRT
SRT
BOD/COD removal efficiency Sewage 75-85% for BOD. 74-78% for COD.
Inlet points
Flow regime
Upflow velocity
Sludge production
Gas production
Gas utilization
5 to 10% only.
INLET OF UASB
UASB
BOD
1700 ppm
340 ppm
80%
COD
3300 ppm
1320 ppm
60%
TSS
1800 ppm
450 ppm
75%
The bio gas produced in UASB process should be utilized for production of
electric power. The amount of electric power generated shall be as under:
Bio Gas production = 297 cu mtr /day
Methane content (65.75%) = 195.28 cu mtr
Calorific value =28.9 MJ/N.cu mtr
Energy content 195.28x28.9x273/(273+30)=5048 MJ/Day
Generator efficiency--- 30%
Electricity generated =0.3x5048x1000000/3600x1000
= 420.66
Electric power generated = 420.66x0.04167=17.5289 kw say17 kw
= 1.25x 17= 21.25 kva.
We can go for a gas engine of capacity 10 KW . If any gas is left , it will
be flared or supplied to staff quarters.
NOTE: A 56 mld UASB plant having Inlet COD =400 ppm can safely run a 45 KW gas engine.
INDIAN STANDARDS
P O S T E D B Y S A L E E M AS R A F S Y E D I M D A A D U L L A H AT 1 2 / 0 3 / 2 0 1 5 0 1 : 2 8 : 0 0 P M
L A B E L S : D A I RY , D I S T I L L E RY , E N V O , PAP E R , S L A U G H T E R , S T P , U A S B R
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